Surrogate consent - Revision history

WikiModEn2: /* Consent for circumcision of minors */

2025-09-23T14:23:06Z

Consent for circumcision of minors

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:23, 23 September 2025
Line 240:		Line 240:
	\|accessdate=2025-05-04}}		\|accessdate=2025-05-04}}
	</ref>		</ref>

	==Guidance from the Bioethics Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics==		==Guidance from the Bioethics Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics==
	The Bioethics Committee of the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] has provided important guidance on adapting general principles to pediatric practice.		The Bioethics Committee of the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] has provided important guidance on adapting general principles to pediatric practice.

WikiModEn2: /* Guidance from the Bioethics Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics */

2025-07-12T20:50:00Z

Guidance from the Bioethics Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:50, 12 July 2025
Line 387:		Line 387:

	One should note that these guidances from the Bioethics Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics apply to the granting of "informed permission" by surrogates for "diagnosis and treatment of children", and do <i>NOT</i> apply to non-therapeutic procedures such as medically non-indicated, non-therapeutic [[circumcision]], which is neither diagnosis nor treatment.		One should note that these guidances from the Bioethics Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics apply to the granting of "informed permission" by surrogates for "diagnosis and treatment of children", and do <i>NOT</i> apply to non-therapeutic procedures such as medically non-indicated, non-therapeutic [[circumcision]], which is neither diagnosis nor treatment.

	==Video==		==Video==
	===Circumcision — Your Legal Rights===		===Circumcision — Your Legal Rights===

WikiModEn2: /* Conclusion */ Add link in SEEALSO section.

2025-07-02T19:06:58Z

Conclusion: Add link in SEEALSO section.

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:06, 2 July 2025
Line 420:		Line 420:

	{{SEEALSO}}		{{SEEALSO}}
			* [[Ethics of non-therapeutic child circumcision]]
	* [[Human rights]]		* [[Human rights]]
	* [[Informed consent]]		* [[Informed consent]]

WikiModEn2: /* Conclusion */ typo,

2025-05-16T13:45:40Z

Conclusion: typo,

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:45, 16 May 2025
Line 430:		Line 430:
	\|init=K		\|init=K
	\|author-link=Kristel Alissa		\|author-link=Kristel Alissa
	\|publisher=Intact ~~Ameriac~~		\|publisher=Intact America
	\|date=2025-04-24		\|date=2025-04-24
	\|accessdate=2025-05-16		\|accessdate=2025-05-16

WikiModEn2: /* Conclusion */ Complete citation.

2025-05-16T13:44:30Z

Conclusion: Complete citation.

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:44, 16 May 2025
Line 425:		Line 425:
	* {{REFweb		* {{REFweb
	\|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-cosmetic-surgery-on-newborns/		\|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-cosmetic-surgery-on-newborns/
	\|title=		\|title=The World’s Oldest Cosmetic Surgery Is Still Performed on Newborns—Without Consent
	\|last=		\|last=Alissa
	\|first=		\|first=
	\|init=		\|init=K
	\|author-link=		\|author-link=Kristel Alissa
	\|publisher=		\|publisher=Intact Ameriac
	\|date=		\|date=2025-04-24
	\|accessdate=2025-05-16		\|accessdate=2025-05-16
	}}		}}

WikiModEn2: Add LINKS section.

2025-05-16T13:30:43Z

Add LINKS section.

@@ Line 422: / Line 422: @@
 * [[Human rights]]
 * [[Informed consent]]
 {{REF}}

WikiModEn2: /* Conclusion */

2025-05-14T14:08:49Z

Conclusion

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:08, 14 May 2025
Line 403:		Line 403:
	}}</ref> Consent for a non-therapeutic operation offends the principle of autonomy, when granted by a surrogate.		}}</ref> Consent for a non-therapeutic operation offends the principle of autonomy, when granted by a surrogate.

	A surrogate's powers to grant consent are more circumscribed than the powers granted to a competent individual acting on his own behalf.<ref name="svoboda2000" /> A surrogate's power to grant consent for treatment is dependent upon the existence of a medical condition in need of treatment. In the absence of such a condition, the surrogate lacks the power to consent.		A surrogate's powers to grant consent are more circumscribed than the powers granted to a competent individual acting on his own behalf.<ref name="svoboda2000" /> A surrogate's power to grant consent for treatment is dependent upon the existence of a medical condition in need of diagnosis and/or treatment. In the absence of such a condition, the surrogate lacks the power to consent.

	A surrogate must:		A surrogate must:
	* Act in the best interests of the patient.		* Act in the best interests of the patient.
	* Protect the rights of the patient under Constitutional law, common law, and international human rights law.		* Protect the rights of the patient under Constitutional law, statute law, common law, and international human rights law.
	* Receive [[informed consent]] prior to granting consent.		* Receive [[informed consent]] prior to granting consent.

WikiModEn2: /* Conclusion */ Add text.

2025-05-10T12:32:52Z

Conclusion: Add text.

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:32, 10 May 2025
Line 412:		Line 412:
	A circumcision for religious reasons is not medical treatment, so a surrogate may not consent to a religious circumcision. Furthermore, consent for a religious circumcision would violate the boy's religious right to chose his religion when he is of age.		A circumcision for religious reasons is not medical treatment, so a surrogate may not consent to a religious circumcision. Furthermore, consent for a religious circumcision would violate the boy's religious right to chose his religion when he is of age.

	A non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] exposes the patient to the surgical risks of [[infection]], [[bleeding]], and [[Documented severe complications of circumcision\| surgical mishap]] without any health treatment or benefit, so it is not in the best interests of the patient.		A non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] exposes the patient to the surgical risks of [[infection]], [[bleeding]], and [[Documented severe complications of circumcision\| surgical mishap]] without any health treatment or benefit, so it is not in the best interests of the patient. Furthermore, a surrogate may only consent to therapeutic procedures.

	As explained above and we reiterate, bioethicists Myers & Earp (2020) exhaustively reviewed the evidence for and against the alleged health benefits to a healthy person claimed for non-therapeutic circumcision of a neonate, infant or child. They balanced this against the [[pain]], [[trauma]], and loss of body tissue and function. They concluded the claimed health benefits are insufficient to support surrogate consent for non-therapeutic circumcision. Given this, only the subject can grant consent for a non-therapeutic circumcision, after he reaches the right age for circumcision, which does not occurs until a male reaches the age of consent in his jurisdiction which may vary from 16 to 18 years of age.<ref name="myers2020" />		As explained above and we reiterate, bioethicists Myers & Earp (2020) exhaustively reviewed the evidence for and against the alleged health benefits to a healthy person claimed for non-therapeutic circumcision of a neonate, infant or child. They balanced this against the [[pain]], [[trauma]], and loss of body tissue and function. They concluded the claimed health benefits are insufficient to support surrogate consent for non-therapeutic circumcision. Given this, only the subject can grant consent for a non-therapeutic circumcision, after he reaches the right age for circumcision, which does not occurs until a male reaches the age of consent in his jurisdiction which may vary from 16 to 18 years of age.<ref name="myers2020" />

WikiModEn2: Add Video section.

2025-05-06T20:02:58Z

Add Video section.

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:02, 6 May 2025
Line 387:		Line 387:

	One should note that these guidances from the Bioethics Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics apply to the granting of "informed permission" by surrogates for "diagnosis and treatment of children", and do <i>NOT</i> apply to non-therapeutic procedures such as medically non-indicated, non-therapeutic [[circumcision]], which is neither diagnosis nor treatment.		One should note that these guidances from the Bioethics Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics apply to the granting of "informed permission" by surrogates for "diagnosis and treatment of children", and do <i>NOT</i> apply to non-therapeutic procedures such as medically non-indicated, non-therapeutic [[circumcision]], which is neither diagnosis nor treatment.
			==Video==
			===Circumcision — Your Legal Rights===
			<youtube>v=8GT03orcHWM</youtube>
	==Conclusion==		==Conclusion==
	Patient autonomy is an important principle of medical ethics.<ref>{{REFbook		Patient autonomy is an important principle of medical ethics.<ref>{{REFbook

WikiModEn2: /* Conclusion */ Relocate paragraph, Revise text.

2025-05-06T11:01:09Z

Conclusion: Relocate paragraph, Revise text.

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:01, 6 May 2025
Line 402:		Line 402:

	A surrogate's powers to grant consent are more circumscribed than the powers granted to a competent individual acting on his own behalf.<ref name="svoboda2000" /> A surrogate's power to grant consent for treatment is dependent upon the existence of a medical condition in need of treatment. In the absence of such a condition, the surrogate lacks the power to consent.		A surrogate's powers to grant consent are more circumscribed than the powers granted to a competent individual acting on his own behalf.<ref name="svoboda2000" /> A surrogate's power to grant consent for treatment is dependent upon the existence of a medical condition in need of treatment. In the absence of such a condition, the surrogate lacks the power to consent.

	A circumcision for religious reasons is not medical treatment, so a surrogate may not consent to a religious circumcision. Furthermore, consent for a religious circumcision would violate the boy's religious right to chose his religion when he is of age.

	A surrogate must:		A surrogate must:
	* Act in the best interests of the patient.		* Act in the best interests of the patient.
	* Protect the rights of the patient under Constitutional law, common law, and international human rights law.		* Protect the rights of the patient under Constitutional law, common law, and international human rights law.
			* Receive [[informed consent]] prior to granting consent.

			A circumcision for religious reasons is not medical treatment, so a surrogate may not consent to a religious circumcision. Furthermore, consent for a religious circumcision would violate the boy's religious right to chose his religion when he is of age.

	A non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] exposes the patient to the surgical risks of [[infection]], [[bleeding]], and [[Documented severe complications of circumcision\| surgical mishap]] without any health treatment or benefit, so it is not in the best interests of the patient.		A non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] exposes the patient to the surgical risks of [[infection]], [[bleeding]], and [[Documented severe complications of circumcision\| surgical mishap]] without any health treatment or benefit, so it is not in the best interests of the patient.

	As explained above, bioethicists Myers & Earp (2020) exhaustively reviewed the evidence for and against the alleged health benefits to a healthy person claimed for non-therapeutic circumcision of a neonate, infant or child. They balanced this against the [[pain]], [[trauma]], and loss of body tissue and function. They concluded the claimed health benefits are insufficient to support surrogate consent for non-therapeutic circumcision. Given this, only the subject can grant consent for a non-therapeutic circumcision, after he reaches the right age for circumcision, which does not occurs until a male reaches the age of consent in his jurisdiction which may vary from 16 to 18 years of age.<ref name="myers2020" />		As explained above and we reiterate, bioethicists Myers & Earp (2020) exhaustively reviewed the evidence for and against the alleged health benefits to a healthy person claimed for non-therapeutic circumcision of a neonate, infant or child. They balanced this against the [[pain]], [[trauma]], and loss of body tissue and function. They concluded the claimed health benefits are insufficient to support surrogate consent for non-therapeutic circumcision. Given this, only the subject can grant consent for a non-therapeutic circumcision, after he reaches the right age for circumcision, which does not occurs until a male reaches the age of consent in his jurisdiction which may vary from 16 to 18 years of age.<ref name="myers2020" />
	The present practice in the [[United States]] and elsewhere of parental surrogate consent for non-therapeutic circumcision is entirely unethical<ref name="myers2020" /> and may also be unlawful.<ref name="povenmire1998" /> <ref name="adler2013" />		The present practice in the [[United States]] and elsewhere of parental surrogate consent for non-therapeutic circumcision is entirely unethical<ref name="myers2020" /> and may also be unlawful.<ref name="povenmire1998" /> <ref name="adler2013" />

	The only person who can ethically grant consent for a non-therapeutic circumcision is the owner of the [[penis]] when he has reached the age for consent.		The only person who can ethically and legally grant consent for a non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] is the owner of the [[penis]] when he has reached the legal age for consent.

	{{SEEALSO}}		{{SEEALSO}}