View source for Boldt v. Boldt

{{Construction Site}}
'''Boldt v. Boldt''' is formally a child custody case from the state of Oregon, however it actually is about the proposed non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of a boy for the father's religious belief.

On Sunday, May 30, 2004, the mother, Russian-born Mrs. Lia Nikolaevna Boldt, learned from her son, nine-year-old Mikhail James Boldt, known as Misha/Jimmy, that the custodial father, James Harlan Boldt, was planning on having him circumcised as part of the father's plan to convert the child from the Russian Orthodox faith to the Jewish faith.<ref>{{REFdocument
 |title= Appelant's Brief and Excerpt of Record
 |url=
 |contribution=
 |last=Patrick
 |first=Clayton 
 |publisher=
 |format=
 |date=2005-08-10
 |accessdate=
}}</ref>

==Legal proceedings==

The case started in 2004 when James Boldt, a divorced father, who had custody of his nine-year-old son, decided to convert from Russian Orthodox to Judaism and wanted to have his son circumcised in accordance with the [[Abrahamic covenant]].  The son, however, had not converted and did not want to be circumcised. He was supported by his mother in his desire for genital integrity.<ref name="svoboda2010">{{REFweb
 |url=https://arclaw.org.customers.tigertech.net/wp-content/uploads/Svoboda-Three-Fourths-Were-Abnormal-Mishas-Case-Sick-Societies-and-the-Law-Denniston-Milos-Hodges-Genital-Autonomy-Protecting-Personal-Choice-2010.pdf
 |archived=
 |title=“Three-Fourths Were Abnormal”—Misha’s Case, Sick Societies, and the Law
 |trans-title=
 |language=
 |last=Svoboda
 |first=J. Steven
 |author-link=J. Steven Svoboda
 |publisher=
 |website=arclaw
 |date=2010
 |accessdate=2020-04-23
 |format=
 |quote=
}}</ref>

His mother, Mrs. Lia Boldt, represented by Clayton C. Patrick, filed suit in the [https://www.courts.oregon.gov/courts/jackson/Pages/default.aspx Jackson County Circuit Court] for an injunction to prohibit the circumcision and for change of custody, which was denied. (No. 98-2318-D(3)) The court said:
<blockquote>
I am still of the opinion that the decision of whether or not a child has elective surgery, which this appears to be, is a call that should be made and is reserved to the custodial parent.… I don't believe that there is any reason to have a hearing at this point on a motion for change of custody until and if – and I'm certainly not even saying it would be appropriate later. I don't see that this is grounds for an emergency change of custody. And as I said, I firmly believe that this is one of the very types of issues, because of the controversy surrounding it, the potential for disagreement, that are given to the custodial parent.
</blockquote>
The court did not think that the father's desire to cut off part of his son's [{penis]] was grounds for a change of custody, however the court granted the injunction against the proposed circumcision. Lia Boldt then filed an appeal of the circuit court's decision with the [https://www.courts.oregon.gov/courts/appellate/coa/Pages/default.aspx Oregon Court of Appeals] (OCA).<ref name="svoboda2010" /> The OCA rejected Lia Boldt's appeal. 

She then appealed to the [https://www.courts.oregon.gov/courts/appellate/supreme/Pages/default.aspx Oregon Supreme Court] (OSC) in 2007. It was at this point that [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision]] entered the case. Doctors Opposing Circumcision realized that the ORS needed information about circumcision and about the child's rights under Constitutional and international human rights law, so it filed an ''amicus curaie'' brief to help the Court understand why it should accept the case. The brief stated in part:
<blockquote>
Mikhail (Misha/Jimmy) James Boldt, (hereinafter ‘Misha/Jimmy’) is a minor who is legally incompetent. Nevertheless, Misha/Jimmy is a person with rights of his own. As a minor he deserves special protection under Oregon, and international law. Misha/Jimmy has an unalienable right to protection and security of his person, and the Courts  of  the  State  of  Oregon  have  a  corresponding  obligation  to  protect  his  rights independent from and even despite the wishes of a parent who might endanger the child unnecessarily.<ref name="docbrief1">{{REFdocument
 |title=BRIEF OF AMICUS CURIAE, DOCTORS OPPOSING CIRCUMCISION,IN SUPPORT OF THE PETITION FOR REVIEW
 |url=https://pool.intactiwiki.org/images/2007-04_BoldtReviewBrief.pdf
 |contribution=
 |last=Geisheker
 |first=John V.
 |publisher=Doctors Opposing Circumcision
 |format=PDF
 |date=2007-04
 |accessdate=2020-04-22
}}</ref>
</blockquote>

After the OSC granted certiorari, DOC submitted a second ''amicus curiae'' brief to address the merits of the case. That second brief, in summation, stated:
<blockquote>
There is no basis on which the father can hope to prevail in the face of overwhelming protections offered to Misha/Jimmy by the Washington, Oregon, and U.S. Constitutions, and moreover, in face of the protections offered by international treaties, in particular, the ICCPR. The Supreme Court has stated that "a child, merely on account of his minority, is not beyond the protection of the Constitution" There are no material facts at dispute that require further hearings on the child’s fundamental rights.<ref name="docbrief2">{{REFdocument
 |title=BRIEF ON  THE MERITS OF ''AMICUS CURIAE'', DOCTORS OPPOSING CIRCUMCISION 
 |url=https://pool.intactiwiki.org/images/2007-07-31_BoldtAmicusBriefMerits.pdf
 |contribution=
 |last=Geisheker
 |first=John
 |publisher=Doctors Opposing Circumcision
 |format=PDF
 |date=2007-07
 |accessdate=2020-04-23
}}</ref> 
</blockquote>

When the OSC eventually ruled in an unanimous decision in January 2008, it reversed the decision of the trial court, reversed the decision of the OCA, and remanded the case to the Jackson County Circuit Court with instructions to determine the boy's wishes regarding circumcision. The opinion stated:
<blockquote>
However, in this case, mother has averred in her affidavit that M objects to the circumcision. In our view, at age 12, M's attitude regarding circumcision, though not conclusive of the custody issue presented here, is a fact necessary to the determination of whether mother has asserted a colorable claim of a change of circumstances sufficient to warrant a hearing concerning whether to change custody. That is so because forcing M at age 12 to undergo the circumcision against his will could seriously affect the relationship between M and father, and could have a pronounced effect on father's capability to properly care for M. … Thus, if mother's assertions are verified the trial court would be entitled to reconsider custody. As to that inquiry, however, we think that no decision should be made without some assessment of M's true state of mind. That conclusion dictates the outcome here.

We remand the case to the trial court with instructions to resolve the factual issue whether M agrees or objects to the circumcision. In order to resolve that question, the trial court may choose to determine M's state of mind utilizing means available to it under the relevant provisions of ORS 107.425. If the trial court finds that M agrees to be circumcised, the court shall enter an order denying mother's motions. If, however, the trial court finds that M opposes the circumcision, it must then determine whether M's opposition to the circumcision will affect father's ability to properly care for M. And, if necessary, the trial court then can determine whether it is in M's best interests to retain the existing custody arrangement, whether other conditions should be imposed on father's continued custody of M, or change custody from father to mother.<ref name="osc2008">{{REFdocument
 |title=Boldt and Boldt, (CC No. 98-2318-D(3); CA A126175; SC S054714)
 |url= https://law.justia.com/cases/oregon/supreme-court/2008/s054714.html
 |contribution=
 |last=
 |first=
 |publisher=Oregon Supreme Court
 |format=
 |date=2008-01-25
 |accessdate=2020-04-19
}}</ref>
</blockquote>

The father, James Boldt, then appealed the decision of the OSC to the [https://www.supremecourt.gov/ United States Supreme Court], however a writ of certiorari was denied.<ref>555 US 814. No. 07–1348. Boldt v. Boldt. Sup. Ct. Ore. Certiorari denied. October 6, 2008.  Reported below: 344 Ore. 1, 176 P. 3d 388. (2008).</ref>

The case on remand was now in the Jackson County Circuit Court again. Judge Lisa Greif held a hearing on 22 April 2009. Misha/Jimmy testified in chambers "that he did NOT want to be circumcised, he did NOT want to convert to Judaism, was afraid of his father and wanted to live with his mother."<ref name="svoboda2010" /> <ref name="geisheker2009">{{REFweb
 |url=http://www.circinfo.org/Boldt_case.html
 |title=American legal precedent confirms child’s right to reject circumcision
 |last=Geisheker
 |first=John
 |author-link=John V. Geisheker
 |accessdate=2020-04-18
}}</ref>

John Geisheker commented:
<blockquote>
"Misha went home with his father the day of the final appearance before Judge Greif on April 22. No one knows what transpired later between the father and the son who had bravely defied him -at age 14- in the Judge's chambers, and before the many attendees at the hearing."
</blockquote>
The Court then issued a verbal order from the bench that the boy was not to be circumcised.  The court then followed that with a written order on 2 June 2009, in which the court found that a substantial change of circumstances had occurred and ordered an investigation by an independent child custody evaluator for a future evidentiary hearing.<ref name="geisheker2009" />

In September 2009, facing a custody hearing he was likely to lose, the father voluntarily agreed to give up physical custody of Misha (now 14-years-old) to his mother with court approval. The stipulated custody order provides:
<blockquote>
1. Mother and Father shall have joint legal custody of the minor child.<br>
2. The minor child shall have his primary residence with Mother according to the joint parenting plan attached herein as Exhibit 1.<ref>{{REFdocument
 |title=__Stipulated Supplemental Parenting Order
 |url=
 |contribution=
 |last=Grief
 |first=Lisa
 |publisher=Jackson County Circuit Court
 |format=
 |date=2009-09-29
 |accessdate=
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
The child’s proposed circumcision, at one point only hours away, remains judicially prohibited.<ref name="geisheker2010">{{REFjournal
 |last=Geisheker
 |first=John V.
 |author-link=John V. Geisheker
 |etal=no
 |title=Where is the voice of the man the child will become?
 |trans-title=
 |language=
 |journal=J Clin Ethics
 |location=
 |date=2010-03
 |volume=21
 |issue=1
 |pages=86-8
 |url=https://pool.intactiwiki.org/images/2010-03_JCE21-1_Geisheker-1.pdf
 |archived=
 |quote=
 |pubmedID=20465080
 |pubmedCID=
 |DOI=
 |accessdate=2020-04-23
}}</ref>

Thus ended in victory a five-year legal battle to save a boy's [[foreskin]]. The boy's legal, constitutional, and human rights prevailed over the father's claimed religious right to excise a [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions| functional body part]] from his son's body. The father's supporters, the American Jewish Congress, the American Jewish Committee, the Anti-Defamation League, and the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America were also on the losing side.

[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]] filed two ''amicus curiae'' briefs in this case and was successful in protecting the boy's [[foreskin]] from [[circumcision]].

The case also set a legal precedent regarding the rights of the male child to legal protection of his person.

==Commentary on Boldt v. Boldt==

There has been a fair amount of commentary on this case.

Sherry F. Colb (2007) wrote:
<blockquote>
Though it is, in some respects, very unusual, this case nonetheless highlights a somewhat hidden and more widespread assumption embedded in our laws - that if a couple's mainstream religion requires them to inflict harm upon their child, then the law will not interfere with that prerogative. … In the Boldt case, the boy at issue is not a newborn but an adolescent, a 12-year-old, who not only has the self-evident capacity to feel pain but who could also offer his own opinion on the question of whether he should have his foreskin amputated. So far, we do not know from press accounts what the boy thinks about his father's plans, although his mother claims that he is opposed yet reluctant to say so. Even assuming, however, that the 12-year-old is neutral on the question, the notion of subjecting a child his age to such a surgery would likely seem barbaric to many people. There is, after all, no medical need to circumcise the boy. His foreskin is, so far as we know, not plagued with any disease or other malignancy. No doctor has offered the medical opinion that the family really ought to circumcise the boy. The only reason to do it is that his father has found religion and wishes to bring his son into the faith. … It is when parents disagree with each other and ask the courts to step in that we are uniquely able to consider some of the harm to which people expose their offspring. The Boldt case thus may, in this way, help us focus on what is otherwise "routine" in parenting and perhaps become more sensitive to the sorts of harm that we might otherwise continue to take for granted.<ref name="colb2007">{{REFweb
 |url=https://supreme.findlaw.com/legal-commentary/divorce-religion-and-circumcision-what-a-conflict-tells-us-about-parental-rights.html
 |archived=
 |title=Divorce, Religion, and Circumcision: What A Conflict Tells Us About Parental Rights
 |trans-title=
 |language=
 |last=Colb
 |first=Sherry F.
 |author-link=
 |publisher=
 |website=Findlaw
 |date=2007-11-28
 |accessdate=2020-04-25
 |format=
 |quote=
}}</ref>
</blockquote>

The 2009 NOCIRC Annual Newsletter commented:
<blockquote>
The US Supreme Court in October turned down a father’s petition  in  Boldt  v  Boldt.  The  boy’s  father,  who  converted  to  Judaism  and  wants  his  son  circumcised,  was unhappy with the decision of the Oregon Supreme Court to  determine  the  wishes  of  the  child,  and  appealed  to the  US  Supreme  Court,  alleging  the  child’s  wishes  are irrelevant.  Fortunately,  the  right  of  the  boy  was  paramount in the court’s decision.<ref>{{REFweb
 |url=http://www.nocirc.org/publish/2009nocirc_newsletter.pdf
 |title=2009 NOCIRC Annual Newsletter
 |last=Milos
 |first=Marilyn
 |accessdate=2020-04-25
}}</ref>
</blockquote>

Douglas Diekema, a pediatric medical ethicist commented:
<blockquote>
The fact that Jimmy's father had sole custody does not eliminate the mother's ethical right and obligation to look after the welfare of her son. While the mother may not have legal decision-making authority, that legal determination does not appear to be related either to a lack of interest in her son's welfare or an inability to carry out that role. Jimmy is her son, and she has an interest in seeing his welfare protected. Whether or not she has legal rights, I would be very reluctant to perform an elective procedure for cultural or religious reasons without the permission of both parents and the unambiguous assent of Jimmy himself. Neither appears to be present in the case as it presented to the courts.<ref name="diekema2009">{{REFjournal
 |last=Diekema
 |first=Doug
 |author-link=Douglas Diekema
 |etal=no
 |title=Boldt v. Boldt: A pediatric ethics perspective
 |trans-title=
 |language=
 |journal=J Clin Ethics
 |location=
 |date=2009-09
 |volume=20
 |issue=3
 |pages=251-7
 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19845198
 |archived=
 |quote=
 |pubmedID=19845198
 |pubmedCID=
 |DOI=
 |accessdate=2020-04-25
}}</ref>
</blockquote>

==Sequellae==

* The [[Twelfth International Symposium]] on Law, Genital Autonomy, and Human Rights, meeting at Helsinki, adopted the [[Declaration of Helsinki (2012)]], which calls for everyone to have a ''right of genital autonomy''. 

* The Parliamentary Assembly of the [[Council of Europe Debate Genital Cutting Of Boys| Council of Europe]], under the leadership of [[Marlene Rupprecht]], adopted [http://www.circumstitions.com/Rights.html#coe Resolution 1952] (2013) which calls for all member-states to protect children from violation of their physical integrity by [[circumcision]].  

{{LINKS}}

* {{REFnews
 |title=Ask boy, 12, if he wants to be circumcised, court says
 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/law/01/25/circumcision.case/index.html
 |last=
 |first=
 |coauthors=
 |publisher=CNN
 |website=
 |date=2008-01-25
 |accessdate=2020-04-19
 |quote=
}}
* {{REFjournal
 |last=Diekema
 |first=Doug
 |author-link=Douglas Diekema
 |etal=no
 |title=Boldt v. Boldt: A pediatric ethics perspective
 |trans-title=
 |language=
 |journal=J Clin Ethics
 |location=
 |date=2009-09
 |volume=20
 |issue=3
 |pages=251-7
 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19845198
 |archived=
 |quote=
 |pubmedID=19845198
 |pubmedCID=
 |DOI=
 |accessdate=2020-04-19
}}

* {{REFjournal
 |last=Geisheker
 |first=John V.
 |author-link=John V. Geisheker
 |etal=no
 |title=Where Is the Voice of the Man the Child Will Become?
 |trans-title=
 |language=
 |journal=J Clin Ethics
 |location=
 |date=2010-03
 |volume=21
 |issue=1
 |pages=86-8
 |url=https://pool.intactiwiki.org/images/2010-03_JCE21-1_Geisheker-1.pdf
 |archived=
 |quote=
 |pubmedID=20465080
 |pubmedCID=
 |DOI=
 |accessdate=2020-04-23
}}

* https://epdf.pub/genital-autonomy-protecting-personal-choice.html

{{REF}}

[[Category:'... v. ...']]
[[Category:Litigation]]
[[Category:Litigation over circumcision]]
[[Category:Jurisprudence]]
[[Category:USA]]

[[Category:From IntactWiki]]