Surrogate consent

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A surrogate is one who takes the place of another.[1]

Surrogate consent is consent for medical and/or surgical treatment that is granted by a substitute for the patient. Surrogate consent is used when the patient is mentally or legally incapable of granting consent.

Surrogate consent is regulated by law. In the United States, surrogate consent is regulated by state law, which varies from state to state.[2]

The Bioethics Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics released an important statement applicable to surrogate consent in February 1995. It contains many general principles for the guidance of pediatricians but avoided directly considering circumcision, the big moneymaker.[3]

The Bioethics Committee of the AAP revisited informed consent in August 2016 with a statement[4] and a companion technical report.[5]

If a boy is to be circumcised, then someone must grant effective consent. The boy may not do it for himself because of his minority status. Circumcision of boys is a medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic, harmful excision of functional tissue that causes loss of various functions. Hill (2003) raised the question of who can grant effective consent for such an injurious operation.[6]

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See also

References

  1. ↑ REFweb {{#if:|{{#if:|{{#if:|[[| ]]|[[|{{#if:|, |}}]]}}|{{#if:| |{{#if:|, |}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:|{{#if:| ({{#switch:{{#invoke:String|len|s=}} |0 |1 |2 = |3 |4 |5 = {{#time:Y| }} |6 |7 |8 = {{#time:F Y| }} |9 |10 = {{#time:j F Y| }} |#default = error }}). |({{#switch:{{#invoke:String|len|s=}} |0 |1 |2 = |3 |4 |5 = {{#time:Y| }} |6 |7 |8 = {{#time:F Y| }} |9 |10 = {{#time:j F Y| }} |#default = error }}). }}|{{#if:|. |}}}}{{#if:https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/surrogate%7C{{#if:surrogate|surrogate{{#if:| |}}|[<title> parameter missing!]}}|[<url> parameter missing!]{{#if:surrogate|surrogate|[<title> parameter missing!]}}{{#if:| (PDF)|}}}}{{#ifeq:|yes| (archive URL)|}}{{#if:| [{{{trans-title}}}]{{#if:| ({{{language}}})|}}|}}{{#if:|, {{{website}}}|}}{{#if: |, {{{work}}} [deprecated REFweb parameter used: use <website> instead]|}}{{#if:Merriam-Webster|, Merriam-Webster|}}{{#if:2025-04-30|. Retrieved {{#switch:{{#invoke:String|len|s=2025-04-30}} |0 |1 |2 = |3 |4 |5 = {{#time:Y|2025-04-30 }} |6 |7 |8 = {{#time:F Y|2025-04-30 }} |9 |10 = {{#time:j F Y|2025-04-30 }} |#default = error }}|}}.{{#if:|
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  2. ↑ REFweb {{#if:Wynn|{{#if:|{{#if:|[[|Wynn ]]|[[|Wynn{{#if:Shana|, Shana|}}]]}}|{{#if:|Wynn |Wynn{{#if:Shana|, Shana|}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:2014-10-01|{{#if:Wynn| ({{#switch:{{#invoke:String|len|s=2014-10-01}} |0 |1 |2 = |3 |4 |5 = {{#time:Y|2014-10-01 }} |6 |7 |8 = {{#time:F Y|2014-10-01 }} |9 |10 = {{#time:j F Y|2014-10-01 }} |#default = error }}). |({{#switch:{{#invoke:String|len|s=2014-10-01}} |0 |1 |2 = |3 |4 |5 = {{#time:Y|2014-10-01 }} |6 |7 |8 = {{#time:F Y|2014-10-01 }} |9 |10 = {{#time:j F Y|2014-10-01 }} |#default = error }}). }}|{{#if:Wynn|. |}}}}{{#if:https://www.americanbar.org/groups/law_aging/publications/bifocal/vol_36/issue_1_october2014/default_surrogate_consent_statutes/%7C{{#if:Decisions by Surrogates: An Overview of Surrogate Consent Laws in the United States|Decisions by Surrogates: An Overview of Surrogate Consent Laws in the United States{{#if:| |}}|[<title> parameter missing!]}}|[<url> parameter missing!]{{#if:Decisions by Surrogates: An Overview of Surrogate Consent Laws in the United States|Decisions by Surrogates: An Overview of Surrogate Consent Laws in the United States|[<title> parameter missing!]}}{{#if:| (PDF)|}}}}{{#ifeq:|yes| (archive URL)|}}{{#if:| [{{{trans-title}}}]{{#if:| ({{{language}}})|}}|}}{{#if:|, {{{website}}}|}}{{#if: |, {{{work}}} [deprecated REFweb parameter used: use <website> instead]|}}{{#if:American Bar Association|, American Bar Association|}}{{#if:2025-04-30|. Retrieved {{#switch:{{#invoke:String|len|s=2025-04-30}} |0 |1 |2 = |3 |4 |5 = {{#time:Y|2025-04-30 }} |6 |7 |8 = {{#time:F Y|2025-04-30 }} |9 |10 = {{#time:j F Y|2025-04-30 }} |#default = error }}|}}.{{#if:|
    Quote: {{{quote}}}|}}
  3. ↑ Error creating thumbnail: {{#if:Kohrman|{{#if:|{{#if:A|[[|Kohrman A]]|[[|Kohrman{{#if:|, |}}]]}}|{{#if:A|Kohrman A|Kohrman{{#if:|, |}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:Clayton|{{#if:|{{#if:EW|, [[|Clayton EW]]|, [[|Clayton{{#if:|, |}}]]}}|{{#if:EW|, Clayton EW|, Clayton{{#if:|, |}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:Frader|{{#if:|{{#if:JE|, [[|Frader JE]]|, [[|Frader{{#if:|, |}}]]}}|{{#if:JE|, Frader JE|, Frader{{#if:|, |}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:Grodin|{{#if:|{{#if:MA|, [[|Grodin MA]]|, [[|Grodin{{#if:|, |}}]]}}|{{#if:MA|, Grodin MA|, Grodin{{#if:|, |}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:Moseley|{{#if:|{{#if:KL|, [[|Moseley KL]]|, [[|Moseley{{#if:|, |}}]]}}|{{#if:KL|, Moseley KL|, Moseley{{#if:|, |}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:Porter|{{#if:|{{#if:IH|, [[|Porter IH]]|, [[|Porter{{#if:|, |}}]]}}|{{#if:IH|, Porter IH|, Porter{{#if:|, |}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:Wagner|{{#if:|{{#if:VM|, [[|Wagner VM]]|, [[|Wagner{{#if:|, |}}]]}}|{{#if:VM|, Wagner VM|, Wagner{{#if:|, |}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:|{{#if:|{{#if:|, [[{{{author8-link}}}|{{{last8}}} {{{init8}}}]]|, [[{{{author8-link}}}|{{{last8}}}{{#if:|, {{{first8}}}|}}]]}}|{{#if:|, {{{last8}}} {{{init8}}}|, {{{last8}}}{{#if:|, {{{first8}}}|}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:|{{#if:|{{#if:|, [[{{{author9-link}}}|{{{last9}}} {{{init9}}}]]|, [[{{{author9-link}}}|{{{last9}}}{{#if:|, {{{first9}}}|}}]]}}|{{#if:|, {{{last9}}} {{{init9}}}|, {{{last9}}}{{#if:|, {{{first9}}}|}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:|; with {{{coauthors}}} [deprecated REFjournal parameter used: <coauthors> - please use <last2>, etc.]|}}{{#ifeq:no|yes|, et al.|{{#if:Kohrman|.|}}}}{{#if:| ({{{publisher}}})|}} {{#if:https://www.cirp.org/library/ethics/AAP/%7CInformed consent, parental permission, and assent in pediatric practice. Committee on Bioethics, American Academy of Pediatrics{{#if:| Error creating thumbnail: |}}{{#ifeq:|yes| (archive URL)|}}|Informed consent, parental permission, and assent in pediatric practice. Committee on Bioethics, American Academy of Pediatrics}}{{#if:| []{{#if:| ()|}}|}}{{#if:Pediatrics|. Pediatrics{{#if:| ({{{location}}})}}.|}}{{#if:1995-02| {{#switch:{{#invoke:String|len|s=1995-02}} |0 |1 |2 = |3 |4 |5 = {{#time:Y|1995-02 }} |6 |7 |8 = {{#time:F Y|1995-02 }} |9 |10 = {{#time:j F Y|1995-02 }} |#default = error }}{{#if:| ({{{season}}})|}}; | }}{{#if:95| 95|}}{{#if:2|(2)|}}{{#if: 314-7|{{#if:|: [{{{article}}}]|}}{{#if:|: {{{page}}}|}}{{#if:314-7|: 314-7|}}.|}}{{#if:7838658| PMID.|}}{{#if:| PMC.|}}{{#if:| DOI.|}}{{#if:| DOI.|}}{{#if:2025-04-30| Retrieved {{#switch:{{#invoke:String|len|s=2025-04-30}} |0 |1 |2 = |3 |4 |5 = {{#time:Y|2025-04-30 }} |6 |7 |8 = {{#time:F Y|2025-04-30 }} |9 |10 = {{#time:j F Y|2025-04-30 }} |#default = error }}.|}}{{#if:Such providers have legal and ethical duties to their child patients to render competent medical care based on what the patient needs, not what someone else expresses. Although impasses regarding the interests of minors and the expressed wishes of their parents or guardians are rare, the pediatrician's responsibilities to his or her patient exist independent of parental desires or proxy consent.|
    Quote: Such providers have legal and ethical duties to their child patients to render competent medical care based on what the patient needs, not what someone else expresses. Although impasses regarding the interests of minors and the expressed wishes of their parents or guardians are rare, the pediatrician's responsibilities to his or her patient exist independent of parental desires or proxy consent.|}}
  4. ↑ Error creating thumbnail: {{#if:Katz|{{#if:|{{#if:Al|[[|Katz Al]]|[[|Katz{{#if:|, |}}]]}}|{{#if:Al|Katz Al|Katz{{#if:|, |}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:Macauley|{{#if:|{{#if:RC|, [[|Macauley RC]]|, [[|Macauley{{#if:|, |}}]]}}|{{#if:RC|, Macauley RC|, Macauley{{#if:|, |}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:Mercurio|{{#if:|{{#if:MR|, [[|Mercurio MR]]|, [[|Mercurio{{#if:|, |}}]]}}|{{#if:MR|, Mercurio MR|, Mercurio{{#if:|, |}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:Moon|{{#if:|{{#if:MR|, [[|Moon MR]]|, [[|Moon{{#if:|, |}}]]}}|{{#if:MR|, Moon MR|, Moon{{#if:|, |}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:Okun|{{#if:|{{#if:AL|, [[|Okun AL]]|, [[|Okun{{#if:|, |}}]]}}|{{#if:AL|, Okun AL|, Okun{{#if:|, |}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:Opel|{{#if:|{{#if:DJ|, [[|Opel DJ]]|, [[|Opel{{#if:|, |}}]]}}|{{#if:DJ|, Opel DJ|, Opel{{#if:|, |}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:Statter|{{#if:|{{#if:MB|, [[|Statter MB]]|, [[|Statter{{#if:|, |}}]]}}|{{#if:MB|, Statter MB|, Statter{{#if:|, |}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:|{{#if:|{{#if:|, [[{{{author8-link}}}|{{{last8}}} {{{init8}}}]]|, [[{{{author8-link}}}|{{{last8}}}{{#if:|, {{{first8}}}|}}]]}}|{{#if:|, {{{last8}}} {{{init8}}}|, {{{last8}}}{{#if:|, {{{first8}}}|}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:|{{#if:|{{#if:|, [[{{{author9-link}}}|{{{last9}}} {{{init9}}}]]|, [[{{{author9-link}}}|{{{last9}}}{{#if:|, {{{first9}}}|}}]]}}|{{#if:|, {{{last9}}} {{{init9}}}|, {{{last9}}}{{#if:|, {{{first9}}}|}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:|; with {{{coauthors}}} [deprecated REFjournal parameter used: <coauthors> - please use <last2>, etc.]|}}{{#ifeq:no|yes|, et al.|{{#if:Katz|.|}}}}{{#if:| ({{{publisher}}})|}} {{#if:https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/138/2/e20161484/52512/Informed-Consent-in-Decision-Making-in-Pediatric%7CInformed Consent in Decision-Making in Pediatric Practice{{#if:| Error creating thumbnail: |}}{{#ifeq:|yes| (archive URL)|}}|Informed Consent in Decision-Making in Pediatric Practice}}{{#if:| []{{#if:| ({{{language}}})|}}|}}{{#if:Pediatrics|. Pediatrics{{#if:| ({{{location}}})}}.|}}{{#if:2016-08| {{#switch:{{#invoke:String|len|s=2016-08}} |0 |1 |2 = |3 |4 |5 = {{#time:Y|2016-08 }} |6 |7 |8 = {{#time:F Y|2016-08 }} |9 |10 = {{#time:j F Y|2016-08 }} |#default = error }}{{#if:| ({{{season}}})|}}; | }}{{#if:138| 138|}}{{#if:2|(2)|}}{{#if: e20161484|{{#if:|: [{{{article}}}]|}}{{#if:e20161484|: e20161484|}}{{#if:|: {{{pages}}}|}}.|}}{{#if:27456514| PMID.|}}{{#if:| PMC.|}}{{#if:10.1542/peds.2016-1484| DOI.|}}{{#if:| DOI.|}}{{#if:2025-04-30| Retrieved {{#switch:{{#invoke:String|len|s=2025-04-30}} |0 |1 |2 = |3 |4 |5 = {{#time:Y|2025-04-30 }} |6 |7 |8 = {{#time:F Y|2025-04-30 }} |9 |10 = {{#time:j F Y|2025-04-30 }} |#default = error }}.|}}{{#if:The law has evolved to require a full disclosure to the patient of the facts necessary to form the basis of a reasonable, informed consent. Informed consent incorporates 3 duties: disclosure of information to patients and their surrogates, assessment of patient and surrogate understanding of the information and their capacity for medical decision-making, and obtaining informed consent before treatments and interventions.|
    Quote: The law has evolved to require a full disclosure to the patient of the facts necessary to form the basis of a reasonable, informed consent. Informed consent incorporates 3 duties: disclosure of information to patients and their surrogates, assessment of patient and surrogate understanding of the information and their capacity for medical decision-making, and obtaining informed consent before treatments and interventions.|}}
  5. ↑ Error creating thumbnail: {{#if:Katz|{{#if:|{{#if:AL|[[|Katz AL]]|[[|Katz{{#if:|, |}}]]}}|{{#if:AL|Katz AL|Katz{{#if:|, |}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:Webb|{{#if:|{{#if:SA|, [[|Webb SA]]|, [[|Webb{{#if:|, |}}]]}}|{{#if:SA|, Webb SA|, Webb{{#if:|, |}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:|{{#if:|{{#if:|, [[{{{author3-link}}}|{{{last3}}} {{{init3}}}]]|, [[{{{author3-link}}}|{{{last3}}}{{#if:|, {{{first3}}}|}}]]}}|{{#if:|, {{{last3}}} {{{init3}}}|, {{{last3}}}{{#if:|, {{{first3}}}|}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:|{{#if:|{{#if:|, [[{{{author4-link}}}|{{{last4}}} {{{init4}}}]]|, [[{{{author4-link}}}|{{{last4}}}{{#if:|, {{{first4}}}|}}]]}}|{{#if:|, {{{last4}}} {{{init4}}}|, {{{last4}}}{{#if:|, {{{first4}}}|}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:|{{#if:|{{#if:|, [[{{{author5-link}}}|{{{last5}}} {{{init5}}}]]|, [[{{{author5-link}}}|{{{last5}}}{{#if:|, {{{first5}}}|}}]]}}|{{#if:|, {{{last5}}} {{{init5}}}|, {{{last5}}}{{#if:|, {{{first5}}}|}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:|{{#if:|{{#if:|, [[{{{author6-link}}}|{{{last6}}} {{{init6}}}]]|, [[{{{author6-link}}}|{{{last6}}}{{#if:|, {{{first6}}}|}}]]}}|{{#if:|, {{{last6}}} {{{init6}}}|, {{{last6}}}{{#if:|, {{{first6}}}|}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:|{{#if:|{{#if:|, [[{{{author7-link}}}|{{{last7}}} {{{init7}}}]]|, [[{{{author7-link}}}|{{{last7}}}{{#if:|, {{{first7}}}|}}]]}}|{{#if:|, {{{last7}}} {{{init7}}}|, {{{last7}}}{{#if:|, {{{first7}}}|}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:|{{#if:|{{#if:|, [[{{{author8-link}}}|{{{last8}}} {{{init8}}}]]|, [[{{{author8-link}}}|{{{last8}}}{{#if:|, {{{first8}}}|}}]]}}|{{#if:|, {{{last8}}} {{{init8}}}|, {{{last8}}}{{#if:|, {{{first8}}}|}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:|{{#if:|{{#if:|, [[{{{author9-link}}}|{{{last9}}} {{{init9}}}]]|, [[{{{author9-link}}}|{{{last9}}}{{#if:|, {{{first9}}}|}}]]}}|{{#if:|, {{{last9}}} {{{init9}}}|, {{{last9}}}{{#if:|, {{{first9}}}|}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:|; with {{{coauthors}}} [deprecated REFjournal parameter used: <coauthors> - please use <last2>, etc.]|}}{{#ifeq:no|yes|, et al.|{{#if:Katz|.|}}}}{{#if:| ({{{publisher}}})|}} {{#if:https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/138/2/e20161485/52519/Informed-Consent-in-Decision-Making-in-Pediatric?autologincheck=redirected%7CInformed Consent in Decision-Making in Pediatric Practice — Technical Report{{#if:| Error creating thumbnail: |}}{{#ifeq:|yes| (archive URL)|}}|Informed Consent in Decision-Making in Pediatric Practice — Technical Report}}{{#if:| []{{#if:| ({{{language}}})|}}|}}{{#if:Pediatrics|. Pediatrics{{#if:| ({{{location}}})}}.|}}{{#if:2026-08| {{#switch:{{#invoke:String|len|s=2026-08}} |0 |1 |2 = |3 |4 |5 = {{#time:Y|2026-08 }} |6 |7 |8 = {{#time:F Y|2026-08 }} |9 |10 = {{#time:j F Y|2026-08 }} |#default = error }}{{#if:| ({{{season}}})|}}; | }}{{#if:138| 138|}}{{#if:2|(2)|}}{{#if: e20161485|{{#if:|: [{{{article}}}]|}}{{#if:e20161485|: e20161485|}}{{#if:|: {{{pages}}}|}}.|}}{{#if:27456510| PMID.|}}{{#if:| PMC.|}}{{#if:10.1542/peds.2016-1485| DOI.|}}{{#if:| DOI.|}}{{#if:2025-05-02| Retrieved {{#switch:{{#invoke:String|len|s=2025-05-02}} |0 |1 |2 = |3 |4 |5 = {{#time:Y|2025-05-02 }} |6 |7 |8 = {{#time:F Y|2025-05-02 }} |9 |10 = {{#time:j F Y|2025-05-02 }} |#default = error }}.|}}{{#if:Autonomy (from the ancient Greek autos [self] and nomos [rule or law]) can be seen as derived from Kantian moral philosophy, with key elements of liberty, the capacity to live life according to your own reasons and motives, and agency, the rational capacity for intentional action. A formulation of Kant’s categorical imperative notes that we are obliged to act out of fundamental respect for other persons by virtue of their personal autonomy.|
    Quote: Autonomy (from the ancient Greek autos [self] and nomos [rule or law]) can be seen as derived from Kantian moral philosophy, with key elements of liberty, the capacity to live life according to your own reasons and motives, and agency, the rational capacity for intentional action. A formulation of Kant’s categorical imperative notes that we are obliged to act out of fundamental respect for other persons by virtue of their personal autonomy.|}}
  6. ↑ Error creating thumbnail: {{#if:Hill|{{#if:George Hill|{{#if:G|Hill G|Hill{{#if:|, |}}}}|{{#if:G|Hill G|Hill{{#if:|, |}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:|{{#if:|{{#if:|, [[{{{author2-link}}}|{{{last2}}} {{{init2}}}]]|, [[{{{author2-link}}}|{{{last2}}}{{#if:|, {{{first2}}}|}}]]}}|{{#if:|, {{{last2}}} {{{init2}}}|, {{{last2}}}{{#if:|, {{{first2}}}|}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:|{{#if:|{{#if:|, [[{{{author3-link}}}|{{{last3}}} {{{init3}}}]]|, [[{{{author3-link}}}|{{{last3}}}{{#if:|, {{{first3}}}|}}]]}}|{{#if:|, {{{last3}}} {{{init3}}}|, {{{last3}}}{{#if:|, {{{first3}}}|}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:|{{#if:|{{#if:|, [[{{{author4-link}}}|{{{last4}}} {{{init4}}}]]|, [[{{{author4-link}}}|{{{last4}}}{{#if:|, {{{first4}}}|}}]]}}|{{#if:|, {{{last4}}} {{{init4}}}|, {{{last4}}}{{#if:|, {{{first4}}}|}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:|{{#if:|{{#if:|, [[{{{author5-link}}}|{{{last5}}} {{{init5}}}]]|, [[{{{author5-link}}}|{{{last5}}}{{#if:|, {{{first5}}}|}}]]}}|{{#if:|, {{{last5}}} {{{init5}}}|, {{{last5}}}{{#if:|, {{{first5}}}|}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:|{{#if:|{{#if:|, [[{{{author6-link}}}|{{{last6}}} {{{init6}}}]]|, [[{{{author6-link}}}|{{{last6}}}{{#if:|, {{{first6}}}|}}]]}}|{{#if:|, {{{last6}}} {{{init6}}}|, {{{last6}}}{{#if:|, {{{first6}}}|}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:|{{#if:|{{#if:|, [[{{{author7-link}}}|{{{last7}}} {{{init7}}}]]|, [[{{{author7-link}}}|{{{last7}}}{{#if:|, {{{first7}}}|}}]]}}|{{#if:|, {{{last7}}} {{{init7}}}|, {{{last7}}}{{#if:|, {{{first7}}}|}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:|{{#if:|{{#if:|, [[{{{author8-link}}}|{{{last8}}} {{{init8}}}]]|, [[{{{author8-link}}}|{{{last8}}}{{#if:|, {{{first8}}}|}}]]}}|{{#if:|, {{{last8}}} {{{init8}}}|, {{{last8}}}{{#if:|, {{{first8}}}|}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:|{{#if:|{{#if:|, [[{{{author9-link}}}|{{{last9}}} {{{init9}}}]]|, [[{{{author9-link}}}|{{{last9}}}{{#if:|, {{{first9}}}|}}]]}}|{{#if:|, {{{last9}}} {{{init9}}}|, {{{last9}}}{{#if:|, {{{first9}}}|}}|}}|}}|}}{{#if:|; with {{{coauthors}}} [deprecated REFjournal parameter used: <coauthors> - please use <last2>, etc.]|}}{{#ifeq:no|yes|, et al.|{{#if:Hill|.|}}}}{{#if:| ({{{publisher}}})|}} {{#if:https://www.researchgate.net/profile/George-Hill-3/publication/371599857_Can_Anyone_Authorize_the_Nontherapeutic_Permanent_Alteration_of_a_Child's_Body/links/648b8819c41fb852dd0949be/Can-Anyone-Authorize-the-Nontherapeutic-Permanent-Alteration-of-a-Childs-Body.pdf%7CCan anyone authorize the nontherapeutic permanent alteration of a child's body?{{#if:| Error creating thumbnail: |}}{{#ifeq:|yes| (archive URL)|}}|Can anyone authorize the nontherapeutic permanent alteration of a child's body?}}{{#if:| []{{#if:| ()|}}|}}{{#if:Am J Bioeth|. Am J Bioeth{{#if:| ()}}.|}}{{#if:2003| {{#switch:{{#invoke:String|len|s=2003}} |0 |1 |2 = |3 |4 |5 = {{#time:Y|2003 }} |6 |7 |8 = {{#time:F Y|2003 }} |9 |10 = {{#time:j F Y|2003 }} |#default = error }}{{#if:Spring| (Spring)|}}; | }}{{#if:3| 3|}}{{#if:2|(2)|}}{{#if: |{{#if:|: []|}}{{#if:|: |}}{{#if:|: |}}.|}}{{#if:14635628| PMID.|}}{{#if:| PMC.|}}{{#if:10.1162/152651603766436342| DOI.|}}{{#if:| DOI.|}}{{#if:2025-04-30| Retrieved {{#switch:{{#invoke:String|len|s=2025-04-30}} |0 |1 |2 = |3 |4 |5 = {{#time:Y|2025-04-30 }} |6 |7 |8 = {{#time:F Y|2025-04-30 }} |9 |10 = {{#time:j F Y|2025-04-30 }} |#default = error }}.|}}{{#if:|
    Quote: |}}


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