Aggravated battery - Revision history

WikiModEn2: /* European precedents */ Add link in SEEALSO section.

2026-07-30T15:49:15Z

European precedents: Add link in SEEALSO section.

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	* [[Re B and G (children) (No 2) EWFC 3]] (2015)		* [[Re B and G (children) (No 2) EWFC 3]] (2015)
	{{SEEALSO}}		{{SEEALSO}}
			* [[Circumcision harm]]
	* [[Informed consent]]		* [[Informed consent]]
	* [[William Stowell]]		* [[William Stowell]]
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	\|accessdate=2026-07-11		\|accessdate=2026-07-11
	}}		}}

	==Conclusion==		==Conclusion==
	Circumcision of male children is a mutilation of genital tissue that permanently destroys the [[foreskin]] (prepuce) of a male child. It also irreversibly destroys the [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions_of_the_foreskin\| protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual functions]] of the foreskin, leaving the male patient at increased risk of disease.<ref name="fendereski2024" /> It is mutilating and causes permanent disfigurement of the [[penis]]. Circumcision of male children clearly meets all tests for aggravated battery. It cannot be legalized or excused by patient or surrogate consent because no one has the legal capacity to grant consent for the aggravated battery of non-therapeutic child circumcision.<ref name="hill2003">{{REFjournal		Circumcision of male children is a mutilation of genital tissue that permanently destroys the [[foreskin]] (prepuce) of a male child. It also irreversibly destroys the [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions_of_the_foreskin\| protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual functions]] of the foreskin, leaving the male patient at increased risk of disease.<ref name="fendereski2024" /> It is mutilating and causes permanent disfigurement of the [[penis]]. Circumcision of male children clearly meets all tests for aggravated battery. It cannot be legalized or excused by patient or surrogate consent because no one has the legal capacity to grant consent for the aggravated battery of non-therapeutic child circumcision.<ref name="hill2003">{{REFjournal

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Mens rea: add text.

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	Non-therapeutic circumcision of boys is, as stated above, a very harmful act. The [[medical trade association\| medical trade associations]] of the [[United States]] have, for more than a century, published false claims of alleged health benefits from non-therapeutic male circumcision. Some operators may actually believe that [[child circumcision]] is a beneficial act.		Non-therapeutic circumcision of boys is, as stated above, a very harmful act. The [[medical trade association\| medical trade associations]] of the [[United States]] have, for more than a century, published false claims of alleged health benefits from non-therapeutic male circumcision. Some operators may actually believe that [[child circumcision]] is a beneficial act.

	This may make proving <i>mens rea</i> very challenging for public prosecutors.		This may make proving <i>mens rea</i> very challenging for public prosecutors who are seeking a conviction for aggravated battery.

	==Rethinking circumcision policy==		==Rethinking circumcision policy==

WikiModEn2: /* Rethinking circumcision policy */

2026-07-14T23:10:02Z

Rethinking circumcision policy

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	\|volume=		\|volume=
	\|issue=		\|issue=
	\|article=		\|article=111357
	\|page=		\|page=
	\|pages=		\|pages=

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	This may make proving <i>mens rea</i> very challenging for public prosecutors.		This may make proving <i>mens rea</i> very challenging for public prosecutors.

			==Rethinking circumcision policy==
			* {{REFjournal
			\|last=Buckler
			\|first=
			\|init=M
			\|author-link=
			\|etal=no
			\|title=As controversies mount, circumcision policies need a rethink
			\|trans-title=
			\|language=
			\|journal=Journal of Medical Ethics
			\|location=
			\|date=2025-11
			\|season=
			\|volume=
			\|issue=
			\|article=
			\|page=
			\|pages=
			\|url=https://www.galdef.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Buckler-Controversies-rethink-JME-2025.pdf
			\|archived=
			\|quote=
			\|pubmedID=41207714
			\|pubmedCID=
			\|DOI=10.1136/jme-2025-111357
			\|accessdate=2026-07-14
			}}

	==European precedents==		==European precedents==

WikiModEn2: /* Mens rea */ Add text and Wikify.

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Mens rea: Add text and Wikify.

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	}}</ref>		}}</ref>
	==Mens rea==		==Mens rea==
	Mens ~~rea~~ is the state of mind statutorily required in order to convict a particular defendant of a particular crime.<ref>{{REFweb		<i>Mens rea</i> is the state of mind statutorily required in order to convict a particular defendant of a particular crime.<ref>{{REFweb
	\|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/mens_rea		\|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/mens_rea
	\|title=Mens rea		\|title=Mens rea
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	\|date=		\|date=
	\|accessdate=2026-07-13		\|accessdate=2026-07-13
	}}</ref>		}}</ref>

			Non-therapeutic circumcision of boys is, as stated above, a very harmful act. The [[medical trade association\| medical trade associations]] of the [[United States]] have, for more than a century, published false claims of alleged health benefits from non-therapeutic male circumcision. Some operators may actually believe that [[child circumcision]] is a beneficial act.

			This may make proving <i>mens rea</i> very challenging for public prosecutors.

	==European precedents==		==European precedents==
	* [[Cologne circumcision court judgment]] (2012)		* [[Cologne circumcision court judgment]] (2012)

WikiModEn2 at 14:39, 13 July 2026

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← Older revision		Revision as of 14:39, 13 July 2026
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	\|DOI=10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2024.06.022		\|DOI=10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2024.06.022
	\|accessdate=2025-01-03		\|accessdate=2025-01-03
	}}</~~reF~~> degrades normal physiological sexual function,<ref name="cepeda2025">{{REFjournal		}}</ref> degrades normal physiological sexual function,<ref name="cepeda2025">{{REFjournal
	\|last=Cepeda-Emiliani		\|last=Cepeda-Emiliani
	\|first=		\|first=
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	\|accessdate=2026-07-12		\|accessdate=2026-07-12
	}}</ref>		}}</ref>
			==Mens rea==
			Mens rea is the state of mind statutorily required in order to convict a particular defendant of a particular crime.<ref>{{REFweb
			\|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/mens_rea
			\|title=Mens rea
			\|last=
			\|first=
			\|init=
			\|author-link=
			\|publisher=Cornell Law School
			\|date=
			\|accessdate=2026-07-13
			}}</ref>
	==European precedents==		==European precedents==
	* [[Cologne circumcision court judgment]] (2012)		* [[Cologne circumcision court judgment]] (2012)

WikiModEn2: /* Circumcision? */ Add citations.

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Circumcision?: Add citations.

@@ Line 158: / Line 158: @@
 Parents may be free to become martyrs themselves. But it does not follow they are free, in identical circumstances, to make martyrs of their children before they have reached the age of full and legal discretion when they can make that choice for themselves.<ref>[https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/321/158/ Prince v Massachusetts], 21 U.S. 158, 159-60 (1944).</ref>
 </blockquote>
-Parental surrogates are denied the right to make that harmful choice for their children. [[Surrogate consent]] cannot be used to legalize or excuse the harmful aggravated battery of foreskin amputation.
+Parental surrogates are denied the right to make that harmful choice for their children.<ref name="aap1995">{{REFjournal
-If a non-therapeutic circumcision is to be done, then it must wait until the child patient reaches the legal age at which he can grant consent for himself.
+If a non-therapeutic circumcision is to be done, then it must wait until the child patient reaches the legal age at which he can grant consent for himself.<ref name-"myers2020">{{REFjournal
 ==European precedents==

WikiModEn2 at 15:08, 12 July 2026

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@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
   |format=PDF
   |accessdate=2026-07-12
-}}</ref> which causes an increase in medical issues, degrades normal physiological sexual function,<ref name="cepeda2025">{{REFjournal
+}}</ref> which causes an increase in medical issues,<ref name="fendereski2024">{{REFjournal
   |last=Cepeda-Emiliani
   |first=
@@ Line 119: / Line 156: @@
 Since boys are too young to grant consent, the American [[circumcision industry]] has traditionally relied on [[surrogate consent]], granted by a parental surrogate, for [[circumcision]], not the actual child victim, however parents do not have the right to harm their children, since the Supreme Court of the United States of America (1944) ruled:
 <blockquote>
-Parents may be free to become martyrs themselves. But it does not follow they are free, in identical circumstances, to make martyrs of their children before they have reached the age of full and legal discretion when they can make that choice for themselves.<ref>[https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/321/158/ Prince v Massachusetts], 21 U.S. 158, 159-60 (1944)</ref>
+Parents may be free to become martyrs themselves. But it does not follow they are free, in identical circumstances, to make martyrs of their children before they have reached the age of full and legal discretion when they can make that choice for themselves.<ref>[https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/321/158/ Prince v Massachusetts], 21 U.S. 158, 159-60 (1944).</ref>
 </blockquote>
 Parental surrogates are denied the right to make that harmful choice for their children. [[Surrogate consent]] cannot be used to legalize or excuse the harmful aggravated battery of foreskin amputation.
@@ Line 142: / Line 179: @@
 }}
 ==Conclusion==
-Circumcision of male children is a mutilation of genital tissue that permanently destroys the [[foreskin]] (prepuce) of a male child. It also irreversibly destroys the [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions_of_the_foreskin| protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual functions]] of the foreskin, leaving the male patient at increased risk of disease.<ref name="fendereski2024">{{REFjournal
+Circumcision of male children is a mutilation of genital tissue that permanently destroys the [[foreskin]] (prepuce) of a male child. It also irreversibly destroys the [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions_of_the_foreskin| protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual functions]] of the foreskin, leaving the male patient at increased risk of disease.<ref name="fendereski2024" /> It is mutilating and causes permanent disfigurement of the [[penis]]. Circumcision of male children clearly meets all tests for aggravated battery. It cannot be legalized or excused by patient or surrogate consent because no one has the legal capacity to grant consent for the aggravated battery of non-therapeutic child circumcision.<ref name="hill2003">{{REFjournal
   |last=Hill
   |first=George

WikiModEn2: /* Circumcision? */ Add citation.

2026-07-12T14:21:15Z

Circumcision?: Add citation.

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 Does the medically-not-indicated, non-therapeutic [[amputation]] of a healthy [[foreskin]] from the [[penis]] of a minor boy without his consent constitute <i>aggravated battery</i>?
-<i>Circumcision</i> is the Biblical euphemism used by the [[circumcision industry]] to promote the harmful, irreversible surgical excision and [[amputation]] of the [[foreskin]] (AKA <i>prepuce</i>) of the [[penis]] of a human male. The harmful amputation causes [[MGM| genital mutilation]], permanent disfigurement, and permanent loss of function, which causes an increase in medical issues, degrades normal physiological sexual function, and causes psychological issues.
+<i>Circumcision</i> is the Biblical euphemism used by the [[circumcision industry]] to promote the harmful, irreversible surgical excision and [[amputation]] of the [[foreskin]] (AKA <i>prepuce</i>) of the [[penis]] of a human male. The harmful amputation causes [[MGM| genital mutilation]], permanent disfigurement, and permanent loss of function,<ref name="andersen2025">{{REFjournal
 Since boys are too young to grant consent, the American [[circumcision industry]] has traditionally relied on [[surrogate consent]], granted by a parental surrogate, for [[circumcision]], not the actual child victim, however parents do not have the right to harm their children, since the Supreme Court of the United States of America (1944) ruled:

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2026-07-12T13:57:19Z

Revise text.

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	'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' is a legal term for an [https://legaldictionary.net/battery/ act of battery], when it "is committed with intent to do serious harm or murder, or when it is done with a dangerous weapon~~, it is described as aggravated~~. A weapon is considered dangerous whenever the purpose for using it is to cause death or serious harm. State statutes define aggravated battery in various ways—such as assault with intent to kill. Under such statutes, assault means both battery and assault. It is punishable as a [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/felony felony] in all states."<ref>{{REFweb		'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' is the legal term for an [https://legaldictionary.net/battery/ act of battery], when it "is committed with intent to do serious harm or murder", or when it is done with a dangerous weapon. A weapon is considered dangerous whenever the purpose for using it is to cause death or serious harm. State statutes define aggravated battery in various ways—such as assault with intent to kill. Under such statutes, assault means both battery and assault. It is punishable as a [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/felony felony] in all states."<ref>{{REFweb
	\|url=https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Aggravated+battery		\|url=https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Aggravated+battery
	\|title=Battery		\|title=Battery
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	* [[Re B and G (children) (No 2) EWFC 3]] (2015)		* [[Re B and G (children) (No 2) EWFC 3]] (2015)
	{{SEEALSO}}		{{SEEALSO}}
			* [[Informed consent]]
	* [[William Stowell]]		* [[William Stowell]]
	* [[Wrongful circumcision]]		* [[Wrongful circumcision]]
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	\|title=Aggravated Battery: The Ultimate Guide to a Serious Violent Crime		\|title=Aggravated Battery: The Ultimate Guide to a Serious Violent Crime
	\|last=Anonymous		\|last=Anonymous
	~~\|first=~~
	~~\|init=~~
	~~\|author-link=~~
	\|publisher=US Law Explained		\|publisher=US Law Explained
	\|website=https://uslawexplained.com/start		\|website=https://uslawexplained.com/start
	~~\|date=~~
	\|accessdate=2026-07-11		\|accessdate=2026-07-11
	}}		}}