Aaron J. Fink - Revision history

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	== Fink's inherent bias ==		== Fink's inherent bias ==
	According to Fink's son-in-law, Fink had a son who had a botched circumcision and corrective surgery, and then died at the age of four-years due to a brain tumour. Fink spent the rest of his life trying to justify his son's circumcision and the [[pain]] that he endured during the four years of his life.<ref>{{REFweb		According to Fink's son-in-law, Fink had a son who had a botched [[circumcision]] and corrective surgery, and then died at the age of four-years due to a brain tumour. Fink spent the rest of his life trying to justify his son's circumcision and the [[pain]] that he endured during the four years of his life.<ref>{{REFweb
	\|last=		\|last=
	\|first=		\|first=
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	== The birth of the circumcision & HIV hypothesis ==		== The birth of the circumcision & HIV hypothesis ==
	=== Fink's letter: In defense of circumcision ===		=== Fink's letter: In defense of circumcision ===
	During the 1980s, some physicians were condemning circumcision as "barbaric and unnecessary," and only "advocated by the uninformed." In 1986, Blue Shield providers in several states decided to discontinue coverage of neonatal circumcision. In reaction to this, Fink sent a manifesto entitled "In Defense of Circumcision" to the ''New York Times'' and the ''San Francisco Chronicle'', repeating antiquated claims of benefits; many of which weren't even published.<ref>{{WallersteinE 1980}}</ref>		During the 1980s, some physicians were condemning [[circumcision]] as "barbaric and unnecessary," and only "advocated by the uninformed." In 1986, Blue Shield providers in several states decided to discontinue coverage of neonatal circumcision. In reaction to this, Fink sent a manifesto entitled "In Defense of Circumcision" to the ''New York Times'' and the ''San Francisco Chronicle'', repeating antiquated claims of benefits; many of which weren't even published.<ref>{{WallersteinE 1980}}</ref>

	=== Another letter: The [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] hypothesis ===		=== Another letter: The [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] hypothesis ===
	In 1986, Fink sent a letter -- "A possible Explanation for Heterosexual Male Infection with [[AIDS]]," where he argued that the hard and toughened glans of the circumcised male resisted infection, while the soft and sensitive foreskin and glans [[mucosa]] of the intact male were ports of entry.<ref>{{REFjournal		In 1986, Fink sent a letter — "A possible Explanation for Heterosexual Male Infection with [[AIDS]]," where he argued that the hard and toughened glans of the circumcised male resisted infection, while the soft and sensitive foreskin and glans [[mucosa]] of the intact male were ports of entry.<ref>{{REFjournal
	\|last=Fink		\|last=Fink
	\|first=Aaron J.		\|first=Aaron J.
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	=== Popularizing the hypothesis ===		=== Popularizing the hypothesis ===
	Fink's proposal appeared in media throughout the US and [[Canada]]. Asked about his idea by a United Press reporter, Fink replied "This is nothing I can prove."<ref name="Glick2005Prove">{{REFbook		Fink's proposal appeared in media throughout the [[United States]] and [[Canada]]. Asked about his idea by a United Press reporter, Fink replied "This is nothing I can prove."<ref name="Glick2005Prove">{{REFbook
	\|last=Glick		\|last=Glick
	\|first=Leonard B.		\|first=Leonard B.
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	\|publisher=Kavanah		\|publisher=Kavanah
	\|date=1988		\|date=1988
	}}</ref> The focus was on sexually transmitted diseases, which Fink declared to be "no longer a matter of morals but an issue of life or death." Defeating the threat, he informed prospective parents, and called for immediate action: "The facts now point to circumcision, cutting off the foreskin, as a life-sparing path to public and personal health." And lest anyone doubt the urgency of the situation, he added the questions likely to generate unease among the skeptics and human right proponents:		}}</ref> The focus was on sexually transmitted diseases, which Fink declared to be "no longer a matter of morals but an issue of life or death." Defeating the threat, he informed prospective parents, and called for immediate action: "The facts now point to [[circumcision]], cutting off the [[[foreskin]], as a life-sparing path to public and personal health." And lest anyone doubt the urgency of the situation, he added the questions likely to generate unease among the skeptics and human right proponents:

	{{Citation		{{Citation
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	=== Unintended consequence ===		=== Unintended consequence ===
	In response to the controversy surrounding the Fink's resolution, and Hardebeck's attempt to counteract it, a group of circumcision opponents held a conference in a hotel across the street from the one housing the medical meeting. The conference organizer was the nation's leading opponent of infant circumcision: [[Marilyn F. Milos]]. the founder and director of the National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers (NOCIRC).<ref>Marilyn Milos, personal communication with [[Leonard B. Glick]], July 27, 2001</ref><ref>Hardebeck, John W. "Newborn Circumcision: Medical Necessity or Useless Mutilation?" Truth Seeker I, 3 (July-August 1989)</ref><ref name="SnyderJL1989"/> The three-day conference, labeled the First International Symposium on Circumcision, was so successful that six more symposia, resulting to date in publication of four volumes based on the proceedings, have been held since then, in locations as diverse as Lausanne, Oxford and Sidney.<ref>{{REFbook		In response to the controversy surrounding the Fink's resolution, and Hardebeck's attempt to counteract it, a group of circumcision opponents held a conference in a hotel across the street from the one housing the medical meeting. The conference organizer was the nation's leading opponent of infant circumcision: [[Marilyn F. Milos]]. the founder and director of the National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers (NOCIRC).<ref>Marilyn Milos, personal communication with [[Leonard B. Glick]], July 27, 2001</ref><ref>Hardebeck, John W. "Newborn Circumcision: Medical Necessity or Useless Mutilation?" ''Truth Seeker'' I, 3 (July-August 1989)</ref><ref name="SnyderJL1989"/> The three-day conference, labeled the [[First International Symposium]] on Circumcision, was so successful that six more symposia, resulting to date in publication of four volumes based on the proceedings, have been held since then, in locations as diverse as Lausanne, Oxford and Sidney.<ref>{{REFbook
	\|editors=Denniston, George C., & Marilyn Fayre Milos		\|editors=Denniston, George C., & Marilyn Fayre Milos
	\|title=Sexual Mutilations: A Human Tragedy		\|title=Sexual Mutilations: A Human Tragedy

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	\|note=		\|note=
	\|accessdate=2011-02-19		\|accessdate=2011-02-19
	}} </ref> This didn't stop other physicians from conducting "research" leading to a steady stream of widely publicized articles arguing that [[circumcised]] men were less likely to contract [[HIV]] - with the result that prevention of [[HIV]] infection has now surpassed even cancer prevention as the most popular claim of circumcision advocates.		}} </ref> This didn't stop other physicians from conducting "research" leading to a steady stream of widely publicized articles arguing that [[circumcised]] men were less likely to contract [[HIV]] — with the result that prevention of [[HIV]] infection has now surpassed even cancer prevention as the most popular claim of circumcision advocates.

	{{Citation		{{Citation
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	{{SEEALSO}}		{{SEEALSO}}
	* [[Alleged reasons for circumcision]]		* [[Alleged reasons for circumcision]]
	* [[Bias]] -- Learn about pro-circumcision bias.		* [[Bias]] — Learn about pro-circumcision bias.
	* [[Circumcised doctors]] -- Learn how circumcised doctors behave.		* [[Circumcised doctors]] — Learn how circumcised doctors behave.
	* [[Religion and Culture]] -- Learn how religion and culture effects ones views on circumcision.		* [[Religion and Culture]] — Learn how religion and culture effects ones views on circumcision.
	* [[Edgar J. Schoen]] -- Veteran pro-circumcision advocate.		* [[Edgar J. Schoen]] — Veteran pro-circumcision advocate.
	* [[Thomas E. Wiswell]] -- Veteran pro-circumcision advocate.		* [[Thomas E. Wiswell]] — Veteran pro-circumcision advocate.

	== Additional sources ==		== Additional sources ==

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	[[Category:Male]]		[[Category:Male]]
	[[Category:Deceased]]		[[Category:Deceased]]

			[[Category:Circumfetish]]
			[[Category:Promoter]]
	[[Category:Researcher]]		[[Category:Researcher]]
	[[Category:Urologist]]		[[Category:Urologist]]

			[[Category:History]]

	[[Category:USA]]		[[Category:USA]]
	~~[[Category:History]]~~
	~~[[Category:Circumfetish]]~~
	~~[[Category:Promoter]]~~
	[[Category:From CircLeaks]]		[[Category:From CircLeaks]]
	[[Category:From IntactWiki]]		[[Category:From IntactWiki]]

	[[de:{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]		[[de:{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]

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	\|publisher=Find A Grave		\|publisher=Find A Grave
	\|accessdate=2020-04-10		\|accessdate=2020-04-10
	}}</ref>) was a California urologist, who is believed to have been circumcised on the eighth day of life, and the father of the idea that circumcision could prevent [[AIDS]]. He came up with the idea in 1986,<ref>{{REFbook		}}</ref>) was a California urologist, who is believed to have been [[circumcised]] on the eighth day of life, and the father of the idea that [[circumcision]] could prevent [[AIDS]]. He came up with the idea in 1986,<ref>{{REFbook
	\|last=Glick		\|last=Glick
	\|first=Leonard B.		\|first=Leonard B.
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	== Fink's inherent bias ==		== Fink's inherent bias ==
	According to Fink's son-in-law, Fink had a son who had a botched circumcision and corrective surgery, and then died at the age of four-years due to a brain tumour. Fink spent the rest of his life trying to justify his son's circumcision and the pain that he endured during the four years of his life.<ref>{{REFweb		According to Fink's son-in-law, Fink had a son who had a botched circumcision and corrective surgery, and then died at the age of four-years due to a brain tumour. Fink spent the rest of his life trying to justify his son's circumcision and the [[pain]] that he endured during the four years of his life.<ref>{{REFweb
	\|last=		\|last=
	\|first=		\|first=
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	\|date=1986		\|date=1986
	\|page=1167		\|page=1167
	}}</ref> Fink proposed in his letter: "I suspect that men in the United States, who, as compared with those in Africa and elsewhere, have had less acquisition of [[AIDS]], have benefited from the high rate of newborn circumcision in the United States," regardless of the fact that the United States has one of the highest circumcision rates, and one of the highest [[HIV]] rates, in the western (industrialized) world (compare with European countries, Canda, and Australia).<ref>{{REFweb		}}</ref> Fink proposed in his letter: "I suspect that men in the [[United States]], who, as compared with those in Africa and elsewhere, have had less acquisition of [[AIDS]], have benefited from the high rate of newborn circumcision in the United States," regardless of the fact that the United States has one of the highest circumcision rates, and one of the highest [[HIV]] rates, in the western (industrialized) world (compare with European countries, Canda, and Australia).<ref>{{REFweb
	\|last=WHO/UNAIDS		\|last=WHO/UNAIDS
	\|first=		\|first=
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	=== Popularizing the hypothesis ===		=== Popularizing the hypothesis ===
	Fink's proposal appeared in media throughout the US and Canada. Asked about his idea by a United Press reporter, Fink replied "This is nothing I can prove."<ref name="Glick2005Prove">{{REFbook		Fink's proposal appeared in media throughout the US and [[Canada]]. Asked about his idea by a United Press reporter, Fink replied "This is nothing I can prove."<ref name="Glick2005Prove">{{REFbook
	\|last=Glick		\|last=Glick
	\|first=Leonard B.		\|first=Leonard B.
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	\|note=		\|note=
	\|accessdate=2011-02-19		\|accessdate=2011-02-19
	}} </ref> This didn't stop other physicians from conducting "research" leading to a steady stream of widely publicized articles arguing that circumcised men were less likely to contract [[HIV]] - with the result that prevention of [[HIV]] infection has now surpassed even cancer prevention as the most popular claim of circumcision advocates.		}} </ref> This didn't stop other physicians from conducting "research" leading to a steady stream of widely publicized articles arguing that [[circumcised]] men were less likely to contract [[HIV]] - with the result that prevention of [[HIV]] infection has now surpassed even cancer prevention as the most popular claim of circumcision advocates.

	{{Citation		{{Citation
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	\|date=1990-04		\|date=1990-04
	\|page=278		\|page=278
	}}</ref> In 1991 Fink wrote another letter, claiming infants have no memory of painful events until age six months or older.<ref>{{REFjournal		}}</ref> In 1991 Fink wrote another letter, claiming infants have no [[Pain\| memory of painful events]] until age six months or older.<ref>{{REFjournal
	\|last=Fink		\|last=Fink
	\|first=Aaron J.		\|first=Aaron J.
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	\|date=1991-11		\|date=1991-11
	\|page=696		\|page=696
	}}</ref> He died in 1994, but the campaign to link [[HIV]] infection to the foreskin continues to this day.		}}</ref> He died in 1994, but the campaign to link [[HIV]] infection to the [[foreskin]] continues to this day.

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			[[Category:Deceased]]
	[[Category:Researcher]]		[[Category:Researcher]]
	[[Category:Urologist]]		[[Category:Urologist]]

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	{{SEEALSO}}		{{SEEALSO}}
			* [[Alleged reasons for circumcision]]
	* [[Bias]] -- Learn about pro-circumcision bias.		* [[Bias]] -- Learn about pro-circumcision bias.
	* [[Circumcised doctors]] -- Learn how circumcised doctors behave.		* [[Circumcised doctors]] -- Learn how circumcised doctors behave.

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	}}</ref>		}}</ref>

	== The ~~Birth~~ of the ~~Circumcision~~ & HIV ~~Hypothesis~~ ==		== The birth of the circumcision & HIV hypothesis ==
	=== Fink's ~~Letter~~: In ~~Defense~~ of ~~Circumcision~~ ===		=== Fink's letter: In defense of circumcision ===
	During the 1980s, some physicians were condemning circumcision as "barbaric and unnecessary," and only "advocated by the uninformed." In 1986, Blue Shield providers in several states decided to discontinue coverage of neonatal circumcision. In reaction to this, Fink sent a manifesto entitled "In Defense of Circumcision" to the ''New York Times'' and the ''San Francisco Chronicle'', repeating antiquated claims of benefits; many of which weren't even published.<ref>{{WallersteinE 1980}}</ref>		During the 1980s, some physicians were condemning circumcision as "barbaric and unnecessary," and only "advocated by the uninformed." In 1986, Blue Shield providers in several states decided to discontinue coverage of neonatal circumcision. In reaction to this, Fink sent a manifesto entitled "In Defense of Circumcision" to the ''New York Times'' and the ''San Francisco Chronicle'', repeating antiquated claims of benefits; many of which weren't even published.<ref>{{WallersteinE 1980}}</ref>

	=== Another ~~Letter~~: The [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] ~~Hypothesis~~ ===		=== Another letter: The [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] hypothesis ===
	In 1986, Fink sent a letter -- "A possible Explanation for Heterosexual Male Infection with [[AIDS]]," where he argued that the hard and toughened glans of the circumcised male resisted infection, while the soft and sensitive foreskin and glans [[mucosa]] of the intact male were ports of entry.<ref>{{REFjournal		In 1986, Fink sent a letter -- "A possible Explanation for Heterosexual Male Infection with [[AIDS]]," where he argued that the hard and toughened glans of the circumcised male resisted infection, while the soft and sensitive foreskin and glans [[mucosa]] of the intact male were ports of entry.<ref>{{REFjournal
	\|last=Fink		\|last=Fink

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	=== Another Letter: The [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] Hypothesis ===		=== Another Letter: The [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] Hypothesis ===
	In 1986, Fink sent a letter -- "A possible Explanation for Heterosexual Male Infection with [[AIDS]]," where he argued that the hard and toughened glans of the circumcised male resisted infection, while the soft and sensitive foreskin and glans mucosa of the intact male were ports of entry.<ref>{{REFjournal		In 1986, Fink sent a letter -- "A possible Explanation for Heterosexual Male Infection with [[AIDS]]," where he argued that the hard and toughened glans of the circumcised male resisted infection, while the soft and sensitive foreskin and glans [[mucosa]] of the intact male were ports of entry.<ref>{{REFjournal
	\|last=Fink		\|last=Fink
	\|first=Aaron J.		\|first=Aaron J.

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	\|chapter=<q>This Little Operation</q>, Jewish American Physicians and Twentieth-Century Circumcisoin Advocacy		\|chapter=<q>This Little Operation</q>, Jewish American Physicians and Twentieth-Century Circumcisoin Advocacy
	\|page=206		\|page=206
	\|location=New York		\|location=New York, NY
	\|publisher=Oxford University Press		\|publisher={{UNI\|Oxford University\|Oxon}} Press
	\|isbn=0-19-517674-X		\|isbn=0-19-517674-X
	\|quote=What if circumcision protected against infection with HIV...		\|quote=What if circumcision protected against infection with HIV...
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	\|chapter=<q>This Little Operation</q>, Jewish American Physicians and Twentieth-Century Circumcisoin Advocacy		\|chapter=<q>This Little Operation</q>, Jewish American Physicians and Twentieth-Century Circumcisoin Advocacy
	\|page=207		\|page=207
	\|location=New York		\|location=New York, NY
	\|publisher=Oxford University Press		\|publisher={{UNI\|Oxford University\|Oxon}} Press
	\|isbn=0-19-517674-X		\|isbn=0-19-517674-X
	\|quote=This is nothing I can prove.		\|quote=This is nothing I can prove.
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	== Additional sources ==		== Additional sources ==
	* [[Leonard B. Glick\|Glick, Leonard]] (2005). ''[[Marked in Your Flesh]]''. New York, New York: Oxford University Press~~. pp. 206~~. ISBN 0-19-517674-X.		* [[Leonard B. Glick\|Glick, Leonard]] (2005). ''[[Marked in Your Flesh]]''. New York, New York: {{UNI\|Oxford University\|Oxon}} Press. ISBN 0-19-517674-X.

	{{ABBR}}		{{ABBR}}

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	\|publisher=Find A Grave		\|publisher=Find A Grave
	\|accessdate=2020-04-10		\|accessdate=2020-04-10
	}}</ref>) was a California urologist, who is believed to have been circumcised on the eighth day of life, and the father of the idea that circumcision could prevent AIDS. He came up with the idea in 1986,<ref>{{REFbook		}}</ref>) was a California urologist, who is believed to have been circumcised on the eighth day of life, and the father of the idea that circumcision could prevent [[AIDS]]. He came up with the idea in 1986,<ref>{{REFbook
	\|last=Glick		\|last=Glick
	\|first=Leonard B.		\|first=Leonard B.
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	During the 1980s, some physicians were condemning circumcision as "barbaric and unnecessary," and only "advocated by the uninformed." In 1986, Blue Shield providers in several states decided to discontinue coverage of neonatal circumcision. In reaction to this, Fink sent a manifesto entitled "In Defense of Circumcision" to the ''New York Times'' and the ''San Francisco Chronicle'', repeating antiquated claims of benefits; many of which weren't even published.<ref>{{WallersteinE 1980}}</ref>		During the 1980s, some physicians were condemning circumcision as "barbaric and unnecessary," and only "advocated by the uninformed." In 1986, Blue Shield providers in several states decided to discontinue coverage of neonatal circumcision. In reaction to this, Fink sent a manifesto entitled "In Defense of Circumcision" to the ''New York Times'' and the ''San Francisco Chronicle'', repeating antiquated claims of benefits; many of which weren't even published.<ref>{{WallersteinE 1980}}</ref>

	=== Another Letter: The HIV/AIDS Hypothesis ===		=== Another Letter: The [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] Hypothesis ===
	In 1986, Fink sent a letter--"A possible Explanation for Heterosexual Male Infection with AIDS," where he argued that the hard and toughened glans of the circumcised male resisted infection, while the soft and sensitive foreskin and glans mucosa of the intact male were ports of entry.<ref>{{REFjournal		In 1986, Fink sent a letter -- "A possible Explanation for Heterosexual Male Infection with [[AIDS]]," where he argued that the hard and toughened glans of the circumcised male resisted infection, while the soft and sensitive foreskin and glans mucosa of the intact male were ports of entry.<ref>{{REFjournal
	\|last=Fink		\|last=Fink
	\|first=Aaron J.		\|first=Aaron J.
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	\|date=1986		\|date=1986
	\|page=1167		\|page=1167
	}}</ref> Fink proposed in his letter: "I suspect that men in the United States, who, as compared with those in Africa and elsewhere, have had less acquisition of AIDS, have benefited from the high rate of newborn circumcision in the United States," regardless of the fact that the United States has one of the highest circumcision rates, and one of the highest [[HIV]] rates, in the western (industrialized) world (compare with European countries, Canda, and Australia).<ref>{{REFweb		}}</ref> Fink proposed in his letter: "I suspect that men in the United States, who, as compared with those in Africa and elsewhere, have had less acquisition of [[AIDS]], have benefited from the high rate of newborn circumcision in the United States," regardless of the fact that the United States has one of the highest circumcision rates, and one of the highest [[HIV]] rates, in the western (industrialized) world (compare with European countries, Canda, and Australia).<ref>{{REFweb
	\|last=WHO/UNAIDS		\|last=WHO/UNAIDS
	\|first=		\|first=
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	{{Citation		{{Citation
	\|Title=Fink's Own Words		\|Title=Fink's Own Words
	\|Text=Will your infant son have a problem practicing daily cleaning of his penis? Will he be promiscuous? Will he visit prostitutes? Will he be at greater risk of acquiring sexually transmitted diseases, including AIDS? Will he use a condom? Will he live in a tropical humid land? Will he be a diabetic?		\|Text=Will your infant son have a problem practicing daily cleaning of his penis? Will he be promiscuous? Will he visit prostitutes? Will he be at greater risk of acquiring sexually transmitted diseases, including [[AIDS]]? Will he use a condom? Will he live in a tropical humid land? Will he be a diabetic?
	\|Author=Fink, Aaron J.		\|Author=Fink, Aaron J.
	\|Source=Circumcision, 3.		\|Source=Circumcision, 3.
	}}		}}

	According to Fink, if his book were to "provide the knowledge and insight that might save even one life from the tragedy of AIDS the effort was worthwhile." Since one of the book's seven chapters was entitled "Preventing AIDS: Another Benefit of Newborn Circumcision," the average reader might have concluded that this was fact and not superstition.<ref name="Glick2005Prove"/>		According to Fink, if his book were to "provide the knowledge and insight that might save even one life from the tragedy of [[AIDS]] the effort was worthwhile." Since one of the book's seven chapters was entitled "Preventing [[AIDS]]: Another Benefit of Newborn Circumcision," the average reader might have concluded that this was fact and not superstition.<ref name="Glick2005Prove"/>

	== Fink's appeal to medical associations ==		== Fink's appeal to medical associations ==
	=== First attempt ===		=== First attempt ===
	In 1987, Fink filed a resolution entitled "Newborn Circumcision as a Public Health Measure" with the California Medical Association, saying that "it has been recently hypothesized that a circumcision, preferably in the newborn period, may lessen the acquisition, and in turn, the spread of AIDS, a sexually transmitted disease." The association's advisory panels on pediatrics and urology concluded that the arguments for adoption were "not sufficiently convincing"; and although one panel stood by circumcision as an "acceptable preventive health measure," both panels recommended against the adoption of the resolution. The association's Scientific Board declined endorsement, and the resolution was not adopted.<ref>Aaron Fink, California Medical Association, Resolution 712-87, March 7-11, 1987; Joan B. Hodgman and Joseph B. Hart, "Report to the Scientific Board" (undated, March 1987?)</ref>		In 1987, Fink filed a resolution entitled "Newborn Circumcision as a Public Health Measure" with the California Medical Association, saying that "it has been recently hypothesized that a circumcision, preferably in the newborn period, may lessen the acquisition, and in turn, the spread of [[AIDS]], a sexually transmitted disease." The association's advisory panels on pediatrics and urology concluded that the arguments for adoption were "not sufficiently convincing"; and although one panel stood by circumcision as an "acceptable preventive health measure," both panels recommended against the adoption of the resolution. The association's Scientific Board declined endorsement, and the resolution was not adopted.<ref>Aaron Fink, California Medical Association, Resolution 712-87, March 7-11, 1987; Joan B. Hodgman and Joseph B. Hart, "Report to the Scientific Board" (undated, March 1987?)</ref>

	=== Second attempt: success ===		=== Second attempt: success ===

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	}}</ref>) was a California urologist, who is believed to have been circumcised on the eighth day of life, and the father of the idea that circumcision could prevent AIDS. He came up with the idea in 1986,<ref>{{REFbook		}}</ref>) was a California urologist, who is believed to have been circumcised on the eighth day of life, and the father of the idea that circumcision could prevent AIDS. He came up with the idea in 1986,<ref>{{REFbook
	\|last=Glick		\|last=Glick
	\|first=Leonard		\|first=Leonard B.
			\|init=LB
	\|author-link=Leonard B. Glick		\|author-link=Leonard B. Glick
	\|year=2005		\|year=2005
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	Fink's proposal appeared in media throughout the US and Canada. Asked about his idea by a United Press reporter, Fink replied "This is nothing I can prove."<ref name="Glick2005Prove">{{REFbook		Fink's proposal appeared in media throughout the US and Canada. Asked about his idea by a United Press reporter, Fink replied "This is nothing I can prove."<ref name="Glick2005Prove">{{REFbook
	\|last=Glick		\|last=Glick
	\|first=Leonard		\|first=Leonard B.
			\|init=
	\|author-link=Leonard B. Glick		\|author-link=Leonard B. Glick
	\|year=2005		\|year=2005
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	\|last=Fink		\|last=Fink
	\|first=Aaron J.		\|first=Aaron J.
			\|init=AJ
	\|author-link=Aaron J. Fink		\|author-link=Aaron J. Fink
	\|title=Circumcision: A Parent's Decision for Life		\|title=Circumcision: A Parent's Decision for Life
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	=== Unintended consequence ===		=== Unintended consequence ===
	In response to the controversy surrounding the Fink's resolution, and Hardebeck's attempt to counteract it, a group of circumcision opponents held a conference in a hotel across the street from the one housing the medical meeting. The conference organizer was the nation's leading opponent of infant circumcision: [[Marilyn F. Milos]]. the founder and director of the National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers (NOCIRC).<ref>Marilyn Milos, personal communication with [[Leonard B. Glick]], July 27, 2001</ref><ref>Hardebeck, John W. "Newborn Circumcision: Medical Necessity or Useless Mutilation?" Truth Seeker I, 3 (July-August 1989)</ref><ref name="SnyderJL1989"/> The three-day conference, labeled the First International Symposium on Circumcision, was so successful that six more symposia, resulting to date in publication of four volumes based on the proceedings, have been held since then, in locations as diverse as Lausanne, Oxford and Sidney.<ref>{{REFbook		In response to the controversy surrounding the Fink's resolution, and Hardebeck's attempt to counteract it, a group of circumcision opponents held a conference in a hotel across the street from the one housing the medical meeting. The conference organizer was the nation's leading opponent of infant circumcision: [[Marilyn F. Milos]]. the founder and director of the National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers (NOCIRC).<ref>Marilyn Milos, personal communication with [[Leonard B. Glick]], July 27, 2001</ref><ref>Hardebeck, John W. "Newborn Circumcision: Medical Necessity or Useless Mutilation?" Truth Seeker I, 3 (July-August 1989)</ref><ref name="SnyderJL1989"/> The three-day conference, labeled the First International Symposium on Circumcision, was so successful that six more symposia, resulting to date in publication of four volumes based on the proceedings, have been held since then, in locations as diverse as Lausanne, Oxford and Sidney.<ref>{{REFbook
	\|~~editor~~=Denniston, George C., & Marilyn Fayre Milos		\|editors=Denniston, George C., & Marilyn Fayre Milos
	\|title=Sexual Mutilations: A Human Tragedy		\|title=Sexual Mutilations: A Human Tragedy
	\|location=New York		\|location=New York
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	\|year=1997		\|year=1997
	}}</ref><ref>{{REFbook		}}</ref><ref>{{REFbook
	\|~~editor~~=Denniston, George C. / Frederick Mansfield Hodges / Marilyn Fayre Milos		\|editors=Denniston, George C. / Frederick Mansfield Hodges / Marilyn Fayre Milos
	\|title=Male and Female Circumcision: Medical, Legal, and Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Practice		\|title=Male and Female Circumcision: Medical, Legal, and Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Practice
	\|location=New York		\|location=New York
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	\|year=1999		\|year=1999
	}}</ref><ref>{{REFbook		}}</ref><ref>{{REFbook
	\|~~editor~~=Denniston, George C. / Frederick Mansfield Hodges / Marilyn Fayre Milos		\|editors=Denniston, George C. / Frederick Mansfield Hodges / Marilyn Fayre Milos
	\|title=Understanding Circumcision; A Multi-Disciplinary Aproach to a Multi-Dimensional Problem		\|title=Understanding Circumcision; A Multi-Disciplinary Aproach to a Multi-Dimensional Problem
	\|location=New York		\|location=New York
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	\|year=2001		\|year=2001
	}}</ref><ref>{{REFbook		}}</ref><ref>{{REFbook
	\|~~editor~~=Denniston, George C. / Frederick Mansfield Hodges / Marilyn Fayre Milos		\|editors=Denniston, George C. / Frederick Mansfield Hodges / Marilyn Fayre Milos
	\|title=Flesh and Blood: Perspectives on the Problem of Circumcision in Contemporary Society		\|title=Flesh and Blood: Perspectives on the Problem of Circumcision in Contemporary Society
	\|location=New York		\|location=New York
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	\|last=Fink		\|last=Fink
	\|first=Aaron J.		\|first=Aaron J.
			\|init=AJ
			\|author-link=Aaron J. Fink
	\|year=1988		\|year=1988
	\|title=Circumcision: A Parent's Decision for Life		\|title=Circumcision: A Parent's Decision for Life