IntactiWiki - User contributions [en]

International Coalition for Genital Integrity

2025-08-02T14:05:26Z

WikiModEn3:

The '''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' (ICGI) was an alliance of organizations dedicated to protecting the normal anatomy of males, females and intersex, and was a supporter of the [[Genital Integrity Resolution]]. ICGI was formed to coalesce the many [[Intactivists|activist organizations]], each with a specific focus, into one, common voice. ICGI was an organizational member coalition funded by private donations. The membership included organizations devoted to stopping male, female, and intersex genital cutting who all agreed that every human has a right to a whole and [[intact]] body.

ICCG's initial program was the dissemination of press releases for its membership. Originally, this was accomplished via a FAX-tree system of volunteers. This was replaced with email blast software. Online press release services permitted greater market penetration. Eventually, the member organizations began issuing their own press releases and the program was closed. Nearly 200 press releases were issued by ICGI.

Defunding Medicaid reimbursement at the state level was a major project for ICGI. By 1985, six states voluntarily defunded newborn circumcision from Medicaid: California, Mississippi, Nevada, North Dakota, Washington, and Oregon. The Medicaid Project was responsible for defunding 11 more states: Arizona, Missouri, Utah, North Carolina, Montana, Florida, Idaho, Louisiana, Mississippi, Maine, and Minnesota during the 2002 to 2005 timeframe.

ICGI was the first intactivist organization to use a newsfeed, what people now call a blog (weblog). The syndicated newsfeed was hand coded using the RSS/XML protocol.

ICGI was a member of [https://home.crin.org/ Child Rights Information Network (CRIN)].

From its founding in 4/7/1999, [[Rio Cruz]] was the director. [[Dan Bollinger]] became the director in 4/22/2003 until its closing in 7/14/2015.

== Goals ==
* Provide a unified voice to the various, specifically missioned [[genital integrity]] groups throughout the world.
* Invite philosophically compatible, but unaffiliated organizations, to join with them in protecting non-consenting humans from forced genital mutilations.
* Create and disseminate educational information and teaching/learning opportunities for raising consciousness about the forced genital mutilations of minors or others through collective press releases, symposia, letter writing campaigns, tv, radio, Internet programs etc.
* Pursue vigorously, through their legal representatives and the courts, [[human rights]] violations involving [[genital mutilation]].<ref name="ICGI about"/>

== Recent activities ==
The ICGI.org website is [[url=http://web.archive.org/web/20170725024841/http://www.icgi.org/about/|archived]]. As of January 2021, the domain has been reactivated and currently fills with unrelated contents.

{{LINKS}}
* {{URLwebsite|https://www.icgi.org/|2021-05-24}}
* {{REFweb
|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20170725024841/http://www.icgi.org/
|title=Former ICGI website content
|archived=yes
|date=2017-07-25
|accessdate=2021-05-24
}}

{{REF}}

[[Category:Intactivism organization]]
[[Category:USA]]

Intact America

2025-03-23T14:07:46Z

WikiModEn3: removed redundant claim

{{Infobox
|bodystyle = float:right; valign:top;
|title = Intact America
|titlestyle = color:black;
|image = [[File:Intact America logo.jpg|175px]]
|imagestyle =
|caption =
|captionstyle =
|headerstyle = background:#d2d2d2;
|labelstyle = background:#d2d2d2;
|datastyle =
|header1 = Formation:
|data2 = 2008
|header3 = Founder:
|data4 = [[Georganne Chapin]]
|header5 = Founding location:
|data6 = Tarrytown
|header7 = Type:
|data8 = Non-profit corporation
|header9 = Location:
|data10 = Tarrytown, New York, USA
|header11 = Website:
|data12 = {{URLwebsite|https://intactamerica.org}}
}}
'''Intact America''' (IA) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization founded in 2008. It was originally part of the [https://thehudsoncenter.org/ Hudson Center], but is now its own entity as of 2020. It was founded by [[Georganne Chapin]], MPhil, {{JD}}, a healthcare leader, CEO and [[intactivist]] and a group of interested parties including [[Marilyn Milos]] and [[Dan Bollinger]]. IA's founding was facilitated by Texas businessman [https://www.entact.com/team-member/dean-pisani/ Dean Pisani] who pledged $1 million to Intact America because he and his wife were pressured in 1999 by a physician at [https://www.nm.org/locations/northwestern-memorial-hospital Northwestern Memorial Hospital] to circumcise their first child, a boy. The Pisani's rebuffed the doctor's pressure tactics, and in turn funded the creation of IA.<ref name="shelton2009">{{REFnews
|title=Medical groups may recommend procedure on boys, but opponents say benefits exaggerated
|url=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/health/Medical_groups_may_recommend_procedure_on_boys_but_opponents_say_benefits_exaggerated.html
|last=Shelton
|first=Deborah L.
|coauthors=
|publisher=The Philadelphia Inquirer
|website=
|date=2009-09-03
|accessdate=2012-04-04
|quote=
}}</ref>

== Mission ==
Intact America fulfills its mission by challenging social and sexual norms and by advocating for the health and well-being of all children and the adults they will become. They do this through creative messaging, advocacy, education, public policy reform, and the empowerment of their supporters, partners and volunteers.

== Vision ==
Intact America envisions a world where children are free from medically unnecessary surgeries carried out on them without their consent in the name of culture, religion, profit, or parental preference.

Intact America is an advocacy organization seeking to end [http://intactamerica.org circumcision] in America, and to ensure healthy sexual futures for all people.

Intact America (IA) was registered to exhibit at the 2012 [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] (AAP) convention "trade show" in New Orleans, Louisiana. However the AAP revoked Intact America's registration over concerns that IA's presence would exacerbate the [[American_Academy_of_Pediatrics#Criticism| controversy]] over the AAP's recently released 2012 circumcision policy statement (which expired in 2017). IA in turn organized a protest of the AAP which attracted [[intactivists]] from across America to demonstrate at the [https://www.neworleans.com/listing/new-orleans-ernest-n-morial-convention-center/169/ New Orleans Ernest N. Morial Convention Center].<ref name="pope2012">{{REFnews
|title=Circumcision activists confront pediatricians
|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/anti-circumcision-activists-confront-pediatricians/2012/10/22/f6b7c468-1c88-11e2-8817-41b9a7aaabc7_story.html
|last=Pope
|first=John
|coauthors=
|publisher=Washington Post
|website=
|date=2012-10-22
|accessdate=2021-04-04
|quote=
}}</ref> This seminal event was the place were the [[intactivist]] protest group [[Bloodstained Men]] was conceived.

[http://circumcisiondebate.com The Circumcision Debate] is Intact America's entry-level companion website designed for non-intactivists. It is meant to be a source of information on issues about male [[circumcision]].

==Merger==

[[Genital Autonomy America]] merged into Intact America, effective 1 July 2021. [[Marilyn Fayre Milos]], R.N., GA-America's director, is now a member of the Board of Directors of Intact America.

==Association==
Intact America has no state or local chapters and is not associated with any other intactivst organization including those whose name begins with the word 'Intact.' For example: Intact Arizona, Intact Australia, Intact Florida, Intact Denmark, etc.

==Videos==
=== Intact America First Press Conference June 22, 2009 Part 1 ===
<youtube>9LSSJyIJkG4</youtube>

=== A Special Message from Georganne Chapin of Intact America ===
<youtube>dVDwr5PpOEg</youtube>

=== Intact America's 2020 Year-End message from Executive Director Georganne Chapin ===
<youtube>SD9jIvBkD1s</youtube>

=== [[Brendon Marotta]] inverviews [[Georganne Chapin]] ===
<youtube>yw7l4QcDYZw</youtube>
=== Message from Georganne Chapin ===
<vimeo>982011461</vimeo>
{{PUB}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/having_a_baby_boy_intact_america_warns_get_ready_for_the_circumcision_sellers/prweb17552844.htm
|title=Having a Baby Boy? Intact America Warns, ‘Get Ready for the Circumcision Sellers!'
|last=Chapin
|first=Georganne
|author-link=Georganne Chapin
|publisher=Intact America
|website=prweb
|date=2019-11-18
|accessdate=2020-12-15
|quote=Each year, an estimated 1.4 million baby boys are circumcised in American medical settings. Intact America estimates that if circumcision solicitations were to cease, 600,000 boys—and the men they will become—would be spared every year from the [[trauma]] and lifelong consequences of the procedure.
}}
* {{REFdocument
|title=Child Genital Cutting as an Adverse Childhood Experience
|trans-title=
|language=
|url=http://adversechildhoodexperiences.net/CGC_as_an_ACE.pdf
|archived=
|contribution=
|quote=
|trans-quote=
|quote-lang=
|last=Bollinger
|first=Dan
|author-link=Dan Bollinger
|last2=Chapin
|first2=Georganne
|author2-link=Georganne Chapin
|publisher=[[Intact America]]
|location=Tarrytown
|format=PDF
|date=2019-08-01
|accessdate=2021-04-06
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/what-is-making-these-guys-so-angry/
|title=“What Is Making These Guys So Angry”
|last=Chapin
|first
|init=G
|author-link=Georganne Chapin
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2022-06-15
|accessdate=2025-03-21
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/?s=consent
|title=“Do You Know?” About the Limits of Parental Consent
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2023-02-01
|accessdate=2024-01-30
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/pros-and-cons-of-circumcision/
|title=Pros and Cons of Circumcision (Spoiler: You’ve Been Lied to)
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2023-11-10
|accessdate=2024-03-22
}}
* {{REFnews
|title=New Survey: Parents Lack Basic Understanding About Circumcision Dangers; 'Skin in the Game' Campaign Launches to Raise Awareness About This Unnecessary Medical Practice
|url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/new-survey-parents-lack-basic-understanding-about-circumcision-dangers-skin-in-the-game-campaign-launches-to-raise-awareness-about-this-unnecessary-medical-practice-301987509.html
|last=Chapin
|first=Georganne
|init=
|author-link=
|last2=
|init2=
|author2-link=
|publisher=Intact America
|website=prweb
|date=2023-11-14
|accessdate=2023-12-16
|format=
|quote=
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-gone-wrong/
|title=Circumcision Gone Wrong: Damage, Deformity, Death
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2023-11-04
|accessdate=2024-05-15
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/pros-and-cons-of-circumcision/
|title=Pros and Cons of Circumcision (Spoiler: You’ve Been Lied to)
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2023-11-10
|accessdate=2024-05-15
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-trauma/
|title=Circumcision Trauma: The Invisible Elephant in the Room
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2023-12-17
|accessdate=2024-05-15
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/foreskin-phobia-intact-penis-shamed/
|title=Foreskin Phobia: How The Intact Penis Has Been Shamed
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2023-12-21
|accessdate=2024-05-15
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/economics-of-circumcision/
|title=The Economics of Circumcision: A Full Breakdown of This Penis Business
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2023-12-21
|accessdate=2024-05-15
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/negative-effects-of-circumcision-in-later-life/
|title=Negative Effects of Circumcision in Later Life: Long-term Implications
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2023-12-23
|accessdate=2024-05-15
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/disadvantages-of-circumcision/
|title=10 Disadvantages of Circumcision & Horrifying Facts
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-01-09
|accessdate=2024-05-15
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/constitutional-case-against-circumcision/
|title=Foreskins and Forefathers: A Constitutional Case Against Circumcision
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-01-24
|accessdate=2024-05-17
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-injuries/
|title=7 Ways Circumcision Injuries and Traumas Are Underreported
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-01-29
|accessdate=2024-05-15
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/intactivism-anti-circumcision/
|title=Intactivism 101: An Anti-Circumcision Guide for Foreskin Activism
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-02-02
|accessdate=2024-05-15
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/timeline-of-circumcision-suffering/
|title=A Timeline of Circumcision Suffering: A Detailed Look
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-02-02
|accessdate=2024-05-15
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/what-do-the-eyelids-lips-fingertips-the-intact-penis-have-in-common/
|title=What Do The Eyelids, Lips, Fingertips & The Intact Penis Have in Common?
|last=Garret
|first=Connor
|init=
|author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-02-17
|accessdate=2024-05-15
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/intact-penis/
|title=6 Things You Need to Know About The Intact Penis
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-02-19
|accessdate=2024-05-15
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/assent-vs-consent/
|title=Assent vs Consent (in Regards to Bodily Autonomy and Circumcision)
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-03-03
|accessdate=2024-05-15
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/adult-circumcision-cost/
|title=Adult Circumcision Cost: The Profit Motives and Hidden Toll
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-03-07
|accessdate=2024-05-15
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/intact-penis-care/
|title=Intact Penis Care: Embracing Natural Well-being
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-03-09
|accessdate=2024-05-15
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/ways-to-support-intactivism/
|title=Championing Change: Effective Ways to Support Intactivism
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-05-14
|accessdate=2024-05-15
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-victims/
|title=Why Circumcision Victims Don’t Always Make The Best Advocates
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-08-07
|accessdate=2023-09-05
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/nurses-against-circumcision/
|title=Nurses on the Frontline: Exposing the Brutal Reality of Circumcision
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-08-09
|accessdate=2024-09-05
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/oh-no-canada/
|title=Oh (no) Canada!
|last=Ashford
|first=Jeannie
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-08-16
|accessdate=2024-09-05
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/author/bryan-garner/
|title=The Circumcision Decision: Unpackaging Anger and Resentment
|last=Garner
|first=Bryan
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-08-26
|accessdate=2024-09-05
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-a-barbaric-practice-with-consequences/
|title=Circumcision: A Barbaric Practice with Consequences No One Talks About
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-08-28
|accessdate=2024-09-05
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/the-daycare-risk-for-intact-uncircumcised-babies-and-boys-forcible-foreskin-retraction/
|title=The Daycare Risk for Intact, Uncircumcised Babies and Boys: Forcible Foreskin Retraction
|last=Ashford
|first=Jeannie
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-09-12
|accessdate=2024-09-13
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/truth-about-circumcision-media/
|title=The Dark Side of Circumcision: Why the Media Needs to Speak Up
|last=Alissa
|first=Kristel
|init=
|author-link=Alissa Kristel
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-09-12
|accessdate=2024-09-13
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-crisis/
|title=The U.S. Circumcision Crisis: Why Your Support Matters
|last=Alissa
|first=Kristel
|init=
|author-link=Alissa Kristel
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-10-20
|accessdate=2024-10-23
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-crisis/
|title=The U.S. Circumcision Crisis: Why Your Support Matters
|last=Alissa
|first=Kristel
|init=K
|author-link=Alissa Kristel
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-10-20
|accessdate=2024-12-30
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/rethinking-circumcision/
|title=Why Humans Are the Only Circumcised Animal: A Cut Too Far?
|last=Alissa
|first=Kristel
|init=
|author-link=Alissa Kristel
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-11-17
|accessdate=2025-01-01
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/exposing-circumcision-propaganda/
|title=The Unkindest Cut: Exposing the Propaganda That Normalized Circumcision—and How We Reclaim the Truth
|last=Alissa
|first=Kristel
|init=K
|author-link=Alissa Kristel
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-11-19
|accessdate=2024-12-30
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/arguments-against-circumcision/
|title=Cutting Through the Myths: 5 Compelling Arguments Against Circumcision
|last=Alissa
|first=Kristel
|init=K
|author-link=Alissa Kristel
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-11-19
|accessdate=2024-12-30
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-reevaluation/
|title=Circumcision: An Outdated Practice in Desperate Need of Re-Evaluation
|last=Alissa
|first=Kristel
|init=K
|author-link=Alissa Kristel
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-12-16
|accessdate=2024-12-30
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/emotional-weight-of-circumcision/
|title=The Emotional Weight of Circumcision: Beyond the Physical Cut
|last=Alissa
|first=Kristel
|init=K
|author-link=Alissa Kristel
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-12-22
|accessdate=2024-12-30
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/the-case-against-circumcision/
|title=The Case Against Circumcision: A Bold Look at a Quiet Epidemic
|last=Alissa
|first=Kristel
|init=K
|author-link=Alissa Kristel
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-12-22
|accessdate=2024-12-30
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/protecting-intact-boys-from-harm/
|title=Where Circumcision Advocates Strike: Protecting Intact Boys From Harm
|last=Alissa
|first=Kristel
|init=K
|author-link=Alissa Kristel
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-12-23
|accessdate=2024-12-30
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-dating-intimacy/
|title=Dating, Sex, and the Unspoken Pressure of Circumcision
|last=Alissa
|first=
|init=K
|author-link=Kristel Alissa
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2025-01-23
|accessdate=025-01-28
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-social-media/
|title=The Role of Social Media in Circumcision Decisions: A Double-Edged Sword
|last=Alissa
|first=K
|init=
|author-link=Kristel Alissa
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2025-01-23
|accessdate=2025-01-29
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-impact-early-bonding-between-mother-child/
|title=How Circumcision Affects the Early Bonding Process Between Mother and Child
|last=Alissa
|first=K
|init=
|author-link=Kristel Alissa
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2025-01-26
|accessdate=2025-01-28
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/expose-how-brutal-circumcision-is/
|title=9 Comparisons to Expose How Brutal Circumcision Is
|last=Alissa
|first=
|init=K
|author-link=Kristel Alissa
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2025-01-27
|accessdate=2025-01-29
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/cultures-that-reject-circumcision/
|title=Cultures That Reject Circumcision—And Why They’re Right
|last=Alissa
|first=K
|init=
|author-link=Kristel Alissa
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2025-02-23
|accessdate=2025-03-24
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/locker-room-argument-circumcision/
|title=The Locker Room Argument Is Weak—Here’s Why
|last=Alissa
|first=K
|init=
|author-link=Kristel Alissa
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2025-02-25
|accessdate=2025-03-04
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/foreskin-restoration-journey/
|title=Taking Back What Was Stolen: A Foreskin Restoration Journey
|last=Alissa
|first=K
|init=
|author-link=Kristel Alissa
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2025-02-26
|accessdate=2025-03-04
}}
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Intact]]
* [[United States of America]]
{{LINKS}}
* {{URLwebsite|https://intactamerica.org|2019-09-15}}
* {{URL-FBpage|intactamerica|2019-09-15}}
Intact America companion websites:
* [http://circumcisiondebate.org/ The Circumcision Debate]
* [http://adversechildhoodexperiences.net/ AdverseChildhoodExperiences.net (ACEs)]
* [http://intact.gay/ Intact.gay]

{{ABBR}}
{{REF}}

[[Category:American healthcare reform]]

[[Category:Parental information]]
[[Category:Intactivism organization]]

[[Category:USA]]

[[de:Intact America]]

Intact America

2022-12-31T16:57:38Z

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Intact America

2022-12-31T16:56:53Z

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2022-12-31T15:58:41Z

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Human rights

2022-08-17T15:20:08Z

WikiModEn3: /* Article twenty-four */ correcting a common misquote of my work

'''Human rights''' are rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status. Human rights include the right to life and liberty, security of the person, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to work and education, and many more. Everyone is entitled to these rights, without discrimination.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/human-rights/
|title=Human Rights
|trans-title=
|language=English
|last=
|first=
|author-link=
|publisher=United Nations
|website=un.org
|date=
|accessdate=2020-02-06
|format=
|quote=
}}</ref>

The practice of non-therapeutic [[circumcision]], which is rooted in antiquity, predates recorded history, and was re-instituted in the 19th century for alleged medical reasons, predates the inauguration of the human rights era in 1945. The advent of and recognition of human rights for all (including patients) has profoundly altered medical ethics and the acceptability of non-therapeutic child circumcision.

Children, unlike adults, possess two sets of human rights. [[UNICEF]] says:
<blockquote>
Children and young people have the same general human rights as adults and also specific rights that recognize their special needs. Children are neither the property of their parents nor are they helpless objects of charity. They are human beings and are the subject of their own rights.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.unicef.org/child-rights-convention/child-rights-why-they-matter
|title=Child rights and why they matter
|trans-title=
|language=
|last=
|first=
|author-link=
|publisher=[[UNICEF]]
|website=
|date=
|accessdate=2019-11-05
|format=
|quote=
}}</ref>
</blockquote>

Children, unlike adults, are unable to grant consent for medical treatment, surgery, or violation of their human rights.

==History==
The era of human rights may be considered to have started with the formation of the United Nations at San Francisco in 1945 because the ''Charter of the United Nations'' requires that body to promote universal respect and observance of human rights for all — without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion.<ref>{{REFdocument
|title=Charter of the United Nations
|url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CTC/uncharter.pdf
|contribution=
|last=
|first=
|publisher=
|format=PDF
|date=1945
|accessdate=2019-11-04
}}</ref>

The General Assembly of the United Nations, acting to fulfill its obligations under the Charter, adopted the ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'' (UDHR) in 1948.<ref name="udhr1948">{{REFdocument
|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G.A. res. 217A (III), U.N. Doc A/810 at 71 (1948).
|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf
|contribution=
|last=
|first=
|publisher=United Nations
|format=PDF
|date=1948
|accessdate=2019-11-04
}}</ref> The UDHR recognizes the rights of all to security of the person (Article 3), to freedom from inhuman, cruel, or degrading treatment (Article 5), and the rights of motherhood and childhood to special protection (Article 25.2), all of which are applicable to circumcision.

The General Assembly adopted the ''[[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]]'' (ICCPR) in 1967.<ref name="iccpr1967">{{REFdocument
|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Right
|url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1976/03/19760323%2006-17%20AM/Ch_IV_04.pdf
|contribution=
|last=
|first=
|publisher=United Nations
|format=PDF
|date=1967
|accessdate=2019-11-04
}}</ref> That ''Covenant'', which is international law, has several provisions, which are applicable to the circumcision of children.

The General Assembly adopted the ''Convention on the Rights of the Child'' ([[UN-CRC]]) in 1989 (Twenty-two years later). The [[UN-CRC]] does not include certain rights of children that were already protected by the [[ICCPR]].

== Application of the ICCPR to non-therapeutic circumcision of children ==
''See [[International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights#Application_of_the_ICCPR_to_non-therapeutic_circumcision_of_children|ICCPR: Application of the ICCPR to non-therapeutic circumcision of children]].''

==Specific children's rights applicable to non-therapeutic circumcision==

The General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the ''Convention on the Rights of the Child'' ([[UN-CRC]]) on 20 November 1989.<ref name="crc1989">{{REFdocument
|title=Convention on the Rights of the Child
|language=
|url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/crc.pdf
|contribution=
|quote=
|trans-quote=
|quote-lang=
|last=
|first=
|publisher=United Nations
|format=PDF
|date=1989-11-20
|accessdate=2019-11-06
}}</ref> The [[UN-CRC]] does not replace the [[ICCPR]], which had been previously adopted by the General Assembly. The [[ICCPR]] already provides certain rights to children. The [[UN-CRC]] adds additional rights that children need for protection due to their immaturity and vulnerability. The two documents must be read together to receive the complete picture. Unfortunately, many seem to believe that rights provided by the [[UN-CRC]] are the only human rights of children, but that view is incorrect.

==Application of the CRC to non-therapeutic circumcision of children==

====Article two====
Article two provides in part:
<blockquote>
1. States Parties shall respect and ensure the rights set forth in the present Convention to each child within their jurisdiction without discrimination of any kind, irrespective of the child's or his or her parent's or legal guardian's race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status.<ref name="crc1989" />
</blockquote>
This means that all children, male and female, and regardless of parental religious views, shall enjoy the same human rights.

====Article twelve====
Article twelve provides:
<blockquote>
1. States Parties shall assure to the child who is capable of forming his or her own views the right to express those views freely in all matters affecting the child, the views of the child being given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child.

2. For this purpose, the child shall in particular be provided the opportunity to be heard in any judicial and administrative proceedings affecting the child, either directly, or through a representative or an appropriate body, in a manner consistent with the procedural rules of national law.
</blockquote>
This means, with application to non-therapeutic circumcision, that the child, who is capable of expressing an opinion, shall have his views considered.<ref name="crc1989"/>

====Article fourteen====

Article fourteen provides:
<blockquote>
1. States Parties shall respect the right of the child to freedom of thought, conscience and religion.

2. States Parties shall respect the rights and duties of the parents and, when applicable, legal guardians, to provide direction to the child in the exercise of his or her right in a manner consistent with the evolving capacities of the child.

3. Freedom to manifest one's religion or beliefs may be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public safety, order, health or morals, or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others.<ref name="crc1989"/>
</blockquote>
This means that a child may express his or her religious views, even though those views may differ from those of his or her parents. This includes views related to male or female circumcision.

====Article nineteen====
Article nineteen provides:
<blockquote>
1. States Parties shall take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse, while in the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other person who has the care of the child.

2. Such protective measures should, as appropriate, include effective procedures for the establishment of social programmes to provide necessary support for the child and for those who have the care of the child, as well as for other forms of prevention and for identification, reporting, referral, investigation, treatment and follow-up of instances of child maltreatment described heretofore, and, as appropriate, for judicial involvement.<ref name="crc1989"/>
</blockquote>
Non-therapeutic male circumcision of male children have both been shown to cause great physical harm in the loss of the [[foreskin]] and its many protective, immunological, sexual, and sensory physiological [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions| functions]]. We now know that male circumcision causes [[Sexual effects of circumcision| sexual]], and [[Psychological issues of male circumcision| mental harm]] to its victims. Furthermore, the sexual and mental harm of non-therapeutic male circumcision is now well documented.

States, which are parties to this Convention, have a duty to protect children from such harm.

====Article twenty-four====

Article twenty-four has several paragraphs. Paragraph three is of special importance to male circumcision which is a traditional practice that dates back to before the advent of recorded history.<ref name="crc1989"/>

Paragraph three provides:
<blockquote>
3. States Parties shall take all effective and appropriate measures with a view to abolishing traditional practices prejudicial to the health of children.
</blockquote>
Male circumcision always results in the permanent and irreversible loss of the [[foreskin]], a structure with protective, immunological, sexual, and sensory functions. The loss of the protective and immunological functions are harmful to physical health. The loss of the sensory and sexual functions are harmful to [[https://en.intactiwiki.org/index.php/Sexual_effects_of_circumcision| sexual]] and [[Psychological issues of male circumcision| mental]] health. We have long known that non-therapeutic circumcision of children sometimes results in [[death]]. [[Douglas Gairdner]] (1949) reported circumcision caused nineteen deaths in England and Wales in 1946.<ref name="fate1949">{{GairdnerDM 1949}}</ref> Bollinger (2010) estimated the circumcision-related mortality rate of 0.9/100,000 circumcisions (more than 100 deaths) per year in the United States.<ref name="bollinger2010">{{BollingerD 2010}}</ref>

In addition to possible death, [[bleeding]], infection, and surgical misadventure that may result in various injuries, including loss of the penis are more common occurences.

==The question of religious rights==

Some argue that parental religious views give that parent a right to circumcise a child, however that view is not correct. Article 18(3) very clearly states:
<blockquote>
Freedom to manifest one's religion or beliefs may be subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public safety, order, health, or morals or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others.
</blockquote>
It is clear from the discussion above that non-therapeutic circumcision of a child is a violation of the fundamental rights and freedoms of that child.

The religious rights of the child are often overlooked. The religious rights of the child are enunciated by Article 18 of the [[ICCPR]] and also by the [[UN-CRC]] Article 14. The right to modify or not modify one's body in accordance with one's religious views is a human right. That right belongs to the individual and no one else. A decision by a parent to circumcise a child tramples on the child's religious rights, so no decision should be taken until the child is of age to decide for himself.

==Acceptance of international human rights law in the United States of America==
[https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlevi Article Six] of the Constitution of the United States makes treaties part of the "supreme law of the land".

The Congress of the United States of America, therefore, historically has been protective of the sovereign rights of the United States and reluctant to surrender them by treaty. The [[ICCPR]] and the [[UN-CRC]] are multi-lateral treaties.

The United States Senate ratified the [[ICCPR]] in 1992, but it doing so, it took an extraordinary number of reservations, understandings, and declarations. With these reservations, the [[ICCPR]] does not provide a cause for action in United States courts.<ref>{{REFdocument
|title=U.S. Reservations to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Credibility Maximization and Global Influence
|trans-title=
|language=
|url=https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=njihr
|contribution=
|quote=
|trans-quote=
|quote-lang=
|last=Ash
|first=Kristina
|author-link=
|publisher={{UNI|Northwestern University|NWU}} Journal of International Human Rights
|format=
|date=2005-03
|accessdate=2020-02-03
}}</ref> The effect is to render the [[ICCPR]] toothless in the United States.

Madeleine Albright, then ambassador to the United Nations, signed the [[UN-CRC]] on behalf of the United States on 16 February 1995. The [[UN-CRC]], however, is at variance with United States law, so it has never been submitted to the Senate of the United States for ratification. The [[United States of America]] is the only country in the world that is not a state-party to the [[UN-CRC]], so the [[UN-CRC]] has only moral authority in the United States.

==Human Rights and non-therapeutic child circumcision==

Several authorities have condemned the practice of non-therapeutic child circumcision.

Jacqueline Smith (1998) writing for the [https://www.uu.nl/en/research/netherlands-institute-of-human-rights-sim Netherlands Institute of Human Rights (SIM)], concluded:
<blockquote>
In my view, the best way to do justice to the rights of the child is to do no harm, to let it enjoy life in every aspect and to protect it against influences not asked for. Regardless of whether a child is a boy or a girl, neither should be subject to a tradition which is harmful. When the child is of consenting age, fully informed about all possibilities which lay ahead of him or her, it can make up his or her own mind and choose the way he or she thinks is best.<ref name="smith1998">{{REFweb
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/smith/
|title=Male Circumcision and the Rights of the Child
|trans-title=
|language=
|last=Smith
|first=Jacqueline
|author-link=
|publisher=Netherlands Institute of Human Rights
|website=CIRP
|date=1998
|accessdate=2020-02-04
|format=
|quote=
}}</ref>
</blockquote>

==Let the child decide==
The [[Declaration of Helsinki (2012)]] declared the ''right of [[genital autonomy]]'', which derives from the right of every human being to ''security of person''. Svoboda (2015) reports there now is an emerging consensus that a decision to perform a non-therapeutic circumcision should be deferred until the child is of age and can decide for himself about having an [[amputation]] of his [[foreskin]].<ref name="svoboda2015">{{REFjournal
|last=Svoboda
|first=J. Steven
|init=JS
|author-link=J. Steven Svoboda
|etal=no
|title=Growing world consensus to leave circumcision decision to the affected individual
|journal=Am J Bioethics
|location=
|date=2015
|volume=15
|issue=2
|pages=46-8
|url=https://arclaw.org.customers.tigertech.net/wp-content/uploads/Svoboda-Growing-World-Consensus-to-Leave-Circumcision-Decision-to-Affected-Individual-AJOB-American-Journal-of-Bioethics-2015.pdf
|quote=
|pubmedID=25674958
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1080/15265161.2014.990760
|accessdate=2020-02-06
}}</ref>

When this practice is followed, the child's human rights are honored and respected.

==Council of Europe==

The [https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/home Council of Europe] is an international organization of 47 European member-states whose goal is to promote human rights in Europe.

The Council of Europe adopted the ''European Convention on Human Rights'' (ECHR) at Rome in 1950. The Convention has been amended or extended by several "protocols" since its original adoption. The ECHR also created the [https://www.echr.coe.int/Pages/home.aspx?p=home European Court of Human Rights] which sits at Strasbourg. The 47 member-states of the ECHR are subect to the provisions of that treaty and to the decisions of the Court.<ref>{{REFdocument
|title=European Convention on Human Rights
|url=https://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Convention_ENG.pdf
|contribution=
|last=
|first=
|publisher=Council of Europe
|format=PDF
|date=1950
|accessdate=2020-09-15
}}</ref>

With regard to child genital cutting, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe adopted a resolution on 1 October 2013.

Resolution 1952 called on member-states to:
<blockquote>
7.1. examine the prevalence of different categories of non-medically justified operations and interventions impacting on the physical integrity of children in their respective countries, as well as the specific practices related to them, and to carefully consider them in light of the best interests of the child in order to define specific lines of action for each of them;

7.2. initiate focused awareness-raising measures for each of these categories of violation of the physical integrity of children, to be carried out in the specific contexts where information may best be conveyed to families, such as the medical sector (hospitals and individual practitioners), schools,religious communities or service providers;

7.3. provide specific training, including on the risks of and alternatives to certain procedures, as well as the medical reasons and minimum sanitary conditions that should be fulfilled when performing them, to various professionals involved, in particular medical and educational staff, but also, on a voluntary basis, religious representatives;

7.4. initiate a public debate, including intercultural and interreligious dialogue, aimed at reaching a large consensus on the rights of children to protection against violations of their physical integrity according to human rights standards;

7.5. take the following measures with regard to specific categories of violation of children’s physical integrity:
<blockquote>
7.5.1. publicly condemn the most harmful practices, such as female genital mutilation, and pass legislation banning these, thus providing public authorities with the mechanisms to prevent and effectively fight these practices, including through the application of extraterritorial “legislative or other measures to establish jurisdiction” for cases where nationals are submitted to female genital mutilation abroad, as specified in Article 44 of the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (CETS No.210);

7.5.2. clearly define the medical, sanitary and other conditions to be ensured for practices which are today widely carried out in certain religious communities, such as the non-medicallyjustified circumcision of young boys;

7.5.3. undertake further research to increase knowledge about the specific situation of intersex people, ensure that no-one is subjected to unnecessary medical or surgical treatment that is cosmetic rather than vital for health during infancy or childhood, guarantee bodily integrity, autonomy and self-determination to persons concerned, and provide families with intersex children with adequate counselling and support;
</blockquote>
7.6. promote interdisciplinary dialogue between representatives of various professions, including medical doctors and religious representatives, so as to overcome some of the prevailing traditional methods which do not take into consideration the best interest of the child and the latest medical techniques.

7.7. raise awareness about the need to ensure the participation of children in decisions concerning their physical integrity wherever appropriate and possible, and to adopt specific legal provisions to ensure that certain operations and practices will not be carried out before a child is old enough to be consulted.<ref name="cepa1952">{{REFdocument
|title=Children’s right to physical integrity
|url=http://semantic-pace.net/tools/pdf.aspx?doc=aHR0cDovL2Fzc2VtYmx5LmNvZS5pbnQvbncveG1sL1hSZWYvWDJILURXLWV4dHIuYXNwP2ZpbGVpZD0yMDE3NCZsYW5nPUVO&xsl=aHR0cDovL2Fzc2VtYmx5LmNvZS5pbnQvbncveG1sL3hzbC1mby9QZGYvWFJlZi1XRC1BVC1YTUwyUERGLnhzbA==&xsltparams=ZmlsZWlkPTIwMTc0
|contribution=Resolution 1952
|last=Parliamentary Assembly
|first=
|publisher=Council of Europe
|format=PDF
|date=2013-10-01
|accessdate=2020-09-15
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
==Superiority of international treaty law==
The [[ICCPR]] and the [[UN-CRC]] are multilateral international treaties and are a part of international law. Treaties are superior law to ordinary domestic law, because they contain various commitments made by each state-party. When there is a conflict between domestic law and international treaty law, the treaty law is supreme while the domestic law which is in conflict is without force or effect, or in other words, is nullified.<ref>[https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/1_1_1969.pdf Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties] (1969), Article 27.</ref> Most nations are a state-party to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.

{{SEEALSO}}

* [[Declaration of the First International Symposium on Circumcision (1989)]]
* [[https://pool.intactiwiki.org/images/1998-08-07-The_Oxford_Declaration.pdf The Oxford Declaration (1998)]]
* [[Declaration of Helsinki (2012)]]
* [[Ethics of non-therapeutic child circumcision]]
* [http://semantic-pace.net/tools/pdf.aspx?doc=aHR0cDovL2Fzc2VtYmx5LmNvZS5pbnQvbncveG1sL1hSZWYvWDJILURXLWV4dHIuYXNwP2ZpbGVpZD0yMDE3NCZsYW5nPUVO&xsl=aHR0cDovL2Fzc2VtYmx5LmNvZS5pbnQvbncveG1sL3hzbC1mby9QZGYvWFJlZi1XRC1BVC1YTUwyUERGLnhzbA==&xsltparams=ZmlsZWlkPTIwMTc0 Children's Right to Physical Integrity (2013)], Resolution 1952 of the Council of Europe.

==Video==

The late [[Paul Mason]], former Tasmanian Commissioner for Children, discusses the human rights violations inherent in non-therapeutic circumcision of children.

<youtube>gngB7MwxYfA</youtube>

{{LINKS}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.i2researchhub.org/articles/ch-9-international-human-rights-law-and-the-circumcision-of-children-doc-genital-integrity-statement/
|title=International Human Rights Law and the Circumcision of Children (DOC Genital Integrity Statement)
|last=
|first=
|author-link=
|publisher=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]]
|website=ResearchHub
|date=2008
|accessdate=2019-11-05
|format=
|quote=
}} The Royal Dutch Medical Association (KNMG) took a strong position against non-therapeutic child circumcision in 2010.
* {{REFdocument
|title=Non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors
|url=https://www.knmg.nl/web/file?uuid=4f46a948-1a37-4ee4-95be-976b541ec6ee&owner=5c945405-d6ca-4deb-aa16-7af2088aa173&contentid=286
|contribution=
|last=
|first=
|publisher=Royal Dutch Medical Association (KNMG)
|format=PDF
|date=2010-05-27
|accessdate=2020-02-06
}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Svoboda
|first=J. Steven
|init=JS
|author-link=J. Steven Svoboda
|etal=no
|title=Circumcision of male infants as a human rights violation
|journal=J Med Ethics
|location=
|date=2013-07
|volume=39
|issue=7
|pages=469-74
|url=https://arclaw.org.customers.tigertech.net/wp-content/uploads/Svoboda-Circumcision-of-Infants-as-a-Human-Rights-Violation-JME-2013.pdf
|quote=
|pubmedID=23698885
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1136/medethics-2012-101229
|accessdate=2020-02-06
}}
* [https://semantic-pace.net/tools/pdf.aspx?doc=aHR0cDovL2Fzc2VtYmx5LmNvZS5pbnQvbncveG1sL1hSZWYvWDJILURXLWV4dHIuYXNwP2ZpbGVpZD0yMDE3NCZsYW5nPUVO&xsl=aHR0cDovL3NlbWFudGljcGFjZS5uZXQvWHNsdC9QZGYvWFJlZi1XRC1BVC1YTUwyUERGLnhzbA==&xsltparams=ZmlsZWlkPTIwMTc Resolution 1952: Children’s right to physical integrity]

* {{REFdocument
|title=The Cologne Judgment: a curiosity or the start sign for condemning circumcision of male children without their consent as a human rights violation?
|url=https://repository.gchumanrights.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11825/161/Bernaerts_2012%EF%80%A213.pdf
|contribution=
|last=Bernaerts
|first=Jonathan Alfons J
|publisher=European Commission
|format=PDF
|date=2014
|accessdate=2020-05-04
}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=McLaughlin Jr
|first=Paul Jerome
|init=PJ
|author-link=
|title=Legal and Medical Ethical Entanglements of Infant Male Circumcision and International Law
|journal=Journal of Medical Law and Ethics
|date=2016-4
|volume=4
|issue=1
|pages=23-38
|url=https://commons.law.famu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=library-facpub
|accessdate=2020-09-08
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://eachother.org.uk/child-rights-religious-freedoms-collide-infant-male-circumcision-debate/
|archived=
|title=Child Rights and Religious Freedoms Collide in the Infant Male Circumcision Debate
|trans-title=
|language=
|last=Norgard
|first=Saxon
|author-link=
|publisher=Each Other
|website=
|date=2018-03-27
|accessdate=2022-05-24
|format=
|quote=No-one can seriously or rationally suggest that amputating a part of another person’s body who didn’t consent amounts to respect for the rights and health and safety of others.
}}

{{REF}}

[[Category:Parental information]]
[[Category:Law: UN]]
[[Category:Human rights]]

[[de:Menschenrechte]]

Tim Arkell

2022-01-15T18:10:36Z

WikiModEn3:

[[File:Tim-Arkell-300x259.jpg|thumb|Tim Arkell]]

'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' is the current secretary of ''The [[Darbon Institute]]'' (formally [[Australasian Institute for Genital Autonomy]] - [[AIGA]]). They advocate for everyone’s right to bodily integrity and [[genital autonomy]] and educate the public, the medical profession and government about the harms of non-consensual, medically unnecessary genital cutting and other body alterations so that these practices come to an end.<ref name=About>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.darboninstitute.org/about_darbon
|title=About
|website=Darbon Institute
|accessdate=2020-12-19
}}</ref>

Tim is a solicitor practicing in collaborative family law and human rights. He is a member of Australian Lawyers for Human Rights. He is a widower, proud dad and grandpa and lives on the Sunshine Coast in Queensland. Tim has a strong focus on law reform and human rights and is a an active Intactivist and proud advocate for children without a voice. Circumcision is a destructive and unnecessary procedure and has no place in a modern and compassionate society. Being born male with a foreskin is not a birth defect requiring medical intervention.

Australia ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989 and has laws in all states and territories protecting females but still actively discriminates against males and intersex children by not affording them the same level of protection at law. <ref name=About/>

Tim also also works with [[Michael Winnel]] and [[Max Roberts]] as part of [[Foreskin Revolution]].

{{LINKS}}
{{URL-FBprofile|id=100015335885541|2020-12-21}}

{{REF}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arkell, Tim}}

[[Category:Person]]
[[Category:Male]]

[[Category:Intactivist]]

[[Category:Australia]]

Dan Bollinger

2022-01-10T15:55:49Z

WikiModEn3: added a new paper

'''Daniel H. Bollinger III''' ({{LifeData |birth=1951-03-10 |birthplace=Plymouth, {{USSC|IN}}}}) has been involved in [[Intactivism]] since 1995. He serves on [[Intact America]]’s board of directors as vice chair, and was a member if its founding committee. He was instrumental in the creation of Intact America's [http://intactamerica.org/our-strategy/ Tipping Point Strategy].

He was the Director of the [[International Coalition for Genital Integrity]] (ICGI), which is now defunct.

Bollinger's involvement in intactivism grew out his commitment to equal rights; he fought to help pass the Equal Rights Amendment in Indiana when he was in college. "Circumcision was an issue I could relate to—not only because I was circumcised, but because of the equal rights aspect. For most of my life I’ve been troubled by night terrors that I later became convinced were an early recollection of my [[circumcision]] at age three-days."

{{STANDARDWORK}}
* {{BollingerD 2010}}

{{PUB}}
* Bollinger is the author of many articles and papers, which are available at [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dan_Bollinger/publications Research Gate].

* {{REFjournal
|last=Bollinger
|first=Dan
|init=D
|author-link=Dan Bollinger
|last2=Van Howe
|first2=Robert S.
|init2=RS
|author2-link=Robert S. Van Howe
|etal=no
|title=Alexithymia and Circumcision Trauma: A Preliminary Investigation
|journal=International Journal of Men’s Health
|date=2011
|volume=10
|issue=2
|pages=184-95
|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/676d/b908ff4629702b99da6d77739d1300370bd4.pdf
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.3149/jmh.1002.184
|accessdate=2021-01-03
|format=PDF
}}

* {{REFdocument
|title=Child genital cutting as an adverse childhood experience
|trans-title=
|language=English
|url=http://adversechildhoodexperiences.net/CGC_as_an_ACE.pdf
|archived=
|contribution=
|quote=
|trans-quote=
|quote-lang=
|last=Bollinger
|first=Dan
|author-link=Dan Bollinger
|last2=Chapin
|first2=Georganne
|author2-link=Georganne Chapin
|publisher=Intact America
|location=Tarrytown
|format=PDF
|date=2019-08
|accessdate=2021-04-02
}}

* {{REFjournal
|last=Bollinger
|first=Dan
|init=D
|author-link=Dan Bollinger
|etal=no
|title=Adverse Childhood Experiences, Dysfunctional Households, and Circumcision
|journal=preprint
|date=2022
|volume=
|issue=
|pages=
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357094265_Adverse_Childhood_Experiences_Dysfunctional_Households_and_Circumcision
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|accessdate=2022-01-01
|format=PDF
}}

{{LINKS}}
* [http://circumcisiondecisionmaker.com/ Circumcision Decision Maker]
* [http://intactamerica.org/our-leadership/ Dan Bollinger at Intact America]
* {{URL-FBprofile|dan.bollinger.10|2019-11-17}}
* [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dan_Bollinger/publications Research Gate articles and papers]
* {{REFnews
|title=Controversy over circumcision persists
|url=https://www.purdueexponent.org/city_state/article_b95b2cf7-c0ef-51f2-8308-fad024fb1380.html
|last=Montgomery
|first=Sam
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=The Exponent
|website=
|date=2021-12-03
|accessdate=2021-12-05
|quote=Bollinger said his hope is to bring the issue of circumcision to a “tipping point,” after which it will no longer be a societal norm.
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bollinger, Dan}}

[[Category:Person]]
[[Category:Male]]

[[Category:Intactivist]]
[[Category:Intactivist of the month]]

[[Category:USA]]

[[de:{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]

Dan Bollinger

2021-11-13T21:07:20Z

WikiModEn3:

'''Daniel H. Bollinger III''' ({{LifeData |birth=1951-03-10 |birthplace=Plymouth, {{USSC|IN}}}}) has been involved in [[Intactivism]] since 1995. He serves on [[Intact America]]’s board of directors as vice chair, and was a member if its founding committee. He was instrumental in the creation of Intact America's [http://intactamerica.org/our-strategy/ Tipping Point Strategy].

He was the Director of the [[International Coalition of Genital Integrity]] (ICGI), which is now defunct.

Bollinger's involvement in intactivism grew out his commitment to equal rights; he fought to help pass the Equal Rights Amendment in Indiana when he was in college. "Circumcision was an issue I could relate to—not only because I was circumcised, but because of the equal rights aspect. For most of my life I’ve been troubled by night terrors that I later became convinced were an early recollection of my [[circumcision]] at age three-days."

{{STANDARDWORK}}
* {{BollingerD 2010}}

{{PUB}}
* Bollinger is the author of many articles and papers, which are available at [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dan_Bollinger/publications Research Gate].

* {{REFjournal
|last=Bollinger
|first=Dan
|init=D
|author-link=Dan Bollinger
|last2=Van Howe
|first2=Robert S.
|init2=RS
|author2-link=Robert S. Van Howe
|etal=no
|title=Alexithymia and Circumcision Trauma: A Preliminary Investigation
|journal=International Journal of Men’s Health
|date=2011
|volume=10
|issue=2
|pages=184-95
|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/676d/b908ff4629702b99da6d77739d1300370bd4.pdf
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.3149/jmh.1002.184
|accessdate=2021-01-03
|format=PDF
}}

* {{REFdocument
|title=Child genital cutting as an adverse childhood experience
|trans-title=
|language=English
|url=http://adversechildhoodexperiences.net/CGC_as_an_ACE.pdf
|archived=
|contribution=
|quote=
|trans-quote=
|quote-lang=
|last=Bollinger
|first=Dan
|author-link=Dan Bollinger
|last2=Chapin
|first2=Georganne
|author2-link=Georganne Chapin
|publisher=Intact America
|location=Tarrytown
|format=PDF
|date=2019-08
|accessdate=2021-04-02
}}

{{LINKS}}
* [http://circumcisiondecisionmaker.com/ Circumcision Decision Maker]
* [http://intactamerica.org/our-leadership/ Dan Bollinger at Intact America]
* {{URL-FBprofile|dan.bollinger.10|2019-11-17}}
* [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dan_Bollinger/publications Research Gate articles and papers]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bollinger, Dan}}

[[Category:Person]]
[[Category:Male]]

[[Category:Intactivist]]
[[Category:Intactivist of the month]]

[[Category:USA]]

[[de:{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]

United States of America

2021-10-18T13:33:09Z

WikiModEn3: replaced acronyms with initializations since we don't pronounce any of the examples as a word, i.e. USA is sounded out, not pronounced U-sa.

[[File:Flag_of_USA.svg|thumb|150px|Flag of the United States of America (USA)]]
The '''United States of America''' are also known as the '''United States''' or simply '''America''' or by initializations such as '''USA''' or '''US''' or '''U.S.A.''' or '''U.S.''' (Please note that ''America'' also is the name of two geological continents: ''North America'' and ''South America'' which include many more countries than just the ''United States of America'' which are the topic of this article. See also: [[:Category:Americas]].)

America is predominantly an English-speaking nation. As in other English-speaking nations, non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of boys was popularized in the late nineteenth century, however, the practice of non-therapeutic circumcision of boys is now in decline. The decline of the unnecessary practice has been slowed by continual encouragement and promotion of circumcision by the medical industry. The United States is unique in having a medical industry that aggressively promotes the practice of medically-unnecessary infant circumcision.

==History==
Jews have lived in America since before the Revolutionary War. They have always practiced [[Jewish circumcision| ritual circumcision]], ([[Brit Milah]]), of boys on the eighth day of life in accordance with the [[Abrahamic covenant]], however this was only for a very small percentage of the population.

One may be certain that the eighteenth century Founding Fathers of the United States of America were men with [[intact]] [[Foreskin| foreskins]] as were the [[foreskinned]] men who fought the American Civil War (1861-1865).

Non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of males for non-religious reasons originated with Claude-Francois Lallemand in 1832 in France but soon spread to the [[United Kingdom]] in the early nineteenth century, from which it eventually spread to other English-speaking nations.

===Late nineteenth century===
The late nineteenth century was characterized by various medical doctors advancing all sorts of absurd reasons for the performance of non-therapeutic circumcision.

The first recorded non-religious circumcision of a boy in the United States occurred in 1870 when [[Lewis Albert Sayre]], a prominent New York City doctor, circumcised a boy of five years of age for paralysis. [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Sayre]] then continued to advocate circumcision for numerous reasons until his death in 1900. According to [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Sayre]], circumcision was recommended for paralysis, epilepsy, hernia, lunacy, curvature of the spine, and clubfoot.

M. J. Moses (1871) advocated circumcision to prevent [[masturbation]].<ref name="moses1871">{{REFjournal
|last=Moses
|init=MJ
|title=The value of circumcision as a hygienic and therapeutic measure
|journal=New York Medical Journal
|date=1871-11
|volume=14
|issue=4
|pages=368-74
|url=
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=
}}</ref>

[[H. H. Kane]] (1879) 'discovers' that circumcision cures nocturnal emissions and abdominal neuralgia.<ref>{{Kane1879}}</ref>

Seventh-day Adventist [[John Harvey Kellogg]], {{MD}}, of Battle Creek, Michigan, was an important 19th century promoter of male circumcision. Although masturbation is never mentioned in the Bible, Dr. Kellogg believed that [[masturbation]] was immoral, sinful, and caused one to dream "impure dreams", which he believed was harmful to the mental faculties, resulting in mental disorders, such as feeblemindness.<ref name="kellogg1879">{{REFbook
|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19924/19924-h/19924-h.htm
|title=Plain Facts for Old and Young: Natural History and Hygiene of Organic Life (Sex, Marriage & Society Series)
|last=Kellogg
|first=John Harvey
|author-link=John Harvey Kellogg
|publisher=Ayer Publishing
|website=Gutenberg
|year=1888
|accessdate=2021-10-03
}}</ref> He believed that the urge to masturbate could be prevented by eating bland foods, for which purpose, he and his brother invented corn flakes.

Dr. Kellogg (1879) also recommended [[circumcision]] in cases "in which irritation is produced by retained secretions".<ref name="kellogg1879" />

Dr. Kellogg perhaps is most famous for his book, ''Plain facts for young and old'' (1879), in which he advocated circumcision of boys as punishment for masturbation.<ref name="kellogg1879" />

[[William G. Eggleston]], {{MA}}, {{MD}}, from Chicaco, {{USSC|IL}}, (1886) stated that [[foreskin]] of minors and the natural "phimosis" in minors would cause crossed eyes.<ref name="eggleston1886">{{Eggleston1886}}
</ref>

Dr. [[William D. Gentry]] (1890) alleged that [[Retraction of the foreskin| phimosis in boys]] produces serious nervous derangements.<ref name="gentry1890">{{REFjournal
|last=Gentry
|first=William D.
|init=WD
|author-link=William D. Gentry
|title=Nervous Derangements Produced by Sexual Irregularities in Boys
|journal=Medical Current
|date=1890-07
|volume=6
|issue=7
|pages=268-74
}}</ref>

[[Elizabeth Blackwell]], {{MD}}, ({{LifeData|1821|1910}}), was born in England, but attended medical school in the United States. She was the first woman to become a medical doctor in the United States. Blackwell thought masturbation was immoral but that circumcision was not the way to correct it. She wrote against it in her 1894 book:
<blockquote>Appeals to the fears of uninstructed parents on the grounds of cleanliness or of hardening the part are entirely fallacious and unsupported by evidence. It is a physiological fact that the natural lubricating secretion of every healthy part is beneficial, not injurious to the part thus protected, and that no attempt to render a sensitive part insensitive is either practicable or justifiable. The protection which nature affords to these parts is an aid to physical purity by affording necessary protection against constant external contact of a part which necessarily remains keenly sensitive; and bad habits in boys and girls cannot by prevented by surgical operations. Where no malformation exists, bad habits can only be forestalled by healthy moral and physical education.<ref>{{REFbook
|first=Elizabeth
|last=Blackwell
|author-link=Elizabeth Blackwell
|title=The Human Element in Sex; being a Medical Inquiry into the Relation of Sexual Physiology to Christian Morality
|url=https://archive.org/details/B20442622/page/n9/mode/2up
|edition=2
|year=1894
|pages=35-36
|location=London
|publisher=J.& A. Churchill
}}</ref></blockquote>

[[Peter Charles Remondino]], {{MD}}, was a San Diego, California physician, who was born in Turin (''Torino'') in 1846, but migrated with his family to the United States at the age of eight. There is some reason to believe that he was of Sephardic Jewish descent and had been circumcised while still in Turin, however this is uncertain.

Remondino clearly was highly intelligent. He mastered English, started medical school at age 17, treated wounded soldiers during the Civil War, and later moved to San Diego for his health.

After moving to San Diego, he practiced medicine, served as an officer of several medical societies, and other regulatory agencies.

Remondino is famous for his 346 page book, ''The History of Circumcision''(1891).<ref name="remondino1891">{{REFbook
|last=Remondino
|first=Peter Charles
|author-link=Peter Charles Remondino
|year=1891
|title=History of Circumcision
|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23135/23135-h/23135-h.htm
|pages=
|location=Philadelphia
|publisher=F. A. Davis
|website=Welcome Collection
|accessdate=2021-09-29
}}</ref>

When Remondino discussed the [[foreskin]], he used the most horrific, derogatory, and disparaging language. He devoted thirteen chapters to the alleged evils and faults of the foreskin. It is not clear why he had such an extreme dislike for a natural and functional body part. His recommendation, of course, was for [[Adolescent and adult circumcision| circumcision]].

[[H. L. Rosenberry]], {{MD}}, (1894) published a paper "proving" that circumcision cures urinary and rectal incontinence.<ref name="rosenberry1894">{{Rosenberry1894}}</ref>

By the end of the nineteenth century, America had at least one prominent physician and surgeon on the east coast promoting circumcision and another prominent physician and surgeon on the west coast promoting circumcision. There was no real medical science with which to dispute and discredit their false claims. Non-therapeutic circumcision of males was now well-established in the United States.

===Early twentieth century===
The early twentieth century is characterized by advocacy of circumcision based on false claims to prevent cancer and sexually transmitted (venereal) disease; and by the involvement of the United States military services in the promotion of circumcision.

[[Ernest G. Mark]] (1901) noted that the "pleasurable sensations that are elicited from the extremely sensitive" [[Ridged band|inner lining]] of the [[foreskin]] may encourage a child to [[Masturbation|masturbate]], which is why he recommended circumcision since it "lessens the sensitiveness of the organ".<ref>{{Mark1901}}</ref>

Brimhall (1902) reported an amputation of a penis after circumcision.<ref name="brimhall1902">{{REFjournal
|last=Brimhall
|init=JB
|author-link=
|last2=
|init2=
|author2-link=
|url=
|title=Amputation of the penis following a unique method of preventing hemorrhage after circumcision
|journal=St. Paul Med J.
|date=1902
|volume=4
|issue=
|pages=490
|accessdate=2021-10-05
}}</ref>

[[Roswell Park]] (1902) published a paper 'proving' that foreskin causes epilepsy and that circumcision cures it.<ref>{{Park1902}}</ref>

[[L. Emmett Holt]] (1913) reported that tubercular [[mohel]]s were infecting infant Jewish boys with tuberculosis during [[Brit Milah| ritual circumcision]].<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Holt
|init=LE
|author-link=L. Emmett Holt
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/holt1/
|title=Tuberculosis acquired through ritual circumcision
|journal=JAMA
|date=1913-07-12
|volume=LXI
|issue=2
|pages=99-102
|accessdate=2021-10-04
}}</ref>

[[Abraham L. Wolbarst]], {{MD}}, a Jewish New York doctor, apparently considered [[L. Emmett Holt|Holt]]'s paper to be an attack on ritual circumcision or perhaps Judaism itself. He collected ''opinions'' from other doctors of the alleged value of circumcision for health and published those ''opinions'' as ''scientific fact'' in a 1914 ''JAMA'' article.<ref name="wolbarst1914">{{REFjournal
|last=Wolbarst
|first=Abraham L.
|init=AL
|author-link=Abraham L. Wolbarst
|title=Universal circumcision as a sanitary measure
|journal=JAMA
|date=1914-1-10
|volume=62
|issue=2
|pages=92-97
|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/453164
|accessdate=2021-10-04
}}</ref> Wolbarst's paper appeared shortly before the start of World War I. It is thought that Wolbarst's false claims inspired some military commanders to require men under their command to be circumcised so as to reduce venereal disease (VD).

M. S. Reuben (1916) (1917) reported additional cases of tuberculosis after ritual circumcision.<ref name="reuben1916">{{REFjournal
|last=Reuben
|init=MS
|author-link=
|last2=
|init2=
|author2-link=
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/reuben1/
|title=Tuberculosis from ritual circumcision
|journal=Proceedings of the New York Academy of Medicine
|date=1916-12-15
|volume=
|issue=
|pages=333-4
|accessdate=2021-10-04
}}</ref><ref name="ruben1917">{{REFjournal
|last=Reuben
|init=MS
|author-link=
|last2=
|init2=
|author2-link=
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/reuben2/
|title=Tuberculosis following ritual circumcision
|journal=Arch Pediatr
|date=1917-03
|volume=XXXIV
|issue=
|pages=186-90
|accessdate=2021-10-04
}}</ref>

J. Brennermann (1921) reported that meatal disease occurs only in circumcised boys who lack the protection of the [[foreskin]].<ref name="brennermann2021>{{REFjournal
|last=Brennermann
|init=J
|author-link=
|last2=
|init2=
|author2-link=
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/brennemann1/
|title=The ulcerated meatus in the circumcised child
|journal=Am J Dis Child
|date=1921
|volume=21
|issue=
|pages=38-47
|accessdate=2021-10-04
}}</ref>

[[Abraham L. Wolbarst|Wolbarst]] (1926) made his claim for the first time that male circumcision prevents penile cancer.<ref name="wolbarst1926!>{{REFjournal
|last=Wolbarst
|first=Abraham L.
|init=AL
|author-link=Abraham L. Wolbarst
|title=Is circumcision a prophylactic against penis cancer?
|journal=Cancer
|date=1926-07
|volume=3
|issue=4
|pages=301-10
}}</ref>

[[Abraham L. Wolbarst|Wolbarst]] (1932) put forward his claim again that [[circumcision]] would prevent [[penile cancer]] in the British journal, ''The Lancet''.<ref name="Wolbarst 1932">{{REFjournal
|last=Wolbarst
|init=AL
|author-link=Abraham L. Wolbarst
|title=Circumcision and penile cancer
|journal=Lancet
|volume=1
|issue=5655
|date=1932-01-16
|pages=150-153
}}</ref> In those long ago days, the true causes of cancer were unknown so it was impossible to disprove Wolbarst's falsehoods.

Laumann et al., writing in 1997, reported an incidence of circumcision of 31 percent in 1933.<ref name="laumann1997">{{REFjournal
|last=Laumann
|first=Edward O.
|init=
|author-link=
|last2=Masi
|first2=christopher M.
|init2=
|author2-link=
|last3=Zuckerman
|first3=Ezra W.
|init3=
|author3-link=
|etal=no
|title=Circumcision in the United States
|journal=JAMA
|location=
|date=1997-04-02
|volume=277
|issue=13
|article=
|page=
|pages=1052-7
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/laumann/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=9091693
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2021-10-05
}}</ref>

Hiram S. Yellen and Aaron Goldstein invented the [[Gomco]] clamp in 1934-5. The clamp, by crushing the foreskin in an intensely painful procedure, reduced the risk of hemorrhage,<ref name="yellen1935">{{REFjournal
|last=Yellen
|first=Hiram
|init=
|date=1935
|title=Bloodless circumcision of the newborn
|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
|volume=30
|issue=
|pages=146-7
|url=http://www.historyofcircumcision.net/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=43#yel
|quote=
|accessdate=2021-10-05
}}</ref> but increased the [[pain]].<ref name="sinkey2015">{{REFjournal
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25794628?dopt=Abstract
|title=The GoMo study: a randomized clinical trial assessing neonatal pain with Gomco vs Mogen clamp circumcision
|last=Sinkey
|init=RG
|last2=Eschenbacher
|init2=MA
|last3=Walsh
|init3=PM
|last4=Doerger
|init4=RG
|last5=Lambers
|init5=DS
|last6=Sibai
|init6=BM
|last7=Habli
|init7=MA
|journal=Am J Obstet Gynecol
|date=2015-05
|volume=212
|issue=5
|pages=664.e1-8
|pubmedID=25794628
|DOI=10.1016/j.ajog.2015.03.029
|accessdate=2021-10-05
}}</ref> The availability of the Gomco clamp increased the popularity of non-therapeutic infant circumcision.

Brown (1937) reported restoration of the skin of the penis after a denudation complication of circumcision.<ref name="brown1837">{{REFjournal
|last=Brown
|init=JB
|author-link=
|url=
|title=Restoration of the entire skin of the penis
|journal=Surg Gynecol Obstetr
|date=1937
|volume=65
|issue=362-5
|pages=
|accessdate=2021-10-05
}}</ref>

Laumann et al. (1997) reported an incidence of circumcision of 53 percent in 1941.<ref name="laumann1997" />

World War II. America entered the war after the Empire of Japan attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on 7 December 1941. This was followed by Germany declaring war on the United States.

The information on military circumcision in WWII is sketchy and anecdotal. It appears that many [[foreskinned]] American men were encouraged and, in some cases, forced to be circumcised. It seems that the American military's foreskin-phobia and circumcision policy persisted through the Korean War (1950-52) but was discontinued by a change in policy thereafter.

The "Sand Myth" circulated among English-speaking armies. According to the Sand Myth, foreskinned men who fought in the Saharan desert had medical issues due to sand collecting under the [[foreskin]]. [[Intact]] Italian and German men who fought in the same desert had no such problems.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Darby
|first=Robert
|init=
|author-link=Robert Darby
|etal=no
|title=The riddle of the sands: circumcision, history, and myth
|journal=NZ Med J
|location=
|date=2005-07-15
|volume=118
|issue=1218
|article=
|page=U1564
|pages=
|url=https://www.academia.edu/9899840/The_riddle_of_the_sands_Circumcision_history_and_myth
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=16027753
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2021-10-05
}}</ref>

[[Abraham Ravich]] (1942) falsely claimed that circumcision prevents [[prostate cancer]].<ref name="ravich1942">{{Ravich1942}}</ref>

'''Post-war era.''' In the post-war era after WWII, the popularity of non-therapeutic circumcision, driven by medical promotion by doctors seeking a nice [[Financial incentive| surgical fee]] as an alleged preventive of penile cancer and by the [[Adamant father syndrome| adamant request of circumcised men home from the war who became fathers]].

Non-therapeutic, medically-unnecessary circumcision of boys had become a "routine" surgical operation that usually was performed automatically on newborn boys even without consent from anyone.

Laumann et al. (1997) reported an incidence of non-therapeutic circumcision of boys of 85 percent in 1948.<ref name="laumann1997" />

[[Eugene H. Hand]], {{MD}}, (1949) falsely claimed that circumcision would prevent cancer of the tongue and venereal disease.<ref name="HandEH1949">{{REFjournal
|last=Hand
|first=Eugene H.
|init=EH
|author-link=Eugene H. Hand
|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18135844/
|title=Circumcision and venereal disease
|journal=Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology
|date=1949-09
|volume=60
|issue=3
|pages341-6
|pubmedID=18135844
|DOI=10.1001/archderm.1949.01530030037004
|accessdate=2021-10-08
}}</ref>

The publication of a landmark article by [[Douglas Gairdner]] (1949) in the [[United Kingdom]] showing that infant circumcision is non-therapeutic, unnecessary, causes deaths, and which called for preservation of the foreskin<ref name="gairdner1949">{{GairdnerDM 1949}}</ref> was totally ignored by the circumcision industry in the United States.

===Late twentieth century===
The late twentieth century was characterized by increasing opposition to non-therapeutic circumcision of boys by [[intactivists]] and increasing efforts by the circumcision industry to protect [[third-party payment]] for performance of non-therapeutic circumcision of non-consenting boys; and by increasing recognition that newborn boys intensely feel [[pain]] and that non-therapeutic male [[circumcision]] is a horribly traumatic experience.

[[Abraham Ravich]] (1951) falsely claimed that [[circumcision]] prevents [[cervical cancer]] in women.<ref name="ravitch1951">{{Ravich1951}}</ref>

Hollister, Inc. formally introduced the [[Plastibell]] circumcision device in 1953.<ref name=MillerSnyder1953>{{MillerSnyder1953}}</ref>

[[Ernest L. Wynder]] (1954) promoted male circumcision to prevent cervical cancer in women.<ref name="wynder1954">{{Wynder1954}}</ref>

The Congress of the United States created the [https://www.medicaid.gov/ Medicaid program] in 1965. Medicaid is a joint federal/state program that pays the medical expenses of low-income Americans. Medicaid covers about 45 percent of births in the United States. Medicaid pays for medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic circumcision in 32 states, although it appears to be a violation of law to do so.<ref name="adler2011">{{REFjournal
|last=Adler
|first=Peter W.
|init=PW
|author-link=Peter W. Adler
|title=It is lawful to use Medicaid to pay for circumcision?
|journal=Journal of Law and Medicine
|date=2011
|volume=19
|issue=
|pages=335-353
|url=https://www.arclaw.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/is-it-lawful-to-use-medicaid-to-pay-for-circumcision.pdf
|quote=
|accessdate=2021-10-05
}}</ref>

California Medicaid (Medi-Cal) announced in 1968 that non-therapeutic circumcision would not be a covered benefit.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://insuremekevin.com/california-health-plans-cover-new-born-circumcision/
|title=Medi-Cal won’t cover circumcision
|last=
|first=
|accessdate=2021-10-05
}}</ref>

W. K. C. Morgan, a Canadian medical doctor, then on the faculty of the [https://www.medschool.umaryland.edu/ University of Maryland School of Medicine], in a highly critcal letter pubished by ''JAMA'' (1965), slammed the practice of non-therapeutic circumcision of boys as it had developed in the United States.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Morgan
|first=
|init=WKC
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=The rape of the phallus
|journal=JAMA
|location=
|date=1965-07-19
|volume=193
|issue=
|article=
|page=
|pages=223-4
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/morgan/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=14310332
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=jama.1965.03090030045013
|accessdate=2021-10-05
}}</ref>

Preston (1970) considered the matter of infant circumcision. He examined and debunked claims that male circumcision could prevent cancer of the cervix in women, cancer of the penis and cancer of the prostate in men. Preston concluded:

<blockquote>Routine circumcision of the newborn is an unnecessary procedure. It provides questionable benefits and is associated with a small but definite incidence of complications and hazards. These risks are preventable if the operation is not performed unless truly medically indicated. Circumcision of the newborn is a procedure that should no longer be considered routine.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Preston
|first=E. Noel
|init=
|author-link=
||etal=no
|title=Whither the foreskin? A consideration of routine neonatal circumcision.
|journal=JAMA
|location=
|date=1970-09-14
|volume=213
|issue=11
|article=
|page=
|pages=1853-8
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/preston/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=5468911
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1001/jama.213.11.1853
|accessdate=2021-10-05
}}</ref></blockquote>

Preston's paper elicited a response from C. J. Falliers, {{MD}}, (1970) who cited the "sensory pleasure induced by tactile stimulation of the foreskin."<ref name="falliers1970">{{REFjournal
|last=Falliers
|first=
|init=CJ
|author-link=
|etal=
|title=Circumcision (letter)
|journal=JAMA
|location=
|date=1970-12-21
|volume=214
|issue=12
|article=
|page=2194
|pages=
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/falliers1/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2021-10-05
}}</ref>

[[Abraham Ravich]] (1971) falsely claims that circumcision prevents cancer of the bladder and the rectum.<ref name="ravich1971">{{Ravich1971}}</ref>

Laumann et al. reported an incidence of newborn circumcision of 78 percent in 1971.

The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] (AAP) is not an "academy" at all. It is a medical trade association that protects and advances the business and financial interests of its pediatrician "fellows". Influenced by Preston's paper, the AAP published a manual on the hospital care of newborn infants in 1971. The manual included the statement:
<blockquote>
There are no valid medical indications for circumcision in the neonatal period.<ref>{{REFbook
|last=
|first=
|year=1971
|title=Standards and Recommendation for Hospital Care of Newborn infants
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aap/#a1971
|pages=110
|location=Evanston, IL
|publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics.
|isbn=
|accessdate=2021-10-05
}}</ref>
</blockquote>

The statement in the 1971 manual was good medical science, then and now, but it did not sit well with the membership of the AAP because it provided no basis on which to promote non-therapeutic circumcision for profit. A four-member "ad hoc" task force was formed to produce a new statement to fit the desires of the membership, which was published in ''Pediatrics'' in 1975.<ref name="aap1975">{{REFjournal
|last=Thompson
|first=
|init=HC
|author-link=
|last2=King
|first2=
|init2=LR
|author2-link=
|last3=Knox
|first3=
|init3=E
|author3-link=
|last4=Korones
|first4=
|init4=SH
|author4-link=
|etal=no
|title=Report of the Ad Hoc Task Force on Circumcision
|journal=Pediatrics
|location=
|date=1975-10
|volume=56
|issue=3
|article=
|page=
|pages=610-11
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aap/#a1975
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=1174384
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2021-10-06
}}</ref> The new statement had not a single citation of any other document. While it recognized the validity of the 1971 statement, It claimed without any basis that parents had a right to circumcise a newborn infant boy for "traditional, cultural, and religious factors".<ref name="aap1975" />

The statement claimed facilitation of hygiene, prevention of [[phimosis]], and prevention of [[penile cancer]] as reasons that parents may elect non-therapeutic infant circumcision.<ref name="aap1975" />

The statement expressed no concern for the [[pain]] of circumcision, nor did it provide information on the functions and value of the [[foreskin]] nor did it recognize the child as a person with domestic and international rights to self-determination and physical integrity. The statement carefully avoided recommending [[circumcision]] and placed the responsibility for the certain amputation injury on the parents rather than on the attending physician.<ref name="aap1975" />

The 1975 statement served as the AAP's position statement until 1989.

The AAP supplemented the 1975 statement in 1977 by stating:
<blockquote>There are no medical indications for routine circumcisions, and the procedure cannot be considered an essential component of health care. If an infant is circumcised, the procedure must be delayed until the infant is at least 24 hours old and stable, without bleeding tendency or any other illness. Circumcision must never be done at time of delivery.<ref>{{REFbook
|last=
|first=
|year=1977
|title=Standards and Recommendations for Hospital Care of Newborn Infants. Sixth Edition
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aap/#a1977
|pages=66-7
|location=Evanston, IL
|publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics
|isbn=
|accessdate=2021-10-05
}}</ref>
</blockquote>

Infant circumcision traditionally had been carried out without any kind of anesthesia or analgesia because of the false belief that infants could not feel pain. Researchers started to investigate the [[Pain| pain of circumcision]] in the 1970s.

The American Cancer Society estimated that there are about 460 deaths per year in the United States from penile cancer.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/penile-cancer/about/key-statistics.html
|title=Key Statistics for Penile Cancer
|last=
|first=
|date=2021-01-12
|accessdate=2021-10-17
}}</ref> Sidney S. Gellis, {{MD}} (1978) estimated that the number of deaths from infant circumcision exceeded the number of deaths from penile cancer.<ref name="gellis1978">{{REFjournal
|last=Gellis
|first=
|init=
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Circumcision
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Am J Dis Child
|location=
|date=1978-12
|volume=132
|issue=
|article=
|page=
|pages=1168-9
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/gellis1/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=717329
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1001/archpedi.1978.02120370016003
|accessdate=2021-10-17
}}</ref>

David Grimes, {{MD}}, (1978), recognized the increasing controversy regarding the practice of non-therapeutic infant circumcision. Grimes discussed several concerns including:

* Irrational patient selection.
* Lack of information prior to consent.
* Pain and anesthesia management.
* Improper surgical objectives.
* Lack of cost-effectiveness.<ref name="grimes1978">{{REFjournal
|last=Grimes
|first=David
|init=
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Routine circumcision of the newborn: a reappraisal
|journal=Am J Obstet Gynecol
|location=
|date=1978-01-15
|volume=130
|issue=2
|article=
|page=
|pages=125-9
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/grimes/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=413435
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1016/0002-9378(78)90353-8
|accessdate=2021-10-05
}}</ref>

Grimes concluded:
<blockquote> However, until the benefits of routine circumcision of the neonate can be proved worth the risk and cost, medical resources probably should be allocated to measures of demonstrated value.<ref name="grimes1978" />
</blockquote>
The American circumcision industry appears to have totally ignored Grimes' concerns.

It was at about this time that several small organizations that opposed non-therapeutic circumcision of boys started to appear. They were the first [[intactivists]], although that word had not yet been coined. One such organization was the Remain Intact Organization of Larchwood, Iowa, which was lead by Rev. Russell Zangger. From the 1970s to the 1990s Zangger sent out cards with New Testament quotations that said the outward sign of circumcision is of no value. [[Jeffrey R. Wood]] formed [[INTACT Educational Foundation| INTACT]] (Infants Need to Avoid Circumcision Trauma), founded in 1976 as a local resource serving Western Massachusetts, and "Dedicated to Preserving Freedom of Choice." The organization gained recognition and had members across the nation.

Boczko & Freed (1979) collected cases of penile cancer in circucised men and by so doing, disproved the false belief propagated since 1932 by [[Abraham L. Wolbarst]] that circumcision was protective against penile cancer.<ref name="boczko1979">{{REFjournal
|last=Boczo
|first=Stanley
|init=
|author-link=
|last2=Freed
|first2=Selwyn
|init2=
|author2-link=
|etal=no
|title=Penile carcinoma in circumcised males
|journal=N Y State J Med
|location=
|date=1979-11
|volume=79
|issue=12
|article=
|page=
|pages=1903-4
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/cancer/boczko/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=292845
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2021-10-07
}}</ref>

Robert Leon Baker, {{MD}} (1979) estimated 229 deaths per year in the United States from circumcision complications.<ref name="baker1979">{{REFjournal
|last=Baker
|first=Robert L.
|init=
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Newborn male circumcision: needless and dangerous
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Sexual Medicine Today
|location=
|date=1979
|volume=3
|issue=11
|article=
|page=
|pages=35-6
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/baker1/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2021-10-17
}}</ref>

[[Tim Hammond]] organized the [http://www.noharmm.org/ National Organization to Halt the Abuse and Routine Mutilation of Males] in 1992.

Professor Lowell R. King (1982), who had been a member of the "ad hoc" task force on circumcision of the AAP, felt compelled to defend the reasoning of the task force.<ref name="king1982">{{REFjournal
|last=King
|first=Lowell R.
|init=
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Neonatal circumcision in the United States in 1982
|journal=J Urol
|location=
|date=1982-11
|volume=128
|issue=5
|article=
|page=
|pages=1135-6
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/king1982/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=7176044
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1016/s0022-5347(17)53361-3
|accessdate=2021-10-11
}}</ref>

[[Marilyn Fayre Milos]], {{RN}}, while a nursing student at [https://www.mymarinhealth.org/locations/medical-center/ Marin General Hospital], witnessed an unanesthetized circumcision of a newborn boy in 1979. Shocked by the extreme [[pain]] and horror of it, she became an opponent of infant circumcision and was forced to resign in 1985 from her nursing position at Marin General Hospital where infant non-therapeutic circumcision is a profit center and promoted to parents. She immediately created the National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers ([[NOCIRC]]) in 1985.

[[Rosemary Romberg]] (1985) published Circumcision: The Painful Dilemma.

[[Edward Wallerstein]] (1985) pointed out that the American way of practicing non-religious circumcision of boys is without parallel anywhere else in the world.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Wallerstein
|first=Edward
|init=
|author-link=Edward Wallerstein
|etal=no
|title=Is Nonreligious Circumcision Necessary?
|journal=Urol Clin North Am
|location=
|date=1985-05
|volume=12
|issue=1
|pages=123-32
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/wallerstein/
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2021-10-06
}}</ref>

American lawyer William E. Brigman (1985) used new medical evidence to argue that circumcision is child abuse, and discussed possible legal remedies. Recent medical articles have documented the actual injury of circumcision, to make it possible for an attorney to win damages for wrongful circumcision, he said. Brigman suggested civil rights class action suits against hospitals.<ref name="brigman1985">{{REFjournal
|last=Brigman
|first=William E.
|init=WE
|author-link=
|title=Circumcision as Child Abuse: The Legal and Constitutional Issues
|journal=J Fam Law
|date=1985
|volume=23
|issue=3
|pages=337
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/brigman/
|accessdate=2021-10-07
}}</ref>

Anand & Hickey (1987) published a paper in the ''New England Journal of Medicine'' that conclusively proved that newborn infants are capable of feeling intense pain. After publication of this landmark paper, no doubt about pain sensation in infants remained. The article stated:
<blockquote>
Numerous lines of evidence suggest that even in the human fetus, pain pathways as well as cortical and subcortical centers necessary for pain perception are well developed late in gestation, and the neurochemical systems now known to be associated with pain transmission and modulation are intact and functional. Physiologic responses to painful stimuli have been well documented in neonates of various gestational ages and are reflected in hormonal, metabolic, and cardiorespiratory changes similar to but greater than those observed in adult subjects. Other responses in newborn infants are suggestive of integrated emotional and behavioral responses to pain and are retained in memory long enough to modify subsequent behavior patterns.<ref name="anand1987">{{REFjournal
|last=Anand
|init=KJS
|author-link=
|last2=Hickey
|init2=PR
|author2-link=
|etal=yes
|title=Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus
|journal=N Engl J Med
|location=
|date=1987-11-19
|volume=317
|issue=21
|pages=1321-9
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/anand/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=3317037
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1056/NEJM198711193172105
|accessdate=2021-10-07
}}</ref>
</blockquote>

[[NOCIRC]] sponsored the [[First International Symposium]] on Circumcision which was held in Anaheim, California, USA on 1-3 March 1989.

The July/August 1989 edition of [[The Truth Seeker]] was dedicated to circumcision. It featured the core proceedings from the First International Symposium.

The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]]' 1975 circumcision promotional statement<ref name="aap1975" /> was now getting long in the tooth so a newer statement was desired. The AAP appointed the late [[Edgar J. Schoen]], {{MD}}, of Oakland, California, who had written a humorous poem about circumcision as the chairman of a new task force on circumcision. The task force had six members of whom five (83%), including Schoen, were believed to be Jewish, although Jews constitute only 1.9 percent of the population.

Schoen's task force produced the AAP's [[American_Academy_of_Pediatrics#Third_policy_.281989.29| third circumcision policy statement]] which was published in ''Pediatrics'' in November 1979.<ref name="aap1989">{{REFjournal
|last=Schoen
|first=Edgar J.
|init=EJ
|author-link=Edgar J. Schoen
|last2=Anderson
|first2=Glenn
|init2=G
|author2-link=
|last3=Bohon
|first3=Constance
|init3=C
|author3-link=
|last4=Hinman
|first4=Frank
|init4=F
|author4-link=
|last5=Poland
|first5=Ronald
|init5=R
|author5-link=
|last6=Wakeman
|first6=E. Maurice
|init6=EM
|author6-link=
|etal=no
|title=Report of the Task Force of Circumcision.
|journal=Pediatrics
|location=
|date=1989-11
|volume=84
|issue=4
|pages=388-91
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aap/#a1989
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=2664697
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2021-10-10
}}</ref>

The statement, which was intended to promote the practice of non-therapeutic circumcision for the benefit of the fellows of the AAP, had a high degree of [[bias]] and had many serious deficiences. Some more notable deficiences included:

* failure to recognize the child as a person with legal rights to bodily integrity.
* failure to provide information on the nature and functions of the human [[foreskin]].
* failure to call for analgesia to ease the intense [[pain]] of the amputation.
* inclusion of [[Thomas E. Wiswell]]'s methodologically-flawed papers on [[urinary tract infection]] (UTI).
* failure to inform parents that UTI is properly treated with antibiotics.
* use of the misleading word ''potential'' to describe speculative medical benefits that do not actually exist.
* attempting to shift responsibility for the performance of an injurious and harmful amputation from the medical operator to the parents.

The advocacy of circumcision to prevent UTI spurred a debate in the medical literature until the AAP published a new statement in 1999 that softened the claims.

[[Charles A. Bonner|Bonner]] & Kinane (1989) discussed the legal and constitutional issues of non-therapeutic male circumcision under United States and California law.<ref name="bonner1989">{{REFjournal
|last=Bonner
|first=Charles
|init=C
|author-link=Charles A. Bonner
|last2=Kinane
|first2=Michael
|init2=M
|author2-link=
|title=The Legal and Constitutional Issues
|journal=The Truth Seeker
|date=1989-07
|url=http://www.noharmm.org/bonner.htm
|accessdate=2021-10-10
}}</ref>

Professor Ronald Poland (1990), who had served on the task force with [[Edgar J. Schoen]] that produced the 1989 AAP Circumcision Policy Statement, strongly objected to the use of methodologically flawed UTI studies. Professor Poland concluded that infant non-therapeutic circumcision should not be "a part of routine medical care."<ref name="poland1990">{{REFjournal
|last=Poland
|first=Ronald L.
|init=
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=The question of routine neonatal circumcision
|journal=N Eng J Med
|location=
|date=1990-05-03
|volume=322
|issue=18
|article=
|page=
|pages=1312-5
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/poland/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=2183058
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1056/NEJM199005033221811
|accessdate=2021-10-11
}}</ref>

The [[Second International Symposium]] on Circumcision convened at the Hotel Kabuki in San Francisco, California, USA on April 30 through May 3, 1991.

Lynn E. Lebit (1992) discussed issues with the substituted judgment doctrine.<ref name="lebit1992">{{REFjournal
|last=Lebit
|first=Lynn E.
|init=LE
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Compelled Medical Procedures Involving Minors and Incompetents and Misapplication of the Substituted Judgment Doctrine
|journal=Journal of Law and Medicine
|location=
|date=1992
|volume=7
|issue=
|pages=107
|url=http://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1304&context=jlh
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=11659623
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2021-10-10
}}</ref>

Professor [[George C. Denniston]], {{MD}}, {{MPH}}, explained some [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions| functions of the foreskin]], said circumcision was both unnecessary and harmful because of the deprivation of functions, so should not be performed.<ref name-"denniston1992">
{{REFjournal
|last=Denniston
|first=George C.
|init=
|author-link=George C. Denniston
|etal=no
|title=Unnecessary Circumcision
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Female Patient
|location=
|date=1992-07
|volume=17
|issue=
|article=
|page=
|pages=13-4
|url=
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=
}}</ref>

The [[Third International Symposium]] on Circumcision convened at the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA on 23-25 May 1994.

Professor [[George C. Denniston]], {{MD}}, {{MPH}}, organized [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision]] in 1995.

A group of [[intactivist]]s assembled at Evanston, {{USSC|IL}} in 1996 for a meeting and then protested and demonstrated before the AAP convention in nearby Chicago.

[[Geoffrey T. Falk]] created the [http://www.cirp.org/ Circumcision Information and Resources Pages] in 1996 to take advantage of the newly-available Internet.

Ross Povenmire (1998) questioned the authority of parents to grant consent for non-therapeutic circumcision of children.<ref name="povenmire1998">{{REFjournal
|last=Povenmire
|init=R
|author-link=
|last2=
|init2=
|author2-link=
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/povenmire/
|title=Do Parents Have the Legal Authority to Consent to the Surgical Amputation of Normal, Healthy Tissue From Their Infant Children?: The Practice of Circumcision in the United States
|journal=Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law
|date=1998
|volume=7
|issue=
|pages=87
|accessdate=2021-10-14
}}</ref>

The American Academy of Pediatrics had been acutely embarrassed by the faults of [[Edgar J. Schoen]]'s horrific circumcision policy statement, so a new task force was convened under the direction of Carole Marie Lannon, {{MD}}, {{MPH}}, to produce a new, more appropriate, and less embarrassing policy statement on non-therapeutic child circumcision. The new task force produced the [[American_Academy_of_Pediatrics#Fourth_policy_.281999.29|Fourth Circumcision Policy Statement]].<ref name="aap1999">{{REFjournal
|last=Lannon
|first=Carole Marie
|init=
|author-link=
|last2=Bailey
|first2=Ann Geryl Doll
|init2=
|author2-link=
|last3=Fleishman
|first3=Alan R.
|init3=
|author3-link=
|last4=Kaplan
|first4=George W.
|init4=
|author4-link=
|last5=Shoemaker
|first5=Craig T.
|init5=
|author5-link=
|last6=Swanson
|first6=Jack T.
|init6=
|author6-link=
|last7=Coustan
|first7=Donald
|init7=
|author7-link=
|etal=no
|title=Circumcision Policy Statement
|journal=Pediatrics
|location=
|date=1999-09
|volume=103
|issue=3
|article=
|page=
|pages=686-93
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aap1999/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID= 22926180
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1542/peds.2012-1989
|accessdate=2021-10-10
}}</ref> The 1999 circumcision statement advocated analgesia for pain relief of the extreme circumcision [pain], admitted that the [[foreskin]] contains [[Ridged band| nerves]], softened the claims made for [[UTI]] prevention, recognized the effectiveness of breastfeeding at reducing UTI in infants and declared non-therapeutic infant circumcision to be an ''elective'' surgical procedure. Other than that, it shared the much the same faults as the 1989 statement.

Rhinehart (1999) was a practicing psychiatrist who described his patients later-life problems stemming from their neonatal circumcision.<ref name="rhinehart1999">{{REFjournal
|last=Rhinehart
|first=John W.
|init=JW
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Neonatal Circumcision Reconsidered
|journal=Transactional Analysis Journal
|location=
|date=1999-07
|volume=29
|issue=3
|pages=215-21
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/rhinehart1/
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.
|accessdate=2021-10-14
}}</ref>

===Early twenty-first century===

The twenty-first century has been characterized by greater opposition to non-therapeutic circumcision of boys in the general population, the utter failure of the circumcision industry's vaunted new circumcision policy, and much more attention to legal and ethical issue relating to non-therapeutic circumcision of boys.

Giannetti (2000) argued that scientific misconduct in the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] circumcision policy statements should expose the AAP to trade association liability.<ref name="gianetti2000">{{REFjournal
|last=Giannetti
|first=Matthew
|init=M
|author-link=
|title=Circumcision and the American Academy of Pediatrics: Should Scientific Misconduct Result in Trade Association Liability
|journal=Iowa Law Rev
|date=2000
|volume=85
|issue=4
|pages=1507-68
|url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Gianetti-AAP-Misconduct-Trade-Assn-Iowa-Law-Rev-2000.pdf
|accessdate=2020-05-09
}}</ref>

Svoboda, Van Howe & Dwyer (2000) discussed legal issues inherent with consent for non-therapeutic circumcision of boys.<ref name="svoboda2000">{{REFjournal
|last=Svoboda
|first=J. Steven
|init=JS
|author-link=J. Steven Svoboda
|last2=Van Howe
|first2=Robert S.
|init2=RS
|author2-link=Robert S. Van Howe
|last3=Dwyer
|first3=James G.
|init3=JG
|author3-link=James G. Dwyer
|etal=no
|title=Informed Consent for Neonatal Circumcision: An Ethical and Legal Conundrum
|journal=J Contemporary Health Law Policy
|location=
|date=2000-09
|volume=17
|issue=1
|pages=61-133
|url=https://scholarship.law.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1255&context=jchlp
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=11216345
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2021-10-11
}}</ref>

[[J. Steven Svoboda]] (2001) discussed the limits of the law.<ref name="svoboda2001">{{REFbook
|last=Svoboda
|first=J. Steven
|author-link=J. Steven Svoboda
|year=2001
|title=Limits of the law: Comparative analysis of legal and extralegal methods.
|url=https://www.arclaw.org/wp-content/uploads/Limits-of-the-Law-Comparative-Analysis-of-Legal-and-Extralegal-Methods.pdf
|work=Understanding Circumcision: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to a Multi-Dimensional Problem
|editor=[[George C. Denniston]], [[Frederick M. Hodges]], and [[Marilyn Fayre Milos]]
|edition=
|volume=
|chapter=
|pages=297-365
|location=
|publisher=Springer
|isbn=978-1-4419-3375-1.
|quote=
|accessdate=2021-10-11
|note=
}}</ref>

Geoffrey P. Miller (2002) discussed the impact of American culture on the law of circumcision.<ref name="miller2002">{{REFjournal
|last=Miller
|first=Geoffrey P.
|init=GP
|author-link=
|title=Circumcision: Cultural-Legal Analysis
|journal=Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law.
|date=2002-3
|volume=9
|issue=
|pages=497-585
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/miller1/
|accessdate=2020-07-29
}}</ref>

[[George Hill]] (2003) questioned the authority of anyone to grant consent for the non-therapeutic alteration of a child's body.<ref name="hill2010">{{REFjournal
|last=Hill
|first=George
|init=
|author-link=George Hill
|etal=no
|title=Can Anyone Authorize the Nontherapeutic Permanent Alteration of a Child's Body?
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Am J Bioeth
|location=
|date=2003-03
|volume=3
|issue=2
|article=
|page=
|pages=W6
|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1162/152651603766436342
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=14635628
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1162/152651603766436342
|accessdate=2021-10-14
}}</ref>

Thomas et al. (2004) studied the incidence of HIV in circumcision and intact men in a United States Navy population. A slightly higher incidence of HIV infection was found in circumcised men (84.9%) as compared with intact men (81.8%). The authors concluded:
<blockquote>
Although there may be other medical or cultural reasons for male circumcision, it is not associated with HIV or STI prevention in this U.S. military population.<ref name="thomas2004">Thomas AG, Bakhireva LN, Brodine SK, Shaffer RA. [http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/HIV/thomas1/ Prevalence of male circumcision and its association with HIV and sexually transmitted infections in a U.S. Navy population]. Abstract no. TuPeC4861. Presented at the XV International AIDS Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, July 11-16, 2004.</ref>
</blockquote>

[[Saving Our Sons (SoS)]], an [[intactivist]] organization, commenced operations online in 2007.

[[Dr. Momma - peaceful parenting]], an [[intactivist]] organization, started in 2007.

[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]] included this commentary on the law of circumcision of boys in their June 2008 Genital Integrity Statement. It has since been later amended by another party to include a reference to Adler (2013) that was not available at the time of writing.<ref>{{REFbook
|last=Hill
|first=George
|author-link=George Hill
|year=2008
|title=Ch. 10: American Law and the Circumcision of Children
|url=https://www.i2researchhub.org/articles/ch-10-american-law-and-the-circumcision-of-children-doc-genital-integrity-statement/
|work=Genital Integrity Policy
|editor=
|edition=
|volume=
|chapter=
|pages=
|location=Seattle
|publisher=Doctors Opposing Circumcision
|isbn=
|quote=
|accessdate=2021-10-11
|note=
}}</ref>

Doctors Opposing Circumcision issued a Genital Integrity Policy in June 2008.<ref name-"doc2008">{{REFdocument
|title=Genital Integrity Policy
|url=https://www.i2researchhub.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/GenitalIntegrityStatement.pdf
|contribution=
|last=Hill
|first=George
|author-link=George Hill
|publisher=Doctors Opposing Circumcision
|format=PDF
|date=2008-06
|accessdate=2021-10-11
}}</ref>

[[Georganne Chapin]] founded [[Intact America]] in 2008.

The British journal, ''The Lancet'', published reports of two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that were carried out in sub-Saharan Africa which purported to prove that male circumcision was protective against infection with HIV. The American Academy of Pediatrics consulted with the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ([[ACOG]]) and the American College of Family Physicians ([[AAFP]]) (those being the medical trade associations that represent the specialties that perform most non-therapeutic infant circumcisions and make most of the money from the performance of the non-therapeutic amputation). The three associations determined to make common cause to produce a position statement that would promote male circumcision based on its alleged protection against HIV infection. The AAP was to take the lead, but ACOG and AAFP provided representatives to the new [[AAP Circumcision Task Force 2012| AAP task force]], of which New York Jewess [[Susan Blank]], {{MD}}, {{MPH}}, was the chairwoman. This new task force did not publish a statement until 2012. The AAP declined to re-affirm the statement so it expired in August 2017.

Bollinger (2010) estimated approximately 117 neonatal circumcision-related deaths occur annually in the United States.<ref name="bollinger2010">{{BollingerD 2010}}</ref>

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported an incidence of newborn circumcision of 58.3 percent in 2010.<ref name="cdc2015">{{REFweb
|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/circumcision_2013/circumcision_2013.htm
|archived=
|title=Trends in Circumcision for Male Newborns in U.S. Hospitals: 1979–2010
|trans-title=
|language=
|last=
|first=
|author-link=
|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
|website=cdc.gov
|date=2015-11-06
|accessdate=2021-10-16
|format=
|quote=
}}</ref>

Professor [[Peter W. Adler]], J. D., (2011) argued that it is unlawful for United States Medicaid to pay for non-therapeutic circumcision.<ref name="adler2011" />

The AAP, lead by the [[AAP Circumcision Task Force 2012]], finally published the [[American_Academy_of_Pediatrics#Fifth_policy_.282012.29| fifth circumcision policy statement]] in the September 2012 issue of ''Pediatrics''. The [[American_Academy_of_Pediatrics#Criticism| adverse criticism]] was overwhelming.

Bollinger (2012) estimated that the total cost of non-therapeutic male circumcision, including hospital costs, repair of botched circumcisions, treatment of complications, and so on is more than $3 billion per year,<ref name="bollinger2012">{{REFweb
|url=https://www.academia.edu/6442587/High_Cost_of_Circumcision_3.6_Billion_Annually
|title=High Cost of Circumcision: $3.6 Billion Annually
|last=Bollinger
|first=Dan
|author-link=Dan Bollinger
|publisher=Academia
|website=https://www.academia.edu
|date=2012
|accessdate=2020-11-25
|format=
|quote=}}</ref> of which the beneficiary is the American circumcision industry.

Professor [[Peter W. Adler]], {{JD}}, (2013) argued that non-therapeutic circumcision of boys is unlawful.<ref name="adler2013">{{REFjournal
|last=Adler
|first=Peter W.
|init=PW
|author-link=Peter W. Adler
|title=Is circumcision legal?
|journal=Richmond Journal of Law and the Public Interest
|date=2013
|volume=16
|issue=3
|pages=439-86
|url=https://scholarship.richmond.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1265&context=jolpi
|accessdate=2020-05-08
}}</ref>

Van Howe & Svoboda (2013) criticized the 2012 AAP statement because it failed to include important points, in accurately analyzed and interpret current medical literature, and made unsupported conclusions.<ref name="vanhowe2013">{{REFjournal
|last=Van Howe
|first=Robert S.
|init=RS
|last2=Svoboda
|first2=J. Steven
|init2=JS
|date=2013-07-01
|title=Out of step: fatal flaws in the latest AAP policy report on neonatal circumcision
|url=https://jme.bmj.com/content/39/7/434
|journal=Journal of Medical Ethics
|language=en
|volume=39
|issue=7
|pages=434-441
|DOI=10.1136/medethics-2013-101346
|issn=0306-6800
|pubmedID=23508208
}}</ref>

[[Jen Williams]] organized [[Your Whole Baby]] in 2014.

[[J. Steven Svoboda]] argued against non-therapeutic circumcision.<ref name="svoboda2017">{{REFjournal
|date=2017-08-01
|title=Nontherapeutic Circumcision of Minors as an Ethically Problematic Form of Iatrogenic Injury
|journal=AMA Journal of Ethics
|language=en
|volume=19
|issue=8
|pages=815-824
|DOI=10.1001/journalofethics.2017.19.8.msoc2-1708
|pubmedID=28846521
|issn=2376-6980
|last1=Svoboda
|first1=J.S.
}}</ref> He stated that this decision should be considered in the context of benefit vs risk of harm, rather than simply risk-benefit due to the non-therapeutic nature of the procedure.<ref name="svoboda2017"/> He states that benefits do not outweigh the risks, and also claims that foreskin removal should be considered a sexual harm.<ref name="svoboda2017"/> He also went on to conclude that non-therapeutic circumcision largely violates the physician's duty to respect a patient's autonomy since many procedures take place before a patient is able to freely give consent himself.<ref name="svoboda2017"/>

Reis-Dennis & Reis (2017) asked if physicians should be blamed for harm resulting from unnecessary genital surgeries, including infant circumcision.<ref name="reis-dennis2017">{{REFjournal
|last=Reis-Dennis
|first=
|init=
|author-link=
|last2=Reis
|first2=
|init2=
|author2-link=
|etal=no
|title=Are Physicians Blameworthy for Iatrogenic Harm Resulting from Unnecessary Genital Surgeries?
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=AMA Journal of Ethics
|location=
|date=2017
|volume=19
|issue=8
|article=
|page=
|pages=825-833
|url=
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=28846522
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1001/journalofethics.2017.19.8.msoc3-1708
|accessdate=2021-10-14
}}</ref>

The ill-fated 2012 AAP Circumcision Policy Statement expired on August 31, 2017 because it was not reaffirmed.

Adler, Van Howe, Wisdom & Daase (2020) examined male non-therapeutic circumcision as fraud.<ref name="adler2020">{{REFjournal
|last=Adler
|first=Peter W.
|init=PW
|author-link=Peter W. Adler
|last2=Van Howe
|first2=Robert S.
|init2=RS
|author2-link=Robert S. Van Howe
|last3=Wisdom
|first3=Travis
|init3=T
|author3-link=
|last4=Daase
|first4=Felix
|init4=F
|author4-link=Felix Daase
|etal=no
|title=Is circumcision a fraud?
|journal=Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy
|location=
|date=2020-11
|volume=30
|issue=1
|pages=45-107
|url=https://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/JLPP/upload/Adler-et-al-final.pdf
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=
}}
</ref>

Adler & Daase (2020) reviewed the American debate on non-therapeutic child circumcision for a French-speaking audience.<ref name="adlerB2020>{{REFjournal
|last=Adler
|first=Peter W.
|init=PW
|author-link=Peter W. Adler
|last2=Daase
|first2=Felix
|init2=F
|author2-link=Felix Daase
|etal=no
|title=Actualié du débat sur la circoncision aux États-Unis: Is the Circumcision Debate Over?
|journal=Droit et Cultures
|location=
|date=2020
|volume=79
|issue=1
|pages=207-222
|url=https://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/6276?lang=en
|accessdate=2021-06-19
}}</ref>

[[Ronald Goldman]] led a group of Massachusetts taxpayers who filed a suit against [https://www.mass.gov/topics/masshealth MassHealth] (Massachusetts Medicaid), which is unlawfully paying for non-therapeutic circumcisions with public funds.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://circumcision.org/taxpayers-sue-massachusetts-medicaid-about-circumcisions/
|title=Taxpayers Sue Massachusetts Medicaid About Circumcisions
|first=Ronald
|last=Goldman
|author-link=Ronald Goldman
|publisher=[[Circumcision Resource Center]]
|date=2020-07-22
|accessdate=2021-10-13
}}</ref>

Navia et al. (2020) surveyed the incidence of non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision in four states. The incidence of circumcision in 2016 was found to have declined to 54.5 percent, which translates to an increase in genital integrity and wholeness rate to 45.5 percent.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Navia
|first=Mateo Zambrano
|init=
|author-link=
|last2=Jacobson
|first2=Deborah L.
|init2=
|author2-link=
|last3=Balmert
|first3=Lauren C.
|init3=
|author3-link=
|last4=Rosoklija
|first4=Ilina
|init4=
|author4-link=
|last5=Holl
|first5=Jane L.
|init5=
|author5-link=
|last6=Davis
|first6=Matthew M.
|init6=
|author6-link=
|last7=Johnson
|first7=Emilie K
|init7=
|author7-link=
|etal=no
|title=State-Level Public Insurance Coverage and Neonatal Circumcision Rates
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Pediatrics
|location=
|date=2020-11
|volume=146
|issue=5
|article=
|page=e20201475
|pages=
|url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/146/5/e20201475
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=33055226
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1542/peds.2020-1475
|accessdate=2021-10-13
}}</ref>

The Lavine family of New Jersey has brought a lawsuit against a New Jersey practitioner and the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] that alleges fraud.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.circumcisionisafraud.com/docket-mer-l-000272-21
|title=Circumcision is a Fraud
|last=
|first=
|accessdate=2021-10-13
}}</ref>

A study by [[Intact America]] (2020) reveals how hospitals pressure mothers into granting consent for unneeded and unwanted injurious non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of a newborn boy.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.prweb.com/printer/17552844.htm
|archived=
|title=Having a Baby Boy? Intact America Warns, ‘Get Ready for the Circumcision Sellers!
|trans-title=
|language=
|last=Chapin
|first=Georganne
|author-link=Georganne Chapin
|publisher=Intact America
|website=prweb
|date=2020-11-18
|accessdate=2021-10-13
|format=
|quote=
}}</ref> Infant circumcision is a profit center for many American hospitals so parents are pushed to circumcise.

Jacobson et al. (2021) collected circumcision statistics from the Kids' Inpatient Database from 2002 to 2016. They reported that the incidence of circumcision had "neonatal circumcision rates decreased significantly over time" with 55 percent being circumcised, which translates to a genital integrity (intact) rate increase to 45 percent. In the Midwest, the incidence of circumcision had declined to 75 percent, which translates to a genital integrity rate increase to 25 percent or 1 in 4 boys having intact foreskins.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Jacobson
|first=Deborah L.
|init=
|author-link=
|last2=Balmert
|first2=Lauren C.
|init2=
|author2-link=
|last3=Holl
|first3=Jane L.
|init3=
|author3-link=
|last4=Rosoklija
|first4=Ilina
|init4=
|author4-link=
|last5=Davis
|first5=Matthew M.
|init5=
|author5-link=
|last6=Johnson
|first6Emilie K.
|init6=
|author6-link=
|etal=no
|title=Nationwide Circumcision Trends: 2003 to 2016
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=J Urol
|location=
|date=2021-01
|volume=205
|issue=1
|article=
|page=
|pages=257-63
|url=
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=32716676
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1097/JU.0000000000001316
|accessdate=2021-10-15
}}</ref>
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Financial incentive]]
{{LINKS}}

* {{REFjournal
|last=Bollinger
|init=D
|author-link=Dan Bollinger
|last2=
|init2=
|author2-link=
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321837170_Origins_of_the_Intactivist_Movement_A_Masculine_Foundation
|title=Origins of the intactivist movement: A masculine foundation
|journal=
|date=2017-11-17
|volume=
|issue=
|pages=
|accessdate=2021-10-14
}}

{{ABBR}}
{{REF}}

[[Category:USA]]

Intact America

2021-09-10T12:27:03Z

WikiModEn3:

Intact America

2021-09-10T12:25:27Z

WikiModEn3:

Dan Bollinger

2021-09-10T12:21:18Z

WikiModEn3:

'''Daniel H. Bollinger, III''' ({{LifeData |birth=1951-03-10 |birthplace=Plymouth, Indiana}}) has been involved in [[Intactivism]] since 1995. He serves on [[Intact America]]’s board of directors as vice chair, and was a member if its founding committee. He was instrumental in the creation of Intact America's [http://intactamerica.org/our-strategy/ Tipping Point Strategy].

He was the Director of the [[International Coalition of Genital Integrity]] (ICGI), which is now defunct.

Bollinger's involvement in intactivism grew out his commitment to equal rights; he fought to help pass the Equal Rights Amendment in Indiana when he was in college. "Circumcision was an issue I could relate to—not only because I was circumcised, but because of the equal rights aspect. For most of my life I’ve been troubled by night terrors that I later became convinced were an early recollection of my [[circumcision]] at age three-days."

{{PUB}}
* Bollinger is the author of many articles and papers, which are available at [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dan_Bollinger/publications Research Gate].

* {{REFjournal
|last=Bollinger
|first=Dan
|init=D
|author-link=Dan Bollinger
|last2=Van Howe
|first2=Robert S.
|init2=RS
|author2-link=Robert S. Van Howe
|etal=no
|title=Alexithymia and Circumcision Trauma: A Preliminary Investigation
|journal=International Journal of Men’s Health
|date=2011
|volume=10
|issue=2
|pages=184-95
|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/676d/b908ff4629702b99da6d77739d1300370bd4.pdf
|pubmedID=
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.3149/jmh.1002.184
|accessdate=2021-01-03
|format=PDF
}}

* {{REFdocument
|title=Child genital cutting as an adverse childhood experience
|trans-title=
|language=English
|url=http://adversechildhoodexperiences.net/CGC_as_an_ACE.pdf
|archived=
|contribution=
|quote=
|trans-quote=
|quote-lang=
|last=Bollinger
|first=Dan
|author-link=Dan Bollinger
|last2=Chapin
|first2=Georganne
|author2-link=Georganne Chapin
|publisher=Intact America
|location=Tarrytown
|format=PDF
|date=2019-08
|accessdate=2021-04-02
}}

{{LINKS}}
* [http://circumcisiondecisionmaker.com/ Circumcision Decision Maker]
* [http://intactamerica.org/our-leadership/ Dan Bollinger at Intact America]
* {{URL-FBprofile|dan.bollinger.10|2019-11-17}}
* [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dan_Bollinger/publications Research Gate articles and papers]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bollinger, Dan}}

[[Category:Person]]
[[Category:Male]]

[[Category:Intactivist]]
[[Category:Intactivist of the month]]

[[Category:USA]]

[[de:{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]

Georganne Chapin

2019-12-06T22:53:05Z

WikiModEn3:

'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''', MPhil, JD ({{LifeData |birth=1951-12-02 |birthplace=Yellow Springs, Ohio }}) is the founding executive director for [[Intact America]].

{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Georganne Chapin on White Plains Community TV]]

{{LINKS}}
* {{URL-FBprofile|georganne.chapin|2019-10-12}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chapin, Georganne}}

[[Category:From IntactWiki]]
[[Category:Intactivist]]

[[de:{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]

Georganne Chapin

2019-12-06T22:51:57Z

WikiModEn3: added birth data

'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''', ({{LifeData |birth=1951-12-02 |birthplace=Yellow Springs, Ohio }}), JD is the founding executive director for [[Intact America]].

{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Georganne Chapin on White Plains Community TV]]

{{LINKS}}
* {{URL-FBprofile|georganne.chapin|2019-10-12}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chapin, Georganne}}

[[Category:From IntactWiki]]
[[Category:Intactivist]]

[[de:{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]

Dan Bollinger

2019-12-06T14:07:08Z

WikiModEn3:

Daniel H. Bollinger, III ({{LifeData |birth=1951-03-10 |birthplace=Plymouth, Indiana}}) has been involved in Intactivism since 1995. He serves on [[Intact America]]’s Steering Committee and was a member if its founding committee. He was instrumental in the creation of Intact America's [http://intactamerica.org/our-strategy/ Tipping Point Strategy].

He was the Director of the [[International Coalition of Genital Integrity]] (ICGI), which is now defunct.

Bollinger's involvement in intactivism grew out his commitment to equal rights; he fought to help pass the Equal Rights Amendment in Indiana when he was in college. "Circumcision was an issue I could relate to—not only because I was circumcised, but because of the equal rights aspect. For most of my life I’ve been troubled by night terrors that I later became convinced were an early recollection of my circumcision at age three-days."

{{PUB}}
* Bollinger is the author of many articles and papers, which are available at [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dan_Bollinger/publications Research Gate].

{{LINKS}}
* [http://circumcisiondecisionmaker.com/ Circumcision Decision Maker]
* [http://intactamerica.org/our-leadership/ Dan Bollinger at Intact America]
* {{URL-FBprofile|dan.bollinger.10|2019-11-17}}
* [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dan_Bollinger/publications Research Gate articles and papers]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bollinger, Dan}}

[[Category:Intactivist]]
[[Category:Intactivist of the month]]
[[Category:USA]]

Dan Bollinger

2019-12-06T14:06:00Z

WikiModEn3: added my birth date and full name for posterity

Jim Bigelow

2019-12-06T14:04:12Z

WikiModEn3:

{{FromIntactWiki
|Title=Jim Bigelow
|URL=http://intactwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Bigelow&oldid=2074}}

'''Jim Bigelow''', Ph.D. ({{LifeData |death=2019-12-05}}) is the author of [[The Joy of Uncircumcising]], one of the first books on the topic of [[foreskin restoration]]. Bigelow revised and updated duplicated material from [[BUFF]]'s sheets in 1990; he established the UNCircumcising Information and Resources Centers ([[UNCIRC]]) in California in 1991, and wrote his book "The Joy of Uncircumcising!" in 1992. Since then the book has been reviewed in JAMA (The Journal of the American Medical Association), Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, and various men's movement publications such as Journeyman and Mentor.

In June 1994, Jim Bigelow decided to incorporate UNCIRC under [[NORM]].

Jim Bigelow has led a diverse professional life as a professor, therapist, clergyman and author. He earned his doctorate
in psychology at Claremont Graduate School and served as a Professor of Psychology at Whittier College. He has also lectured abroad extensively and pastored several Evangelical churches. He is the father of two grown children and lives with his wife in California.

{{PUB}}
{{LISTbook
| last=Bigelow
| first=Jim
| year=1994
| title=The Joy of Uncircumcising!: Exploring Circumcision: History, Myths, Psychology, Restoration, Sexual Pleasure, and Human Rights
| url=https://www.amazon.com/Joy-Uncircumcising-Circumcision-Psychology-Restoration/dp/093406122X
| editor=
| edition=2
| volume=
| chapter=
| pages=
| location=
| publisher=Hourglass Book Pub
| isbn=978-0934061223
}}

{{LINKS}}
* [https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/health-they-took-my-foreskin-and-i-want-it-back-some-men-feel-their-circumcision-at-birth-was-an-1458890.html Health: They took my foreskin and I want it back], The Independent, Cherrill Hicks, 1993-08-03
* http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/bigelow1/
* http://www.norm.org/history.html
* http://www.amazon.com/Jim-Bigelow/e/B001KCECP6

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bigelow, Jim}}

[[Category:From IntactWiki]]
[[Category:Author]]
[[Category:Foreskin restoration]]
[[Category:Intactivist]]
[[Category:USA]]

[[de:Jim Bigelow]]

Jim Bigelow

2019-12-06T14:03:44Z

WikiModEn3: added death date format, removed mention of his death in the text

{{FromIntactWiki
|Title=Jim Bigelow
|URL=http://intactwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Bigelow&oldid=2074}}

'''Jim Bigelow''', Ph.D. ({{LifeData |death=2019-12-05}})is the author of [[The Joy of Uncircumcising]], one of the first books on the topic of [[foreskin restoration]]. Bigelow revised and updated duplicated material from [[BUFF]]'s sheets in 1990; he established the UNCircumcising Information and Resources Centers ([[UNCIRC]]) in California in 1991, and wrote his book "The Joy of Uncircumcising!" in 1992. Since then the book has been reviewed in JAMA (The Journal of the American Medical Association), Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, and various men's movement publications such as Journeyman and Mentor.

In June 1994, Jim Bigelow decided to incorporate UNCIRC under [[NORM]].

Jim Bigelow has led a diverse professional life as a professor, therapist, clergyman and author. He earned his doctorate
in psychology at Claremont Graduate School and served as a Professor of Psychology at Whittier College. He has also lectured abroad extensively and pastored several Evangelical churches. He is the father of two grown children and lives with his wife in California.

{{PUB}}
{{LISTbook
| last=Bigelow
| first=Jim
| year=1994
| title=The Joy of Uncircumcising!: Exploring Circumcision: History, Myths, Psychology, Restoration, Sexual Pleasure, and Human Rights
| url=https://www.amazon.com/Joy-Uncircumcising-Circumcision-Psychology-Restoration/dp/093406122X
| editor=
| edition=2
| volume=
| chapter=
| pages=
| location=
| publisher=Hourglass Book Pub
| isbn=978-0934061223
}}

{{LINKS}}
* [https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/health-they-took-my-foreskin-and-i-want-it-back-some-men-feel-their-circumcision-at-birth-was-an-1458890.html Health: They took my foreskin and I want it back], The Independent, Cherrill Hicks, 1993-08-03
* http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/bigelow1/
* http://www.norm.org/history.html
* http://www.amazon.com/Jim-Bigelow/e/B001KCECP6

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bigelow, Jim}}

[[Category:From IntactWiki]]
[[Category:Author]]
[[Category:Foreskin restoration]]
[[Category:Intactivist]]
[[Category:USA]]

[[de:Jim Bigelow]]

Matthew Hess

2019-11-18T21:39:34Z

WikiModEn3: added links and Foreskin Man mention

'''Matthew Hess''' is president of [http://mgmbill.org MGMbill.org]. He also authored and published seven graphic novels in his "[http://www.mgmbill.org/foreskin-man.html Foreskin Man]" series.

{{LINKS}}
* [https://www.facebook.com/mgmbill Facebook profile]

This person is mentioned on [[IntactWiki]] for being an intactivist. No other information is mentioned there.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hess, Matthew}}

[[Category:From IntactWiki]]
[[Category:Intactivist]]

[[de:Matthew Hess]]

CIRP

2019-11-18T21:34:36Z

WikiModEn3: added note about lack of updates. readers should know this resource is dated.

'''"CIRP - Circumcision Information and Resource Pages"''' is an Internet resource that provide information about all aspects of the genital surgery known as [[circumcision]]. The website has not had any significant updates since 2013, and some pages have languished even longer.

CIRP is essentially divided into two parts:
* The '''Circumcision Reference Library''' contains technical material, medical and historical articles, and statistics.
* The '''Circumcision Information Pages''' contain a more readable collection of information, suitable for parents and educators.

{{LINKS}}
* {{URLwebsite|http://www.cirp.org/|2019-09-15}}

[[Category:Intactivism organization]]

[[de:CIRP]]

AAP Circumcision Task Force 2012

2019-11-18T21:26:22Z

WikiModEn3: added policy expiration note

The persons listed here are members of the [[American_Academy_of_Pediatrics|American Academy of Pediatrics]] Task Force responsible for the 2012 Policy Statement on Circumcision, as listed at the end of the Policy Statement.<ref> AAP policies stand for five years unless renewed; this policy expired in 2017. Currently, the AAP does not have a circumcision policy.

{{REFweb
|quote=Task Force on Circumcision
|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2012/08/22/peds.2012-1989.abstract
|title=Circumcision Policy Statement
|last=
|first=
|publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics
|website=United States of America
|date=
|accessdate=2012-08-27
}}</ref>

== Task Force on Circumcision 2012 ==

* [[Susan_Blank|Susan Blank]], MD, MPH, Chairperson
* [[Michael Brady]], MD, Representing the Committee on Pediatric AIDS
* Ellen Buerk, MD, Representing the AAP Board of Directors
* Waldemar Carlo, MD, Representing the AAP Committee on Fetus and Newborn
* [[Douglas_Diekema|Douglas Diekema]], MD, MPH, Representing the AAP Committee on Bioethics
* [[Andrew_Freedman|Andrew Freedman]], MD, Representing the AAP Section on Urology
* Lynne Maxwell, MD, Representing the AAP Section on Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
* Steven Wegner, MD, JD, Representing the AAP Committee on Child Health Financing

=== Liaisons ===

* Charles LeBaron, MD – [[Centers_for_Disease_Control|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]
* Lesley Atwood, MD – American Academy of Family Physicians
* Sabrina Craigo, MD – American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

=== Consultants ===

* Susan K. Flinn, MA – Medical Writer
* Esther C. Janowsky, MD, PhD

=== Staff ===

* Edward P. Zimmerman, MS

== Task Force on Circumcision 1999 ==

Members of the Task Force on circumcision 1998-1999<ref>{{REFweb
|quote=Task Force on Circumcision 1999
|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/103/3/686.full.pdf+html
|title=Circumcision Policy Statement 1999
|last=
|first=
|publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics
|website=United States of America
|date=
|accessdate=2012-09-26
}}</ref>

{{Citation
|Title=Summary of Policy Statement 1999
|Text=Existing scientific evidence demonstrates potential medical benefits of newborn male circumcision; however, these data are not sufficient to recommend routine neonatal circumcision. In the case of circumcision, in which there are potential benefits and risks, yet the procedure is not essential to the child’s current well-being, parents should determine what is in the best interest of the child. To make an informed choice, parents of all male infants should be given accurate and unbiased information and be provided the opportunity to discuss this decision. It is legitimate for parents to take into account cultural, religious, and ethnic traditions, in addition to the medical factors, when making this decision. Analgesia is safe and effective in reducing the procedural pain associated with circumcision; therefore, if a decision for circumcision is made, procedural analgesia should be provided. If circumcision is performed in the newborn period, it should only be done on infants who are stable and healthy.
|Author=
|Source=
|ref=<ref>http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/103/3/686.full.pdf+html</ref>
}}

* Carole M. Lannon, MD, MPH, Chairperson
* Ann Geryl Doll Bailey, MD
* Alan R. Fleischman, MD
* George W. Kaplan, MD
* Craig T. Shoemaker, MD
* Jack T. Swanson, MD
* Donald Coustan, MD

{{REF}}

[[Category:American Academy of Pediatrics]]

[[Category:From CircLeaks]]
[[Category:From IntactWiki]]

[[de:{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]

Talk:Martin Novoa

2019-11-18T18:19:39Z

WikiModEn3:

"being the Legal and Bioethics Advisor to Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)" The director of DOC said he did not bestow this title upon Novoa.

Talk:Martin Novoa

2019-11-18T18:18:15Z

WikiModEn3: Created page with "I removed this claim "being the Legal and Bioethics Advisor to Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)" The director of DOC said he did not bestow this title upon Novoa."

I removed this claim "being the Legal and Bioethics Advisor to Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)" The director of DOC said he did not bestow this title upon Novoa.

Dan Bollinger

2019-11-17T16:09:27Z

WikiModEn3:

Dan Bollinger has been involved in Intactivism since 1995. He serves on [[Intact America]]’s Steering Committee and was a member if its founding committee. He was instrumental in the creation of Intact America's [http://intactamerica.org/our-strategy/ Tipping Point Strategy].

He was the Director of the [[International Coalition of Genital Integrity]] (ICGI), which is now defunct.

Bollinger's involvement in intactivism grew out his commitment to equal rights; he fought to help pass the Equal Rights Amendment in Indiana when he was in college. "Circumcision was an issue I could relate to—not only because I was circumcised, but because of the equal rights aspect. For most of my life I’ve been troubled by night terrors that I later became convinced were an early recollection of my circumcision at age three-days."

{{PUB}}
* Bollinger is the author of many articles and papers, which are available at [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dan_Bollinger/publications Research Gate].

{{LINKS}}
* [http://circumcisiondecisionmaker.com/ Circumcision Decision Maker]
* [http://intactamerica.org/our-leadership/ Dan Bollinger at Intact America]
* [https://www.facebook.com/dan.bollinger.10 Facebook profile]
* [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dan_Bollinger/publications Research Gate articles and papers]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bollinger, Dan}}

[[Category:Intactivist]]
[[Category:Intactivist of the month]]
[[Category:USA]]

[[de:Dan Bollinger]]

Child Genital Cutting (CGC)

2019-11-17T14:58:17Z

WikiModEn3: new page

Child Genital Cutting (CGC) is a collective term for female genital mutilation/cutting, male genital mutilation/cutting, and intersex gender-norming surgery.

The term “child genital cutting” refers to involuntary surgery undertaken to modify the genitalia of a child by any adult from birth to age 18. This term is used to avoid euphemisms like “circumcision,” vague terms like “procedure,” and inflammatory terms like “mutilation.”

It is the term most preferred by [[Intact America]].


[[Category:Terms]]

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

2019-11-17T14:51:21Z

WikiModEn3:

Involuntary childhood genital cutting—including female genital mutilation, gender-norming surgery of intersex children, and male circumcision—is painful and traumatic and has been found to permanently alter individuals' sexuality, and to have other lifelong consequences. These early traumas are not yet included on the ACE checklist.

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) harm children's developing brains. They lead to changing how children respond to stress and damaging their immune systems so profoundly that the effects show up decades later. ACEs cause much of our chronic disease burden, most mental illness, and are at the root of violence.

ACEs are strongly associated with high-risk health behaviors in adulthood, such as smoking, alcohol and drug abuse, promiscuity, and obesity; and with ill health, including depression, heart and lung disease, cancer, and decreased lifespan.

ACEs have a dose-response relationship with many health problems. That is, as the number of ACEs accumulates, the greater the health risks to the individual.

ACEs come from the CDC-Kaiser Adverse Childhood Experiences Study, a groundbreaking public health study that discovered that childhood trauma leads to the adult onset of chronic diseases, depression and other mental illness, violence and being a victim of violence, as well as financial and social problems.

{{LINKS}}
* [http://adversechildhoodexperiences.net Adverse Childhood Experiences]


[[Category:Acronym]]
[[Category:Terms]]

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

2019-11-17T14:49:11Z

WikiModEn3: Created page with "Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) harm children's developing brains. They lead to changing how children respond to stress and damaging their immune systems so profoundly th..."

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) harm children's developing brains. They lead to changing how children respond to stress and damaging their immune systems so profoundly that the effects show up decades later. ACEs cause much of our chronic disease burden, most mental illness, and are at the root of violence.

ACEs are strongly associated with high-risk health behaviors in adulthood, such as smoking, alcohol and drug abuse, promiscuity, and obesity; and with ill health, including depression, heart and lung disease, cancer, and decreased lifespan.

ACEs have a dose-response relationship with many health problems. That is, as the number of ACEs accumulates, the greater the health risks to the individual.

ACEs come from the CDC-Kaiser Adverse Childhood Experiences Study, a groundbreaking public health study that discovered that childhood trauma leads to the adult onset of chronic diseases, depression and other mental illness, violence and being a victim of violence, as well as financial and social problems.

{{LINKS}}
* [http://adversechildhoodexperiences.net Adverse Childhood Experiences]


[[Category:Acronym]]
[[Category:Terms]]

Routine Infant Circumcision

2019-11-17T14:39:55Z

WikiModEn3:

'''R'''outine '''I'''nfant '''C'''ircumcision (RIC)

Mainly in the United States, boys are still [[Circumcision|circumcised]] in many hospitals immediately after birth. Very often, this is done without informing or asking the parents previously at all.

[[de:Routinemäßige Jungen-Beschneidung]]

Routine Infant Circumcision

2019-11-17T14:39:38Z

WikiModEn3:

Category:Acronym

2019-11-17T14:38:26Z

WikiModEn3:

{{Template:WikipediaQuote|URL=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym}}

An acronym is a word or name formed as an abbreviation from the initial components in a phrase or a word, usually individual letters (e.g. NATO, radar, or laser) and sometimes syllables (as in ''Benelux''). Abbreviations (i.e. Abbrev.) and initializations (i.e. MGM) are often confused as acronyms.

[[de:Kategorie:Akronym]]

Georganne Chapin

2019-11-17T14:34:19Z

WikiModEn3:

{{FULLPAGENAME}} MPhil, JD is the executive founding director for [[Intact America]].

{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Georganne Chapin on White Plains Community TV]]

{{LINKS}}
* {{URL-FBprofile|georganne.chapin|2019-10-12}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chapin, Georganne}}

[[Category:From IntactWiki]]
[[Category:Intactivist]]

[[de:{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]

PTSD

2019-11-17T14:30:30Z

WikiModEn3:

#REDIRECT [[Posttraumatic stress disorder]]

[[de:PTBS]]

Jews Against Circumcision

2019-11-17T14:29:42Z

WikiModEn3: WikiModEn3 moved page Jews Against Circumcision to Jews Against Circumcision (J.A.C.)

#REDIRECT [[Jews Against Circumcision (J.A.C.)]]

Jews Against Circumcision (J.A.C.)

2019-11-17T14:29:42Z

WikiModEn3: WikiModEn3 moved page Jews Against Circumcision to Jews Against Circumcision (J.A.C.)

The Facebook page '''"Jews Against Circumcision"''' (J.A.C.) is driven by a group of educated and enlightened Jews who realize that the barbaric, primitive, torturous, and mutilating practice of non-consensual [[circumcision]] should never have had a place in Judaism.

{{LINKS}}
* {{URL-FBpage|pages/Jews-Against-Circumcision/165424110207450|2019-09-16}}

[[Category:Acronym]]
[[Category:Intactivism organization]]
[[Category:Jewish]]
[[Category:Judaism]]

[[de:Jews Against Circumcision]]

HGM

2019-11-17T14:29:00Z

WikiModEn3:

An initialization (not an acronym): '''H'''uman '''G'''enital '''M'''utilation.

[http://www.icgi.org/information/hgm-classification/ International Coalition for Genital Integrity (ICGI)] introduced the term Human Genital Mutilation (HGM) in 2006.

[[Lloyd Schofield]] has been using the hashtag '''#HGM''' for human genital mutilation frequently and particularly when responding to articles about [[FGM]] on Twitter. It's being picked up there, so please consider using #HGM, too.

HGM is a collective category for [[FGM]], [[IGM]], and [[MGM]].

[[Category:Terms]]

[[de:HGM]]
[[sv:HGM]]

Saving Our Sons

2019-11-17T14:23:24Z

WikiModEn3: WikiModEn3 moved page Saving Our Sons to Saving Our Sons (SoS)

#REDIRECT [[Saving Our Sons (SoS)]]

Saving Our Sons (SoS)

2019-11-17T14:23:23Z

WikiModEn3: WikiModEn3 moved page Saving Our Sons to Saving Our Sons (SoS)

'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' (SOS) serves four primary purposes:

# To provide ample research-based information to families with boys or expecting boys.
# To provide accurate, research-based materials to birth and newborn care educators, health teachers, professors, physicians, midwives, doulas, and others working with expecting and new parents.
# To act as a positive, pro-intact location of empowerment and information that is rooted in child-friendly health and empirical literature.
# To provide workshops and courses free of cost to parents, practitioners, and educators as funding is available. Workshops include formats for both expecting parents, and for practitioners and educators who wish to become better versed in intact care, development, and restoration in order to share with clients.

{{LINKS}}
* {{URLwebsite|http://www.savingsons.org|2019-09-16}}
* {{URL-FBpage|SavingOurSons|2019-09-16}}

[[Category:Intactivism organization]]
[[Category:Acronym]]

[[de:{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]

Routine Infant Circumcision

2019-11-17T14:22:47Z

WikiModEn3:

'''RIC''' is an acronym for '''R'''outine '''I'''nfant '''C'''ircumcision.

Mainly in the United States, boys are still [[Circumcision|circumcised]] in many hospitals immediately after birth. Very often, this is done without informing or asking the parents previously at all.

[[Category:Acronym]]
[[de:Routinemäßige Jungen-Beschneidung]]

Routine Infant Circumcision

2019-11-17T14:22:23Z

WikiModEn3:

Posttraumatic stress disorder

2019-11-17T14:21:43Z

WikiModEn3:

The following text is quoted from the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Posttraumatic_stress_disorder Wikipedia]:

<blockquote>
'''Posttraumatic stress disorder''' ('''PTSD''') may develop after a person is exposed to one or more traumatic events, such as major stress, sexual assault, terrorism, or other threats on a person's life.<ref>American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 271–280. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.</ref> The diagnosis may be given when a group of symptoms, such as disturbing recurring flashbacks, avoidance or numbing of memories of the event, and hyperarousal, continue for more than a month after the occurrence of a traumatic event.

Most people having experienced a traumatizing event will not develop PTSD.<ref>National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK) (2005). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56494/ "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: The Management of PTSD in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care"]. NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 26. Gaskell (Royal College of Psychiatrists). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0015848/ Lay summary] – Pubmed Health (plain English).</ref> People who experience assault-based trauma are more likely to develop PTSD, as opposed to people who experience non-assault based trauma such as witnessing trauma, accidents, and fire events.<ref>Zoladz, Phillip (June 2013). "Current status on behavioral and biological markers of PTSD: A search for clarity in a conflicting literature". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 37 (5): 860-895. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neubiorev.2013.03.024</ref> Children are less likely to experience PTSD after trauma than adults, especially if they are under ten years of age. War veterans are commonly at risk for PTSD.
</blockquote>

{{REF}}

[[de:Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung]]

MGM

2019-11-17T14:21:17Z

WikiModEn3:

Acronym: '''M'''ale '''G'''enital '''M'''utilation.

There are many terms for MGM used in discussions. Here is a collection (without any rating):

* Amputation
* Child abuse
* [[Circumcision]]
* Forced Infant Circumcision (FIC)
* Foreskin amputation
* Genital cutting
* Genital mutilation
* Infant penis mutilation
* Just a little snip
* Non-indicated infant penis reduction surgery
* Posthectomy
* Sexual mutilation
* Unnecessary foreskin amputation

{{SEEALSO}}
* [[FGM]]
* [[Foreskin]]
* [[Glans penis|Glans]]
* [[HGM]]
* [[IGM]]
* [[Penis]]

[[Category:Terms]]

[[de:MGM]]
[[es:MGM]]
[[sv:MGM]]

International Standard Book Number

2019-11-17T14:20:50Z

WikiModEn3:

The '''I'''nternational '''S'''tandard '''B'''ook '''N'''umber ('''ISBN''') is a unique numeric commercial book identifier based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) code created by Gordon Foster, Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Trinity College, Dublin, for the booksellers and stationers W. H. Smith and others in 1966.



[[Category:From IntactWiki]]

[[de:International Standard Book Number]]

HGM

2019-11-17T14:20:30Z

WikiModEn3:

Acronym: '''H'''uman '''G'''enital '''M'''utilation.

[[Lloyd Schofield]] has been using the hashtag '''#HGM''' for human genital mutilation frequently and particularly when responding to articles about [[FGM]] on Twitter. It's being picked up there, so please consider using #HGM, too.

The acronym '''HGM''' includes the acronyms [[FGM]], [[IGM]], and [[MGM]].

[[Category:Terms]]

[[de:HGM]]
[[sv:HGM]]

IGM

2019-11-17T14:19:51Z

WikiModEn3:

Acronym: '''I'''ntersex '''G'''enital '''M'''utilation.

Intersexual here means people with different chromosomal, hormonal and/or anatomical characteristics, which are not unique to the medical definitions of man or woman.<ref>http://fra.europa.eu/de/press-release/2015/die-rechte-intersexueller-werden-allzu-haufig-nicht-zur-kenntnis-genommen</ref>

{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Circumcision]]
* [[FGM]]
* [[HGM]]
* [[MGM]]

{{REF}}

[[Category:Terms]]

[[de:IGM]]
[[es:IGM]]
[[sv:IGM]]

FGM

2019-11-17T14:19:03Z

WikiModEn3:

Acronym: '''F'''emale '''G'''enital '''M'''utilation.

{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Circumcision]]
* [[HGM]]
* [[IGM]]
* [[Khafz]]
* [[MGM]]

[[Category:Terms]]

[[de:FGM]]
[[es:FGM]]
[[sv:FGM]]

Attorneys for the Rights of the Child

2019-11-17T14:18:25Z

WikiModEn3: WikiModEn3 moved page Attorneys for the Rights of the Child to ARC – Attorneys for the Rights of the Child: adding acronym

#REDIRECT [[ARC – Attorneys for the Rights of the Child]]

ARC – Attorneys for the Rights of the Child

2019-11-17T14:18:25Z

WikiModEn3: WikiModEn3 moved page Attorneys for the Rights of the Child to ARC – Attorneys for the Rights of the Child: adding acronym

'''"ARC - Attorneys for the Rights of the Child"''' (California, USA) is an international network of attorneys and supporters which now addresses the multi-faceted issue of [[MGM|genital mutilation]] of children, particularly the practice of male [[circumcision]]. ARC is a non-profit organization founded to secure equal protection for, and broaden judicial and public recognition of, children’s legal and human rights to bodily integrity and self-determination.

The current board of ''ARC - Attorneys for the Rights of the Child'':
* [[Peter W. Adler]]
* [[Marc E. Angelucci]], Esq.
* [[J. Steven Svoboda]], Esq.
* [[Georganne Chapin]], Secretary
* [[David Wilton]], Esq., ARC Legal Strategist
* [[David Llewellyn]]
* [[Anthony Levin]]

''Attorneys for the Rights of the Child'' supports the [[WWDOGA]].

{{LINKS}}
* {{URLwebsite|http://www.arclaw.org|2019-09-16}}
* {{URL-FBpage|ARCLAW|2019-09-16}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Attorneys}}

[[Category:Attorney]]
[[Category:Intactivism organization]]
[[Category:USA]]
[[Category:Acronym]]

[[de:Attorneys for the Rights of the Child]]

NOCIRC

2019-11-17T14:15:03Z

WikiModEn3:

#REDIRECT [[Genital Autonomy America]]
[[Category:Acronym]]

ARC – Attorneys for the Rights of the Child

2019-11-17T14:14:20Z

WikiModEn3: