Alleged reasons for circumcision

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In the long history of genital mutilation aka foreskin amputation aka circumcision, there have been many alleged reasons why this should be a medical procedure.

Work in progress: The following information does not claim to be complete. More content will be added gradually.

Foreskin causes

  • clubfoot - 1875: Lewis A. Sayre[1]
  • crossed eyes - 1886: William G. Eggleston[2]
  • curvature of the spine - 1875: Lewis A. Sayre[1]
  • dirt under the foreskin in newborns: 1941: Allan F. Guttmacher[3]
  • epilepsy - 1902: Roswell Park[4]
  • masturbation (females) - 1918 Belle Eskridge[5]
  • masturbation (males) - 1891: Jonathan Hutchinson[6], 1901: Ernest G. Mark[7]
  • masturbation (newborns) - 1953: R.L. Miller and D.C. Snyder[8]
  • neuroses (females) - 1915: Benjamin E. Dawson
  • paralysis of the bladder - 1875: Lewis A. Sayre[1]

In 1958, C.F. McDonald said "the same reasons that apply for the circumcision of males are generally valid when considered for the female."[9]

In 1966, Masters and Johnson erroneous claim that there is no difference in sensitivity between penises with and without foreskin.

(Note: Their work helps propagate the medical dogma that circumcision has no effect on sexuality go practically unquestioned for nearly the next four decades.)[10]

Cure through FGM

  • clitoris easier findable by husband - 1959: W.G. Rathmann[11]
  • HIV (in women after FGM) - 2005: R.Y. Stallings[12]

Cure through MGM

  • abdominal neuralgia - 1879: H.H. Kane[13]
  • bed wetting - 1873: Joseph Bell[14]
  • blindness - 1890: William D. Gentry[15]
  • deafness - 1890: William D. Gentry[15]
  • dumbness - 1890: William D. Gentry[15]
  • epilepsy - 1865: Nathaniel Heckford[16], 1870: Lewis A. Sayre[17], 1902: Roswell Park[4], 1930: Norton Henry Bare[18]
  • eye problems believed to be caused by masturbation - 1881: Maximillian Landesburg[19]
  • immunity to nearly all physical and mental illness - 1953: R.L. Miller and D.C. Snyder[8]
  • masturbation (newborns) - 1953: R.L. Miller and D.C. Snyder[8]
  • neuroses (females) - 1915: Benjamin E. Dawson[20]
  • nocturnal seminal emissions (i.e. wet dreams) - 1832: Claude-Francois Lallemand[21], 1879: H.H. Kane[13]
  • rectal incontinence - 1894: H.L. Rosenberry[22]
  • sensitiveness of the organ - 1901: Ernest G. Mark[7]
  • urinary incontinence - 1894: H.L. Rosenberry[22]

Prevention

  • AIDS - 1986: Aaron J. Fink[23], 2003: Edgar J. Schoen[24]
  • cancer of the bladder - 1971: Abraham Ravich[25]
  • cancer of the rectum - 1971: Abraham Ravich[25]
  • cancer of the tongue - 1949: Eugene H. Hand[26]
  • cervical cancer in women - 1951: Abraham Ravich[27], 1954: Ernest L. Wynder[28]
  • HIV (in women after FGM) - 2005: R.Y. Stallings[12]
  • HIV 'vaccine' - 2007: Robert C. Bailey[29]
  • inchastity - 1935: R.W. Cockshut[30]
  • masturbation (females) - 1918: Belle Eskridge[5]
  • masturbation (males) - 1845: Edward H. Dixon[31], 1871: M.J. Moses (for Jews)[32], 1888: John Harvey Kellogg (as punishment)[33], 1969: Morris Fishbein[34]
  • neonatal group B streptococcal disease - 1988: Aaron J. Fink[35]
  • nervousness - 1969: Morris Fishbein[34]
  • penile cancer - 1926: Abraham L. Wolbarst[36]
  • pleasure of sex - 1900: Jonathan Hutchinson[37]
  • prostate cancer - 1942: Abraham Ravich[38]
  • raping whites - 1894: P.C. Remondino (for Blacks)[39]
  • sand from getting into the soldiers' foreskins - 1991: Aaron J. Fink[40]
  • sensitivity - 1935: R.W. Cockshut, 1941: Allan F. Guttmacher[3]
  • sexual immorality - 1900: Jonathan Hutchinson[37]
  • spinal paralysis - 1870: Lewis A. Sayre[41]
  • syphilis - 1855: Jonathan Hutchinson[42]
  • UTI (urinary tract infections) - 1985: Thomas E. Wiswell[43]
  • tuberculosis - 1914: Abraham L. Wolbarst[44]
  • venereal disease - 1949: Eugene H. Hand[26]

See also

References

  1. ↑ a b c REFjournal Sayre LA. Spinal anaemia with partial paralysis and want of coordination, from irritation of the genital organs. Transactions of the American Medical Association. 1875; 26: 255-274.
  2. ↑ REFjournal Eggleston WG. Two cases of reflex paraplegia(one with aphasia) from tape-worm and phimosis. Journal of the American Medical Association. 8 May 1886; 6(19): 511-515.
  3. ↑ a b REFjournal Guttmacher AF. Should the baby be circumcised?. Parents Magazine. September 1941; 16(9): 26,76-78.
  4. ↑ a b REFjournal Park R. The surgical treatment of epilepsy. American Medicine. 22 November 1902; 4(21): 807-809.
  5. ↑ a b REFjournal Eskridge BC. Why not circumcise the girl as well as the boy?. Texas State Journal of Medicine. May 1918; 14: 17-19.
  6. ↑ REFjournal Hutchinson J. On circumcision as preventive of masturbation. Archives of Surgery. January 1891; 2(7): 267-269.
  7. ↑ a b REFjournal Mark EG. Circumcision. American Practitioner and News. 15 February 1901; 31(4): 122-126.
  8. ↑ a b c REFjournal Miller RL, Snyder DC. Immediate circumcision of the newborn male. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. January 1953; 6(1): 1-11.
  9. ↑ REFjournal McDonald CF. Circumcision of the female. General Practitioner. September 1958; 18(3): 98-99.
  10. ↑ REFbook Masters and Johnson (1966): Human Sexual Response. Boston, MA: Little Brown & Co.
  11. ↑ REFjournal Rathmann WG. Female Circumcision: Indications and a New Technique. General Practitioner. September 1959; 20(9): 115-120.
  12. ↑ a b REFconference Stallings, R.Y.: Female circumcision and HIV infection in Tanzania: for better or for worse?, Rio de Janeiro. (25 July 2005) Third International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment.
  13. ↑ a b REFjournal Kane HH. Seminal emissions, abdominal neuralgia: circumcision: cure. Southern Clinic. October 1879; 2(1): 8-11.
  14. ↑ REFjournal Bell J. Nocturnal incontinence of urine cured by circumcision. Edinburgh Medical Journal. May 1873; 1(9): 1034.
  15. ↑ a b c REFjournal Gentry WD. Nervous derangements produced by sexual irregularities in boys. Medical Current. July 1890; 6(7): 268-274.
  16. ↑ REFjournal Heckford N. Circumcision as a remedial measure in certain cases of epilepsy and chorea. Clinical Lectures and Reports by the Medical and Surgical Staff of the London Hospital. 1865; 2: 58-64.
  17. ↑ REFjournal Sayre LA. Circumcision versus epilepsy, etc; Transcription of the New York Pathological Society meeting of June 8, 1870. Medical Record. 15 July 1870; 5(10): 231-234.
  18. ↑ REFjournal Bare NH. Surgical treatment of epilepsy with report of case. The China Medical Journal. November 1930; 4(11): 1109-1113.
  19. ↑ REFjournal Landesburg M. On affections of the eye caused by masturbation. Medical Bulletin. April 1881; 3(4): 79-81.
  20. ↑ REFjournal Dawson BE. Circumcision in the Female: Its Necessity and How to Perform It. American Journal of Clinical Medicine. June 1915; 22(66): 520-523.
  21. ↑ REFbook Lallemand, Claude-Francois ((1):1836; (2):1839; (3):1842): Des Pertes Seminales Involontaires. Vol. 1-3. Pp. (1):463-467; (2):70-162; (3):266-267, 280-289. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  22. ↑ a b REFjournal Rosenberry HL. Incontinence of the urine and faeces, cured by circumcision. Medical Record. 11 August 1894; 4(6): 173.
  23. ↑ REFjournal Fink AJ. A possible explanation for heterosexual male infection with AIDS. New England Journal of Medicine. 30 October 1986; 31(18): 1167.
  24. ↑ REFjournal Schoen EJ. It's wise to circumcise: time to change policy. Pediatrics. June 2003; 111(6 Pt 1): 1490-1491.
  25. ↑ a b REFjournal Ravich A. Viral carcinogenesis in venereally susceptible organs. Cancer. June 1971; 27(6): 1493-1496.
  26. ↑ a b REFjournal Hand EH. Circumcision and venereal disease. Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology. September 1949; 60(3): 341-346.
  27. ↑ REFjournal Ravich A. Prophylaxis of cancer of the prostate, penis, and cervix by circumcision. New York State Journal of Medicine. June 1951; 51(12): 1519-1520.
  28. ↑ REFjournal Wynder EL. A study of environmental factors of carcinoma of the cervix. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. October 1954; 68(4): 10166-52 (??).
  29. ↑ REFjournal Bailey RC. Male circumcision for HIV prevention for young men in Kisumu, Kenya. Lancet. 2007; 369(9562): 643-656.
  30. ↑ REFjournal Cockshut RW. Circumcision. British Medical Journal. 19 October 1935; 2(3902): 764.
  31. ↑ REFbook Dixon, Edward H. (1845): A Treatise on Diseases of the Sexual Organs. New York: Stringer & Co. Pp. 158-165. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  32. ↑ REFjournal Moses MJ. The value of circumcision as a hygienic and therapeutic measure. New York Medical Journal. November 1871; 14(4): 368-374.
  33. ↑ REFbook Kellogg, John Harvey (1888): Treatment for Self-Abuse and Its Effects, in: Plain Facts for Old and Young.. Project Gutenberg (ed.). Edition: 1881 edition. Burlington, Iowa: F. Segner & Co. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
  34. ↑ a b REFbook Fishbein, Morris (1969): Sex hygiene, in: Modern Home Medical Adviser. Garden City (ed.). New York: Doubleday & Co. Pp. 90+119.
  35. ↑ REFjournal Fink AJ. Is hygiene enough? Circumcision as a possible strategy to prevent group B streptococcal disease. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. August 1988; 159(2): 534-535.
  36. ↑ REFjournal Wolbarst AL. Is circumcision a prophylactic against penis cancer?. Cancer. July 1926; 3(4): 301-310.
  37. ↑ a b REFjournal Hutchinson J. The advantages of circumcision. The Polyclinic. September 1900; 3(9): 129-131.
  38. ↑ REFjournal Ravich A. The relationship of circumcision to cancer of the prostate. Journal of Urology. September 1942; 48(3): 298-299.
  39. ↑ REFjournal Remondino PC. Negro rapes and their social problems. National Popular Review. January 1894; 4(1): 3-6.
  40. ↑ REFjournal Fink AJ. Circumcision and sand. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. November 1991; 84(11): 696.
  41. ↑ REFjournal Sayre LA. Partial paralysis from reflex irritation, caused by congenital phimosis and adherent prepuce. Transactions of the American Medical Association. 1870; 21: 205-11.
  42. ↑ REFjournal Hutchinson J. On the Influence of Circumcision in Preventing Syphilis. Medical Times and Gazette. 1855; 32(844): 542-543. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  43. ↑ REFjournal Wiswell TE. Decreased incidence of urinary tract infections in circumcised male infants. Pediatrics. May 1985; 75(5): 901-3.
  44. ↑ REFjournal Wolbarst AL. Universal circumcision as a sanitary measure. Journal of the American Medical Association. 10 January 1914; 62(2): 92-97.

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