IntactiWiki - User contributions [en]

Immunological and protective function of the foreskin

2024-01-10T20:15:01Z

WikiModEn11: /* The immunological function of the foreskin */ spelling

Although circumcision promoter [[Abraham L. Wolbarst]] (1914} once claimed that the human [[foreskin]] was filthy and harbored disease and [[infection]],<ref name="wolbarst1914">{{REFjournal
|last=Wolbarst
|first=Abraham L.
|init=AL
|author-link=Abraham L. Wolbarst
|title=Universal Circumcision as a Sanitary Measure
|journal=JAMA
|date=1914-1-10
|volume=62
|issue=2
|pages=92-97
|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/453164
|accessdate=2022-08-11
}}</ref> in reality the opposite is true. The [[foreskin]] is designed by nature to be self-cleaning and to provide significant natural '''immunological and protective function''' against all types of [[infection]], including [[HIV]].

== The protective and hygienic function of the foreskin ==

The [[foreskin]], like the eyelid, also serves an important protective and hygienic function. The [[foreskin]] protects the delicate [[glans]] of the [[penis]] and puts the [[urethra]] at a distance from its environment, protecting it from foreign contaminants and pathogens of all kinds while simultaneously shielding the [[penis]] from injury. It is a double fold of [[skin]] which offers two layers of protection to prevent [[keratinization]] and maintain sensitivity.

At birth, the [[foreskin]] is usually attached to the [[glans]] (head) of the [[penis]] by a [[synechia]], akin to how a fingernail is attached to a finger.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Deibert
|init=GA
|author-link=
|title=The separation of the prepuce in the human penis
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/deibert/
|journal=Anatomical Record
|date=1933-11
|volume=57
|issue=4
|pages=387-9
|accessdate=2019-10-20
}}</ref> The [[preputial sac]] is sealed by the synechia so it cannot be infected.

In infancy, the foreskin's tubular neck (prepucial orifice) is often long and narrow while the [[Dartos]] sphincter muscle in the tip of the [[foreskin]] keeps its opening closed. This acts as an extension of the [[urethra]].<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Hunter
|init=RH
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1249280/pdf/janat00534-0090.pdf
|title=Notes on the development of the prepuce
|journal=Journal of Anatomy
|date=1935-10
|volume=70
|issue=1
|pages=6875
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2019-10-20
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Glenister
|init=TW
|url=https://bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1464-410X.1956.tb04763.x
|title=A consideration of their process involved in the development of the prepuce in man
|journal=Br J Urol
|date=1956-09
|volume=28
|issue=3
|pages=243-249
}}</ref>
Together, these properties prevent the entry of contaminants.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998">{{FleissP HodgesF VanHoweRS 1998}}</ref> The [[foreskin]] protects the infant [[glans penis]] from ammonia in diapers (nappies) and prevents meatal ulcer and [[meatal stenosis]].<ref>{{GairdnerDM 1949}}</ref> <ref name="vanhowe2006">{{REFjournal
|last=Van Howe
|init=RS
|author-link=
|title=Incidence of meatal stenosis following neonatal circumcision in a primary care setting
|journal=Clin Pediatr (Phila)
|volume=45
|issue=1
|pages=49-54
|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/000992280604500108?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed
|quote=
|pubmedID=16429216
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1177/000992280604500108
|date=2006-01
|accessdate=2020-01-09
|note=Jan-Feb 2006
}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Upadhyay
|init=V
|author-link=
|last2=Hammodat
|init2=HM
|author2-link=
|last3=Pease
|init3=PW
|author3-link=
|etal=no
|title=Post circumcision meatal stenosis
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=N Z Med J
|location=
|date=1998-02-27
|volume=111
|issue=1060
|pages=57-8
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/upadhyay1/
|quote=
|pubmedID=9539919
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2020-01-10
}}</ref>

Natural secretions of oil are achieved by sebaceous glands which are abound in the [[foreskin]]'s inner lining, these are not present in the [[glans penis]].<ref name="hyman-brownstein1969">{{REFjournal
|last=Hyman
|init=AB
|last2=Brownstein
|init2=MH
|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/530842
|title=Tyson's "glands": ectopic sebaceous glands and papillomatosis penis
|journal=Arch Dermatol
|date=1969-01
|volume=99
|issue=1
|pages=31-36
|accessdate=2019-10-20
}}</ref> They are also present in the eyelid and perform the same function in both places. They secrete the oils necessary to keep the [[glans]] surface soft, moist, smooth, warm, sensitive, and with a healthy glistening red or purple color. This moisturizer also maintains PH balance, and optimal cleanliness. This is required to keep the surface of the glans healthy and clean via the cleaning effects of mucous secretions. Again, this function is analogous to the eye lid. The [[glans penis]] is meant to be an internal organ covered and protected from the outside world.

In the genitally [[intact]] [[penis]] the [[urine]] stream flushes out the [[urethra]] and [[foreskin]] of foreign microbes. In healthy individuals, [[urine]] is sterile and has a disinfectant quality. Researchers have demonstrated that the swirling action of [[urine]] as it rushes through the [[foreskin]] flushes it out effortlessly and naturally.<ref name="parkash-jeykumar1973">{{REFjournal
|last=Parkash
|init=S
|last2=Jeykumar
|init2=S
|last3=Subramanyan
|init3=K
|last4=Chaudhuri
|init4=S
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/parkash/
|title=Human subpreputial collection: its nature and formation
|journal=J Urol
|date=1973-08
|volume=110
|issue=2
|pages=211-212
|accessdate=2019-10-20
}}</ref>

Though [[urine]] passes through the [[foreskin]] every day, the inner foreskin is remarkably free of urea — a by-product of liver metabolism that is secreted in [[urine]]. Studies demonstrate that washings from the foreskin are rich in fructose, acid phosphatase, and mucin, but never urea. It appears that the secretions of [[seminal vesicles]], prostate, and [[urethra]]l mucous glands, collectively or individually, keep the foreskin clear and clean as well.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Parkash
|init=S
|title=Penis: some facts and fancies
|journal=Journal of Physician's Association of Madras
|date=1982-06
|pages=1-13
}}</ref>

The idea that the foreskin is "dirty" or "unclean" is a scientifically unfounded superstition. The [[intact]] [[penis]] is naturally clean and maintains a level of hygiene that is optimal when compared to a [[penis]] that has been altered by [[circumcision]].<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998" />

In comparison, due to the open wounds and raw [[bleeding]] flesh, the [[circumcised]] [[penis]] needs much more care after [[circumcision]]. The surgically externalized glans is dirty rather then clean because of constant exposure to dirt, abrasion and contaminants.<ref name="vanhowe1997">{{REFjournal
|last=Van Howe
|init=RS
|author-link=Robert Van Howe
|url=https://bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1464-410X.1997.00467.x
|title=Variability in penile appearance and penile findings: a prospective study
|journal=Br J Urol
|date=1997
|volume=80
|pages=776-782
|DOI=10.1046/j.1464-410X.1997.00467.x
|accessdate=2019-10-20
}}</ref> [[Circumcised]] boys are also found to be more likely to develop [[balanitis]], [[meatitis]], coronal adhesions, and [[meatal stenosis]].<ref name="vanhowe1997"/>

Excessive washing and the use of soap inside the [[foreskin]] should be avoided.<ref name="birley1993">{{REFjournal
|last=Birley
|init=HDL
|author-link=
|last2=Walker
|init2=MM
|author2-link=
|last3=Luzzi
|init3=GA
|author3-link=
|last4=Bell
|init4=R
|author4-link=
|etal=yes
|title=Clinical Features and management of recurrent balanitis; association with atopy and genital washing]
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Genitourin Med
|location=
|date=1993-10
|volume=69
|issue=5
|pages=400-3
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1195128/pdf/genitmed00029-0074.pdf
|quote=
|pubmedID=8244363
|pubmedCID=1195128
|DOI=10.1136/sti.69.5.400
|accessdate=2021-03-20
}}</ref>

== The immunological function of the foreskin ==

The foreskin's inner fold and the [[glans]] of the [[penis]] are comprised of [[Preputial mucosa|mucous membrane]] tissue. These are also present in your eyes, mouth, and all other bodily orifices including the female genitals. These are the first line of immunological defense for the body's orifices. These mucous membranes perform many immunological and hygienic functions.

Certain components such as [[Langerhans cells]],<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Weiss
|init=GN
|last2=Sanders
|init2=M
|last3=Westbrook
|init3=KC
|url=http://www.circumstitions.com/Langerhans.html
|title=The distribution and density of Langerhans cells in the human prepuce: site of diminished immune response?
|journal=Isr J Med Sci
|date=1993-01
|volume=29
|issue=1
|pages=42-43
|accessdate=2019-10-20
}}</ref> plasma cells,<ref name="flower1983">{{REFjournal
|last=Flower
|init=PJ
|last2=Ladds
|init2=PW
|last3=Thomas
|init3=AD
|last4=Watson
|init4=DL
|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/030098588302000206
|title=An immunopathologic study on the bovine prepuce
|journal=Vet Pathol
|date=1983-03
|volume=20
|issue=2
|pages=189-201
|accessdate=2019-10-20
}}</ref> apocrine glands,<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Ahmed
|init=A
|last2=Jones
|init2=AW
|url=https://www.academia.edu/5687437/APOCRINE_CYSTADENOMA_A_REPORT_OF_TWO_CASES_OCCURRING_ON_THE_PREPUCE
|title=Apocrine Cystadenoma: a report of two cases occurring on the prepuce
|journal=Br J Dermatol
|date=1969-12
|volume=81
|issue=12
|pages=899-901
|accessdate=2019-10-20
}}</ref> and sebaceous glands,<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Hyman
|init=AB
|last2=Brownstein
|init2=MH
|title=Tyson's "glands": ectopic sebaceous glands and papillomatosis penis
|journal=Arch Dermatol
|date=1969-01
|volume=99
|issue=1
|pages=31-36
|accessdate=2019-10-20
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Delbanco
|init=E
|title=Über das gehäufte Auftreten von freien Talgdrüsen an der Innenfläche des Präputiums
|trans-title=About the increased occurrence of free sebaceous glands on the inner surface of the prepuce
|language=German
|journal=Monatshefte für praktische Dermatologie
|date=1904
|volume=38
|pages=536-538
|accessdate=2019-10-20
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Piccinno
|init=R
|last2=Carrel
|first2=Ch.-F.
|init2=CF
|last3=Menni
|init3=S
|etal=yes
|title=sebacous glands mimicking molluscum contagiosum
|journal=Acta Derm Venerol
|date=1990
|volume=70
|pages=344-345
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Krompecher
|first=St.
|init=S
|title=Die Histologie der Absonderung des Smegma praeputii
|trans-title=Histology of allocation of a smegma praeputii
|language=German
|journal=Anatomischer Anzeiger
|date=1932
|volume=75
|pages=170-176
}}</ref>, collectively secrete emollient lubricants.<ref name="parkash-jeykumar1973"/> Apocrine glands perform a crucial function by secreting enzymes such as lysosomal enzymes, cathepsin B, chymotrypsin, and neutrophil elastase.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Frohlich
|init=E
|last2=Shamburg-Lever
|init2=G
|last3=Klesses
|init3=C
|title=Immunelectron microscopic localization of cathepsin B in human apocrine glands
|journal=J Cutan Pathol
|date=1993-02
|volume=20
|issue=1
|pages=54-60
}}</ref>

There is also some research to suggest that lysozyme may protect against [[HIV]] infection.<ref>{{REFweb
|first=George
|last=Hill
|author-link=George Hill
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/HIV/hill1/
|title=Summary of evidence that the foreskin and lysozyme may protect against HIV infection
|date=2003-09-07
|accessdate=2019-10-20
}}</ref> <ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998" />

Apocrine glands also produce cytokine,<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Ahmed
|init=AA
|last2=Nordlind
|init2=K
|last3=Schultzberd
|init3=M
|last4=Liden
|init4=S
|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01105803
|title=Immunohistochemical localization of IL-1 alpha-, IL-1 beta-, IL-6- and TNF-alpha-like immunoreactivities in human apocrine glands
|journal=Arch Dermatol Res
|date=1995
|volume=287
|issue=8
|pages=764-766
|accessdate=2019-10-20
}}</ref> which is a very important non-antibody protein that generates immune response when in contact with specific agents. Plasma cells which increase in number in response to pathogens levels, secrete immunoglobulin.<ref name="flower1983"/>
It is also very important to note that [[Langerhans cells]] that are present in the [[foreskin]] produce ''Langerin'', a substance that has been proven to kill human immunodeficiency virus ([[HIV]]) on contact.<ref>{{DeWitte etal 2007}}</ref>

All of these function to sequester and “digest” foreign pathogens. All these substances play an important role in protecting the penis from viral and bacterial pathogens. The immunological functions of the human prepuce have been extensively documented by respected researchers for quite some time.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998" />
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Breastfeeding]]
* [[Circumcision and STDs]]
* [[Circumcision and HIV]]
* [[Development of retractable foreskin]]
* [[Foreskin]]
* [[Immunological protection of breastfeeding]]
* [[Keratinization]]
* [[Penis]]
* [[Pheromone]]
* [[Preputial sac]]
* [[Smegma]]
* [[Transudation]]

{{LINKS}}
* {{REFweb
|url=http://www.intactaus.org/information/functionsoftheforeskin/
|title=Functions of the Foreskin
|last=Helard
|first=Lou
|author-link=Lou Helard
|publisher=Intact Australia
|website=http://www.intactaus.org
|date=2014-08-01
|accessdate=2020-06-05
}}

{{REF}}

[[Category:Education]]
[[Category:Foreskin anatomy]]
[[Category:Immunology]]
[[Category:Parental information]]
[[Category:Physiology]]

[[Category:From Intactipedia]]
[[Category:From IntactWiki]]

[[de:Immunologische und Schutzfunktion der Vorhaut]]

Sex As Nature Intended It

2024-01-10T20:02:29Z

WikiModEn11: /* Critics */

{{BookInfo
| Author=[[Kristen O'Hara]] and Jeffrey O'Hara
| Title=Sex As Nature Intended It
| Subtitle=The Most Important Thing You Need to Know About Making Love, But No One Could Tell You Until Now
| Pages=414
| Format=
| Edition=
| FirstEdition=January 2001
| Publisher=Turning Point Publications (MA)
| ISBN=978-0970044204
| ASIN=
}}
'''Sex As Nature Intended It - The Most Important Thing You Need to Know About Making Love, But No One Could Tell You Until Now'''

[[File:Sex_as_nature_intended_it.jpg|175px|left]]

Something is missing in millions of bedrooms across America. This landmark book, destined to change the sex life of America's men and women forever, will disclose the cause and solution to the "missing something" by revealing a sexual truth of nature. A truth of nature that promises to bring you and your partner a new level of sexual pleasure beyond your highest expectations and at the same time will reach into the very heart of your marriage or relationship and bring a deeper meaning to the word "love."

This landmark book is the first to detail the many sexual functions and benefits of the male [[foreskin]] for both the man and his female partner.

Discusses SEX, LOVE, and RELATIONSHIP HAPPINESS from a new and surprising perspective:

How does surgical alteration of the [[penis]] in infancy ([[circumcision]]) affect the sexuality of a man when he becomes an adult?

How does the [[circumcised]] [[penis]] affect the sexual pleasure of the woman on the receiving end? And

How does sexual pleasure during intercourse—or a deficiency—affect the love bond of the relationship?

Presents unequivocal evidence that the [[foreskin]] plays a multifaceted role during intercourse that not only promotes increased sexual pleasure, but this enhanced pleasure also serves to enrich and continually re-cement the love bond, borne from sexual union.

Circumcision's removal of the [[foreskin]] (ultra-erogenous tissue and the [[penis]]'s only moving part) not only diminishes the man's sexual pleasure, but also the woman's.

A national survey of women, conducted by the author, reveals that [[circumcision]] abnormalizes the way the [[penis]] thrusts and feels to a woman, significantly diminishing her sexual enjoyment and her ability to achieve orgasm from intercourse.

The book's explanations of the profound negative effects [[circumcision]] has on the intercourse experience of both partners will surely leave [[United States| America]] stunned. But luckily, there is a bright side to this shocking news: It is now possible to restore the [[foreskin]] through various non-surgical techniques. The book addresses this topic and enwraps the emerging movement for [[foreskin restoration]] with hope, promise, and dignity.

== Critics ==
The [[circumcision advocate]] website [[Andrew Gross#Circumcision Choice|Circumcision Choice]] challenged the flaws and bias of O'Hara's study which is the basis of this book. While some of the counter-arguments by [[Andrew Gross#Circumcision Choice|Circumcision Choice]] seem to be valid, the refutation itself also uses wordings which expose the [[Bias| biased view]] pro-circumcision of the ostensibly anonymous author of the refutation which seems to be [[Andrew Gross]].<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.circumcisionchoice.com/single-post/ohara
|title=Sex as the researcher intended it
|first=Andrew
|last=Gross
|author-link=Andrew Gross
|website=Circumcision Choice
|date=2018-04
|accessdate=2021-06-08
}}</ref>
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Vagina]]

{{LINKS}}
* [http://www.amazon.com/Sex-As-Nature-Intended-Important/dp/0970044208/ref=tmm_pap_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&sr=8-1&qid=1436756242 Sex as nature intended it - Paperback]
* [http://www.amazon.com/Sex-As-Nature-Intended-Important-ebook/dp/B004UH1RDS/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1436756242&sr=8-1&keywords=sex+as+nature+intended+it Sex as nature intended it - Kindle]
* [http://www.sexasnatureintendedit.com/ Author's website] - You can read the book for free on their website
* {{REFjournal
|last=O'Hara
|first=Kristen
|init=K
|author-link=Kristen O'Hara
|last2=O'Hara
|first2=Jeffrey
|init2=J
|author2-link=Jeffrey O'Hara
|etal=no
|title=The effect of male circumcision on the sexual enjoyment of the female partner
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=BJU Int
|location=
|date=1999-01-01
|volume=83 Suppl 1
|issue=
|article=
|page=
|pages=79-84
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/ohara/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID= 10349418
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1079.x
|accessdate=2023-01-06
}}
{{REF}}

[[Category:Education]]
[[Category:Female sexuality]]
[[Category:Male sexuality]]
[[Category:Intactivist literature]]
[[Category:Literature]]

[[Category:USA]]

[[Category:From IntactWiki]]

Stephen Moreton

2024-01-09T22:16:26Z

WikiModEn11: assertions

'''Stephen Moreton''', {{PhD}}, ({{LifeData|birth=1963-02-15|birthplace=Edinburgh, Scotland}})<ref>{{URL-FBprofile|stephen.moreton.37|2020-09-13}}</ref>, is a chemist who professes to specialise in sceptically examining anti-circumcision assertions. He edits and writes for www.circfacts.org.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2019/09/13/male-circumcision-opposition-supported-by-poor-evidence--paper-f.html
|title=Male circumcision opposition supported by poor evidence, paper finds
|publisher={{UNI|University of Sidney|USYD}}
|date=2019-09-13
|accessdate=2019-09-13
}}</ref>

Moreton has allied himself with [[Brian J. Morris]] and [[John N. Krieger]].

In a 2020 web debate he hypocritically accused all [[intactivists]] of spreading lies about [[circumcision]]. He mixes up and repeatedly spreads all kinds of [[arguments pro circumcision]] although they have been refuted and debunked.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://cphpost.dk/?p=118305
|title=Denmark refuses to ban the ritual circumcision of boys
|publisher=Copenhagen Post
|date=2020-09-11
|accessdate=2020-09-12
}}</ref>

{{PUB}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Morris
|first=Brian J.
|init=BJ
|author-link=Brian J. Morris
|last2=Moreton
|first2=Stephen J.
|init2=SJ
|author2-link=Stephen Moreton
|last3=Krieger
|first3=John N.
|init3=JN
|author3-link=John N. Krieger
|etal=no
|title=Critical evaluation of arguments opposing male circumcision: A systematic review
|trans-title=
|language=English
|journal=J Evid Based Med
|location=
|date=2019-11
|volume=12
|issue=4
|pages=263-90
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6899915/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=31496128
|pubmedCID=6899915
|DOI=10.1111/jebm.12361
|accessdate=2020-12-06
}}

{{LINKS}}
* [http://www.circfacts.org CircFacts.org]

{{ABBR}}
{{REF}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moreton, Stephen}}

[[Category:Person]]
[[Category:Male]]

[[Category:Circumcision fetishist]]
[[Category:Promoter]]
[[Category:Author]]

[[Category:Australia]]
[[Category:UK]]

[[de:Stephen Moreton]]

Stephen Moreton

2024-01-09T22:14:45Z

WikiModEn11: hypocritically

'''Stephen Moreton''', {{PhD}}, ({{LifeData|birth=1963-02-15|birthplace=Edinburgh, Scotland}})<ref>{{URL-FBprofile|stephen.moreton.37|2020-09-13}}</ref>, is a chemist who professes to specialise in sceptically examining anti-circumcision claims. He edits and writes for www.circfacts.org.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2019/09/13/male-circumcision-opposition-supported-by-poor-evidence--paper-f.html
|title=Male circumcision opposition supported by poor evidence, paper finds
|publisher={{UNI|University of Sidney|USYD}}
|date=2019-09-13
|accessdate=2019-09-13
}}</ref>

Moreton has allied himself with [[Brian J. Morris]] and [[John N. Krieger]].

In a 2020 web debate he hypocritically accused all [[intactivists]] of spreading lies about [[circumcision]]. He mixes up and repeatedly spreads all kinds of [[arguments pro circumcision]] although they have been refuted and debunked.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://cphpost.dk/?p=118305
|title=Denmark refuses to ban the ritual circumcision of boys
|publisher=Copenhagen Post
|date=2020-09-11
|accessdate=2020-09-12
}}</ref>

{{PUB}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Morris
|first=Brian J.
|init=BJ
|author-link=Brian J. Morris
|last2=Moreton
|first2=Stephen J.
|init2=SJ
|author2-link=Stephen Moreton
|last3=Krieger
|first3=John N.
|init3=JN
|author3-link=John N. Krieger
|etal=no
|title=Critical evaluation of arguments opposing male circumcision: A systematic review
|trans-title=
|language=English
|journal=J Evid Based Med
|location=
|date=2019-11
|volume=12
|issue=4
|pages=263-90
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6899915/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=31496128
|pubmedCID=6899915
|DOI=10.1111/jebm.12361
|accessdate=2020-12-06
}}

{{LINKS}}
* [http://www.circfacts.org CircFacts.org]

{{ABBR}}
{{REF}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moreton, Stephen}}

[[Category:Person]]
[[Category:Male]]

[[Category:Circumcision fetishist]]
[[Category:Promoter]]
[[Category:Author]]

[[Category:Australia]]
[[Category:UK]]

[[de:Stephen Moreton]]

Stephen Moreton

2024-01-09T22:13:25Z

WikiModEn11: sceptically

'''Stephen Moreton''', {{PhD}}, ({{LifeData|birth=1963-02-15|birthplace=Edinburgh, Scotland}})<ref>{{URL-FBprofile|stephen.moreton.37|2020-09-13}}</ref>, is a chemist who professes to specialise in sceptically examining anti-circumcision claims. He edits and writes for www.circfacts.org.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2019/09/13/male-circumcision-opposition-supported-by-poor-evidence--paper-f.html
|title=Male circumcision opposition supported by poor evidence, paper finds
|publisher={{UNI|University of Sidney|USYD}}
|date=2019-09-13
|accessdate=2019-09-13
}}</ref>

Moreton has allied himself with [[Brian J. Morris]] and [[John N. Krieger]].

In a 2020 web debate he falsely accused all [[intactivists]] of spreading lies about [[circumcision]]. He mixes up and repeatedly spreads all kinds of [[arguments pro circumcision]] although they have been refuted and debunked.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://cphpost.dk/?p=118305
|title=Denmark refuses to ban the ritual circumcision of boys
|publisher=Copenhagen Post
|date=2020-09-11
|accessdate=2020-09-12
}}</ref>

{{PUB}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Morris
|first=Brian J.
|init=BJ
|author-link=Brian J. Morris
|last2=Moreton
|first2=Stephen J.
|init2=SJ
|author2-link=Stephen Moreton
|last3=Krieger
|first3=John N.
|init3=JN
|author3-link=John N. Krieger
|etal=no
|title=Critical evaluation of arguments opposing male circumcision: A systematic review
|trans-title=
|language=English
|journal=J Evid Based Med
|location=
|date=2019-11
|volume=12
|issue=4
|pages=263-90
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6899915/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=31496128
|pubmedCID=6899915
|DOI=10.1111/jebm.12361
|accessdate=2020-12-06
}}

{{LINKS}}
* [http://www.circfacts.org CircFacts.org]

{{ABBR}}
{{REF}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moreton, Stephen}}

[[Category:Person]]
[[Category:Male]]

[[Category:Circumcision fetishist]]
[[Category:Promoter]]
[[Category:Author]]

[[Category:Australia]]
[[Category:UK]]

[[de:Stephen Moreton]]

Stephen Moreton

2024-01-09T22:08:03Z

WikiModEn11: professes to

'''Stephen Moreton''', {{PhD}}, ({{LifeData|birth=1963-02-15|birthplace=Edinburgh, Scotland}})<ref>{{URL-FBprofile|stephen.moreton.37|2020-09-13}}</ref>, is a chemist who professes to specialise in pseudo-critically examining anti-circumcision claims. He edits and writes for www.circfacts.org.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2019/09/13/male-circumcision-opposition-supported-by-poor-evidence--paper-f.html
|title=Male circumcision opposition supported by poor evidence, paper finds
|publisher={{UNI|University of Sidney|USYD}}
|date=2019-09-13
|accessdate=2019-09-13
}}</ref>

Moreton has allied himself with [[Brian J. Morris]] and [[John N. Krieger]].

In a 2020 web debate he falsely accused all [[intactivists]] of spreading lies about [[circumcision]]. He mixes up and repeatedly spreads all kinds of [[arguments pro circumcision]] although they have been refuted and debunked.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://cphpost.dk/?p=118305
|title=Denmark refuses to ban the ritual circumcision of boys
|publisher=Copenhagen Post
|date=2020-09-11
|accessdate=2020-09-12
}}</ref>

{{PUB}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Morris
|first=Brian J.
|init=BJ
|author-link=Brian J. Morris
|last2=Moreton
|first2=Stephen J.
|init2=SJ
|author2-link=Stephen Moreton
|last3=Krieger
|first3=John N.
|init3=JN
|author3-link=John N. Krieger
|etal=no
|title=Critical evaluation of arguments opposing male circumcision: A systematic review
|trans-title=
|language=English
|journal=J Evid Based Med
|location=
|date=2019-11
|volume=12
|issue=4
|pages=263-90
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6899915/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=31496128
|pubmedCID=6899915
|DOI=10.1111/jebm.12361
|accessdate=2020-12-06
}}

{{LINKS}}
* [http://www.circfacts.org CircFacts.org]

{{ABBR}}
{{REF}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moreton, Stephen}}

[[Category:Person]]
[[Category:Male]]

[[Category:Circumcision fetishist]]
[[Category:Promoter]]
[[Category:Author]]

[[Category:Australia]]
[[Category:UK]]

[[de:Stephen Moreton]]

Stephen Moreton

2024-01-09T22:06:21Z

WikiModEn11: grammar

'''Stephen Moreton''', {{PhD}}, ({{LifeData|birth=1963-02-15|birthplace=Edinburgh, Scotland}})<ref>{{URL-FBprofile|stephen.moreton.37|2020-09-13}}</ref>, is a chemist who specialises in pseudo-critically examining anti-circumcision claims. He edits and writes for www.circfacts.org.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2019/09/13/male-circumcision-opposition-supported-by-poor-evidence--paper-f.html
|title=Male circumcision opposition supported by poor evidence, paper finds
|publisher={{UNI|University of Sidney|USYD}}
|date=2019-09-13
|accessdate=2019-09-13
}}</ref>

Moreton has allied himself with [[Brian J. Morris]] and [[John N. Krieger]].

In a 2020 web debate he falsely accused all [[intactivists]] of spreading lies about [[circumcision]]. He mixes up and repeatedly spreads all kinds of [[arguments pro circumcision]] although they have been refuted and debunked.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://cphpost.dk/?p=118305
|title=Denmark refuses to ban the ritual circumcision of boys
|publisher=Copenhagen Post
|date=2020-09-11
|accessdate=2020-09-12
}}</ref>

{{PUB}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Morris
|first=Brian J.
|init=BJ
|author-link=Brian J. Morris
|last2=Moreton
|first2=Stephen J.
|init2=SJ
|author2-link=Stephen Moreton
|last3=Krieger
|first3=John N.
|init3=JN
|author3-link=John N. Krieger
|etal=no
|title=Critical evaluation of arguments opposing male circumcision: A systematic review
|trans-title=
|language=English
|journal=J Evid Based Med
|location=
|date=2019-11
|volume=12
|issue=4
|pages=263-90
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6899915/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=31496128
|pubmedCID=6899915
|DOI=10.1111/jebm.12361
|accessdate=2020-12-06
}}

{{LINKS}}
* [http://www.circfacts.org CircFacts.org]

{{ABBR}}
{{REF}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moreton, Stephen}}

[[Category:Person]]
[[Category:Male]]

[[Category:Circumcision fetishist]]
[[Category:Promoter]]
[[Category:Author]]

[[Category:Australia]]
[[Category:UK]]

[[de:Stephen Moreton]]

Stephen Moreton

2024-01-09T22:02:56Z

WikiModEn11: pseudo, falsely

'''Stephen Moreton''', {{PhD}}, ({{LifeData|birth=1963-02-15|birthplace=Edinburgh, Scotland}})<ref>{{URL-FBprofile|stephen.moreton.37|2020-09-13}}</ref>, is a chemist who specialises in pseudo-critically examining anti-circumcision claims. He edits and writes for http://www.circfacts.org.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2019/09/13/male-circumcision-opposition-supported-by-poor-evidence--paper-f.html
|title=Male circumcision opposition supported by poor evidence, paper finds
|publisher={{UNI|University of Sidney|USYD}}
|date=2019-09-13
|accessdate=2019-09-13
}}</ref>

Moreton has allied himself with [[Brian J. Morris]] and [[John N. Krieger]].

In a 2020 web debate he falsely accused all [[intactivists]] of spreading lies about [[circumcision]]. He uses to mix up and repeatedly spread all kinds of [[arguments pro circumcision]] although they have been refuted and debunked.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://cphpost.dk/?p=118305
|title=Denmark refuses to ban the ritual circumcision of boys
|publisher=Copenhagen Post
|date=2020-09-11
|accessdate=2020-09-12
}}</ref>

{{PUB}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Morris
|first=Brian J.
|init=BJ
|author-link=Brian J. Morris
|last2=Moreton
|first2=Stephen J.
|init2=SJ
|author2-link=Stephen Moreton
|last3=Krieger
|first3=John N.
|init3=JN
|author3-link=John N. Krieger
|etal=no
|title=Critical evaluation of arguments opposing male circumcision: A systematic review
|trans-title=
|language=English
|journal=J Evid Based Med
|location=
|date=2019-11
|volume=12
|issue=4
|pages=263-90
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6899915/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=31496128
|pubmedCID=6899915
|DOI=10.1111/jebm.12361
|accessdate=2020-12-06
}}

{{LINKS}}
* [http://www.circfacts.org CircFacts.org]

{{ABBR}}
{{REF}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moreton, Stephen}}

[[Category:Person]]
[[Category:Male]]

[[Category:Circumcision fetishist]]
[[Category:Promoter]]
[[Category:Author]]

[[Category:Australia]]
[[Category:UK]]

[[de:Stephen Moreton]]

Shmuley Boteach

2023-11-23T19:19:43Z

WikiModEn11: Rabbi

{{PhotoMissing}}
'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' is a Jewish [[:Category:Rabbi|Rabbi]] who is featured in the film documentation '''[[Jews Against Circumcision (video)|Jews Against Circumcision]]'''.
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Judaism]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boteach, Shmuley}}

[[Category:Person]]
[[Category:Male]]

[[Category:Rabbi]]

[[Category:Jewish]]

Shmuley Boteach

2023-11-23T19:17:17Z

WikiModEn11: per Boteach and Ungar-Sargon Debate on Circumcision

{{PhotoMissing}}
'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' is a Jewish [[rabbi]] who is featured in the film documentation '''[[Jews Against Circumcision (video)|Jews Against Circumcision]]'''.
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Judaism]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boteach, Shmuley}}

[[Category:Person]]
[[Category:Male]]

[[Category:Rabbi]]

[[Category:Jewish]]

British royal family circumcision legend

2023-11-14T21:35:07Z

WikiModEn11: /* Investigation */ George was still king in 1948

There is a long-standing '''British royal family circumcision legend''' about the royal family and its alleged practice of male circumcision that has long been circulated in the print media and orally.

== Legend ==
According to the legend, Queen Victoria believed that she was descended from the Jewish King David of the Bible. She had her sons circumcised in accordance with Jewish practice. After Queen Victoria's death succeeding generations of the royal family continued the practice.

== Investigation ==
[[Robert Darby]] and John Cozijn thoroughly investigated the legend and were unable to verify any of it. Moreover, they showed evidence that it cannot be true.<ref name="darby2013">{{REFjournal
|last=Darby
|first=Robert
|init=
|author-link=Robert Darby
|last2=Cozijn
|first2=John
|init2=
|author2-link=
|etal=no
|title=The British Royal Family’s Circumcision Tradition: Genesis and Evolution of a Contemporary Legend
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Sage
|location=
|date=2013-10-13
|volume=
|issue=
|article=
|page=
|pages=
|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2158244013508960
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1177/2158244013508960
|accessdate=2021-09-04
}}</ref>

Although this long standing legend cannot be proved to be true, it was generally believed to be true. It is probable therefore, that many parents had their sons circumcised because the royal family was believed to do it.

Non-therapeutic circumcision of children was still a recognised medical practice in 1948 when Prince Charles was born. There is some evidence that Prince Charles was non-ritually circumcised in 1948 by Dr [[Jacob Snowman]], a Jewish [[mohel]], not by any royal tradition, but by order of his grandfather, King George, who was the head of the Anglican Church.
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[United Kingdom]]

{{REF}}

[[Category:UK]]
[[Category:Myth]]