Difference between revisions of "Pre-ejaculate"
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}}</ref> and discharged from the urethra of males. It collects under the [[foreskin]] of normal, [[foreskinned]] males where it functions as a lubricant at times of sexual arousal, [[masturbation]] or [[sexual intercourse]]. | }}</ref> and discharged from the urethra of males. It collects under the [[foreskin]] of normal, [[foreskinned]] males where it functions as a lubricant at times of sexual arousal, [[masturbation]] or [[sexual intercourse]]. | ||
− | ==Distribution== | + | == Function and risks == |
+ | |||
+ | {{WikipediaQuote|URL=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-ejaculate#Function_and_risks|title=Pre-ejaculate: Function and risks}} | ||
+ | Pre-ejaculate neutralizes residual acidity in the urethra caused by [[urine]], creating a more favorable environment for the passage of sperm.<ref name="chughtai">{{REFjournal | ||
+ | |last=Chughtai | ||
+ | |init=B | ||
+ | |last2=Sawas | ||
+ | |init2=A | ||
+ | |last3=O'Malley | ||
+ | |init3=RL | ||
+ | |last4=Naik | ||
+ | |init4=RR | ||
+ | |last5=Ali Khan | ||
+ | |init5=S | ||
+ | |last6=Pentyala | ||
+ | |init6=S | ||
+ | |title=A neglected gland: a review of Cowper's gland | ||
+ | |journal=Int J Androl | ||
+ | |volume=28 | ||
+ | |issue=2 | ||
+ | |pages=74–7 | ||
+ | |date=2005-04 | ||
+ | |pubmedID=15811067 | ||
+ | |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00499.x | ||
+ | |s2cid=32553227 | ||
+ | }}</ref> The [[vagina]] is normally acidic, so the deposit of pre-ejaculate before the emission of semen may change the vaginal environment to promote sperm survival.<ref name=Chudnovskycite>{{REFjournal | ||
+ | |last=Chudnovsky | ||
+ | |init=A | ||
+ | |last2=Niederberger | ||
+ | |init2=CS | ||
+ | |date=2007 | ||
+ | |title=Copious Pre-Ejaculation: Small Glands—Major Headaches | ||
+ | |journal=J Androl | ||
+ | |pubmedID=17251594 | ||
+ | |volume=28 | ||
+ | |issue=3 | ||
+ | |pages=374–5 | ||
+ | |doi=10.2164/jandrol.107.002576 | ||
+ | }}</ref> Pre-ejaculate also acts as a lubricant during sexual activity,<ref name=Chudnovskycite /> and plays a role in semen coagulation.<ref name=Chudnovskycite /> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Low levels or no sperm exists in pre-ejaculate, although studies examined small samples of men.<ref name="zukerman">{{REFjournal | ||
+ | |last=Zukerman | ||
+ | |init=Z | ||
+ | |last2=Weiss | ||
+ | |init2=DB | ||
+ | |last3=Orvieto | ||
+ | |init3=R | ||
+ | |title=Short Communication: Does Preejaculatory Penile Secretion Originating from Cowper's Gland Contain Sperm? | ||
+ | |journal=Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics | ||
+ | |date=2003-04 | ||
+ | |volume=20 | ||
+ | |issue=4 | ||
+ | |pages=157–9 | ||
+ | |pubmedID=12762415 | ||
+ | |pubmedCID=3455634 | ||
+ | |doi=10.1023/A:1022933320700 | ||
+ | }}</ref><ref name="HIV"/> Two contrary studies found mixed evidence, including individual cases of a high sperm concentration.<ref name="Killick">{{REFjournal | ||
+ | |last=Killick | ||
+ | |init=SR | ||
+ | |last2=Leary | ||
+ | |init2=C | ||
+ | |last3=Trussell | ||
+ | |init3=J | ||
+ | |last4=Guthrie | ||
+ | |init4=KA | ||
+ | |doi=10.3109/14647273.2010.520798 | ||
+ | |date=2011 | ||
+ | |title=Sperm content of pre-ejaculatory fluid | ||
+ | |journal=Human Fertility | ||
+ | |volume=14 | ||
+ | |issue=1 | ||
+ | |pages=48–52 | ||
+ | |pubmedID=21155689 | ||
+ | |pubmedCID=3564677 | ||
+ | }}</ref><ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{REFjournal | ||
+ | |last=Kovavisarach | ||
+ | |init=E | ||
+ | |last2=Lorthanawanich | ||
+ | |init2=S | ||
+ | |last3=Muangsamran | ||
+ | |init3=P | ||
+ | |title=Presence of Sperm in Pre-Ejaculatory Fluid of Healthy Males | ||
+ | |journal=J Med Assoc Thai | ||
+ | |date=2016 | ||
+ | |volume=99 Suppl 2 | ||
+ | |pages=S38–41 | ||
+ | |pubmedID=27266214 | ||
+ | |issn=0125-2208 | ||
+ | }}</ref> Popular belief – dating to a 1966 Masters and Johnson study<ref>{{REFbook | ||
+ | |last=Masters | ||
+ | |init=WH | ||
+ | |title=Johnson, V.E. | ||
+ | |year=1966 | ||
+ | |publisher=Little, Brown & Co | ||
+ | |location=Boston, MA | ||
+ | |page=211 | ||
+ | }}</ref> – stated that pre-ejaculate may contain sperm that can cause pregnancy, which is a common basis of argument against the use of ''coitus interruptus'' (withdrawal) as a contraceptive method.<ref name=zukerman/><ref name="HIV">{{REFjournal | ||
+ | |title=Researchers find no sperm in pre-ejaculate fluid | ||
+ | |journal=Contraceptive Technology Update | ||
+ | |date=1993-10 | ||
+ | |volume=14 | ||
+ | |issue=10 | ||
+ | |pubmedID=12286905 | ||
+ | |pages=154–156 | ||
+ | }}</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Studies have demonstrated the presence of [[HIV]] in most pre-ejaculate samples from infected men.<ref name=HIV/><ref>{{REFjournal | ||
+ | |doi=10.1016/0140-6736(92)92659-4 | ||
+ | |last=Pudney | ||
+ | |init=J | ||
+ | |last2=Oneta | ||
+ | |init2=M | ||
+ | |last3=Mayer | ||
+ | |init3=K | ||
+ | |last4=Seage | ||
+ | |init4=G | ||
+ | |last5=Anderson | ||
+ | |init5=D | ||
+ | |title=Pre-ejaculatory fluid as potential vector for sexual transmission of HIV-1 | ||
+ | |journal=Lancet | ||
+ | |date=1992 | ||
+ | |volume=340 | ||
+ | |issue=8833 | ||
+ | |page=1470 | ||
+ | |pubmedID=1360584 | ||
+ | |s2cid=7106584 | ||
+ | }}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal | ||
+ | |doi=10.1016/0140-6736(92)92658-3 | ||
+ | |last=Ilaria | ||
+ | |init=G | ||
+ | |last2=Jacobs | ||
+ | |init2=JL | ||
+ | |last3=Polsky | ||
+ | |init3=B | ||
+ | |etal=yes | ||
+ | |title=Detection of HIV-1 DNA sequences in pre-ejaculatory fluid | ||
+ | |journal=Lancet | ||
+ | |date=1992 | ||
+ | |volume=340 | ||
+ | |issue=8833 | ||
+ | |page=1469 | ||
+ | |pubmedID=1360583 | ||
+ | |s2cid=43112865 | ||
+ | }}</ref> | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Distribution == | ||
+ | |||
The quantity of pre-ejaculate produced various widely between individuals. Production of pre-ejaculate may be triggered by erotic thoughts alone. | The quantity of pre-ejaculate produced various widely between individuals. Production of pre-ejaculate may be triggered by erotic thoughts alone. | ||
Revision as of 07:37, 11 January 2023
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This article is work in progress and not yet part of the free encyclopedia IntactiWiki.
Pre-ejaculate (also known as pre-ejaculatory fluid, pre-seminal fluid or Cowper's fluid, and colloquially as pre-cum)[1] is a clear, colorless, very slippery liquid that is produced by the Cowper's glands[2] and discharged from the urethra of males. It collects under the foreskin of normal, foreskinned males where it functions as a lubricant at times of sexual arousal, masturbation or sexual intercourse.
Function and risks
(The following text or part of it is quoted from the free Wikipedia article Pre-ejaculate: Function and risks
:)
Pre-ejaculate neutralizes residual acidity in the urethra caused by urine, creating a more favorable environment for the passage of sperm.[3] The vagina is normally acidic, so the deposit of pre-ejaculate before the emission of semen may change the vaginal environment to promote sperm survival.[4] Pre-ejaculate also acts as a lubricant during sexual activity,[4] and plays a role in semen coagulation.[4]
Low levels or no sperm exists in pre-ejaculate, although studies examined small samples of men.[5][6] Two contrary studies found mixed evidence, including individual cases of a high sperm concentration.[7][8] Popular belief – dating to a 1966 Masters and Johnson study[9] – stated that pre-ejaculate may contain sperm that can cause pregnancy, which is a common basis of argument against the use of coitus interruptus (withdrawal) as a contraceptive method.[5][6]
Studies have demonstrated the presence of HIV in most pre-ejaculate samples from infected men.[6][10][11]
Distribution
The quantity of pre-ejaculate produced various widely between individuals. Production of pre-ejaculate may be triggered by erotic thoughts alone.
Some observers believe that, on average, circumcised males tend to produce less pre-ejaculate than foreskinned males, due to loss of sexual sensation received by the autonomic nervous system from the ridged band and other nerves of the foreskin.
See also
External links
- Wikipedia article: Pre-ejaculate. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
References
- ↑ (2005).
Pre-ejaculate
, Free Dictionary by Farlex. Retrieved 9 January 2023. - ↑ (2005).
Cowper's glands.
, Free Dictionary by Farlex. Retrieved 9 January 2023. - ↑ Chughtai B, Sawas A, O'Malley RL, Naik RR, Ali Khan S, Pentyala S. A neglected gland: a review of Cowper's gland. Int J Androl. April 2005; 28(2): 74–7. PMID. DOI.
- ↑ a b c Chudnovsky A, Niederberger CS. Copious Pre-Ejaculation: Small Glands—Major Headaches. J Androl. 2007; 28(3): 374–5. PMID. DOI.
- ↑ a b Zukerman Z, Weiss DB, Orvieto R. Short Communication: Does Preejaculatory Penile Secretion Originating from Cowper's Gland Contain Sperm?. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics. April 2003; 20(4): 157–9. PMID. PMC. DOI.
- ↑ a b c Researchers find no sperm in pre-ejaculate fluid. Contraceptive Technology Update. October 1993; 14(10): 154–156. PMID.
- ↑ Killick SR, Leary C, Trussell J, Guthrie KA. Sperm content of pre-ejaculatory fluid. Human Fertility. 2011; 14(1): 48–52. PMID. PMC. DOI.
- ↑ Kovavisarach E, Lorthanawanich S, Muangsamran P. Presence of Sperm in Pre-Ejaculatory Fluid of Healthy Males. J Med Assoc Thai. 2016; 99 Suppl 2: S38–41. PMID.
- ↑ Masters WH (1966): Johnson, V.E.. Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Co. P. 211.
- ↑ Pudney J, Oneta M, Mayer K, Seage G, Anderson D. Pre-ejaculatory fluid as potential vector for sexual transmission of HIV-1. Lancet. 1992; 340(8833): 1470. PMID. DOI.
- ↑ Ilaria G, Jacobs JL, Polsky B, et al. Detection of HIV-1 DNA sequences in pre-ejaculatory fluid. Lancet. 1992; 340(8833): 1469. PMID. DOI.