Bias - Revision history

WikiModEn2: Add link in SEEALSO section.

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Add link in SEEALSO section.

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	American researchers who have written studies critical of male circumcision usually have had to publish in the foreign medical literature. The journal ''Pediatrics'', published by the [[AAP\| American Academy of Pediatrics]], is noted for its publication of articles with a favorable view of non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision.		American researchers who have written studies critical of male circumcision usually have had to publish in the foreign medical literature. The journal ''Pediatrics'', published by the [[AAP\| American Academy of Pediatrics]], is noted for its publication of articles with a favorable view of non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision.
	~~{{SEEALSO}}~~
	* [[

	== Religious bias ==		== Religious bias ==
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	* [[Circumcised doctors]]		* [[Circumcised doctors]]
	* [[Circumcision study flaws]]		* [[Circumcision study flaws]]
			* [[Google bias on circumcision]]
	* [[Wikipedia bias on circumcision]]		* [[Wikipedia bias on circumcision]]

WikiModEn2: /* Cultural bias */

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Cultural bias

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	<BR CLEAR="all">		<BR CLEAR="all">
	== Cultural bias ==		== Cultural bias ==
	A scientist or researcher of [[circumcision]] may have a cultural bias in favor of [[circumcision]] if (s)he comes from a country, society, cultural background, or ethnic group where [[circumcision]] is common. A cultural bias is a conflict of interest because reporting accurate findings in studies regarding circumcision is at odds with what one has been conditioned to believe about the practice. A person may be circumcised himself, married to a circumcised spouse, and/or a parent to circumcised children.		A scientist or researcher of [[circumcision]] may have a cultural bias in favor of [[circumcision]] if (s)he comes from a country, society, cultural background, or ethnic group where [[circumcision]] is common. A cultural bias is a conflict of interest because reporting accurate findings in studies regarding circumcision is at odds with what one has been conditioned to believe about the practice. A person may be [[circumcised]] himself, married to a circumcised spouse, and/or a parent to circumcised children.

	Circumcision has been near-universal in the [[United States]], [[Israel]], the [[Tuli\|Philippines]], and most Muslim nations. Circumcision is also considered a rite of passage in some African tribes. In these societies, a man who has not been circumcised is often considered to be inferior, and in some cases, a social outcast, so there is a strong incentive to circumcise one's self and/or one's children.		Circumcision has been near-universal in the [[United States]], [[Israel]], the [[Tuli\|Philippines]], and most Muslim nations. Circumcision is also considered a rite of passage in some African tribes. In these societies, a man who has not been circumcised is often considered to be inferior, and in some cases, a social outcast, so there is a strong incentive to circumcise one's self and/or one's children.

	LeBourdais (1995) reported "the likelihood of a baby being [[circumcised]] is influenced by an expanding array of usually non-medical factors: [[Adamant father syndrome\| circumcision status of the father]], attitude of the mother, age of the attending physician, ~~sex~~ and circumcision status of the physician, geographic location and religion factors that have little to do with the baby himself."<ref name="lebourdais1995">{{REFjournal		LeBourdais (1995) reported "the likelihood of a baby being [[circumcised]] is influenced by an expanding array of usually non-medical factors: [[Adamant father syndrome\| circumcision status of the father]], attitude of the mother, age of the attending physician, gender and circumcision status of the physician, geographic location and religion factors that have little to do with the baby himself."<ref name="lebourdais1995">{{REFjournal
	\|last=LeBourdais		\|last=LeBourdais
	\|first=Eleanor		\|first=Eleanor
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	American researchers who have written studies critical of male circumcision usually have had to publish in the foreign medical literature. The journal ''Pediatrics'', published by the [[AAP\| American Academy of Pediatrics]], is noted for its publication of articles with a favorable view of non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision.		American researchers who have written studies critical of male circumcision usually have had to publish in the foreign medical literature. The journal ''Pediatrics'', published by the [[AAP\| American Academy of Pediatrics]], is noted for its publication of articles with a favorable view of non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision.
			{{SEEALSO}}
			* [[

	== Religious bias ==		== Religious bias ==

WikiAdmin: wikify Israel

2024-03-25T08:37:10Z

wikify Israel

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	A scientist or researcher of [[circumcision]] may have a cultural bias in favor of [[circumcision]] if (s)he comes from a country, society, cultural background, or ethnic group where [[circumcision]] is common. A cultural bias is a conflict of interest because reporting accurate findings in studies regarding circumcision is at odds with what one has been conditioned to believe about the practice. A person may be circumcised himself, married to a circumcised spouse, and/or a parent to circumcised children.		A scientist or researcher of [[circumcision]] may have a cultural bias in favor of [[circumcision]] if (s)he comes from a country, society, cultural background, or ethnic group where [[circumcision]] is common. A cultural bias is a conflict of interest because reporting accurate findings in studies regarding circumcision is at odds with what one has been conditioned to believe about the practice. A person may be circumcised himself, married to a circumcised spouse, and/or a parent to circumcised children.

	Circumcision has been near-universal in the [[United States]], Israel, the [[Tuli\| Philippines]], and most Muslim nations. Circumcision is also considered a rite of passage in some African tribes. In these societies, a man who has not been circumcised is often considered to be inferior, and in some cases, a social outcast, so there is a strong incentive to circumcise one's self and/or one's children.		Circumcision has been near-universal in the [[United States]], [[Israel]], the [[Tuli\|Philippines]], and most Muslim nations. Circumcision is also considered a rite of passage in some African tribes. In these societies, a man who has not been circumcised is often considered to be inferior, and in some cases, a social outcast, so there is a strong incentive to circumcise one's self and/or one's children.

	LeBourdais (1995) reported "the likelihood of a baby being [[circumcised]] is influenced by an expanding array of usually non-medical factors: [[Adamant father syndrome\| circumcision status of the father]], attitude of the mother, age of the attending physician, sex and circumcision status of the physician, geographic location and religion factors that have little to do with the baby himself."<ref name="lebourdais1995">{{REFjournal		LeBourdais (1995) reported "the likelihood of a baby being [[circumcised]] is influenced by an expanding array of usually non-medical factors: [[Adamant father syndrome\| circumcision status of the father]], attitude of the mother, age of the attending physician, sex and circumcision status of the physician, geographic location and religion factors that have little to do with the baby himself."<ref name="lebourdais1995">{{REFjournal

WikiModEn2: /* Medical literature bias */ Add citation; Wikify.

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Medical literature bias: Add citation; Wikify.

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	\|accessdate=2020-08-08		\|accessdate=2020-08-08
	\|note=		\|note=
	}}</ref> As a result of the long history of doctors condemning the presence of the [[foreskin]] and expounding the alleged virtues of [[circumcision]], curriculum regarding the [[foreskin]] and its [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions\| multiple functions]] remain largely absent from American medical literature. Information on the [[Retraction of the foreskin\| proper development of the foreskin]] is largely absent, diagrams of male genitalia present the [[penis]] as circumcised, and if the foreskin is mentioned at all, it is in the context of circumcision. In short, most of what is taught in American medicine regarding the foreskin is how to cut it off. When circumcised doctors attempt to write a circumcision policy, the outcome is likely to heavily biased in favor of circumcision.<ref name="goldman2005">{{REFjournal		}}</ref> As a result of the long history of doctors condemning the presence of the [[foreskin]] and expounding the alleged virtues of [[circumcision]], curriculum regarding the [[foreskin]] and its [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions\| multiple functions]] remain largely absent from American medical literature. Information on the [[Retraction of the foreskin\| proper development of the foreskin]] is largely absent, diagrams of male genitalia present the [[penis]] as [[circumcised]], and if the foreskin is mentioned at all, it is in the context of circumcision. In short, most of what is taught in American medicine regarding the [[foreskin]] is how to cut it off. When [[circumcised]] doctors attempt to write a [[circumcision]] policy, the outcome is likely to heavily biased in favor of circumcision.<ref name="goldman2005">{{REFjournal
	\|last=Goldman		\|last=Goldman
	\|first=Ronald		\|first=Ronald
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	\|DOI=10.1093/pch/9.9.630		\|DOI=10.1093/pch/9.9.630
	\|accessdate=2019-12-10		\|accessdate=2019-12-10
			}}</ref> <ref name="hill2007">{{REFjournal
			\|last=Hill
			\|first=
			\|init=G
			\|author-link=George Hill
			\|title=The case against circumcision
			\|journal=Journal of Men's Health and Gender
			\|date=2007
			\|volume=4
			\|issue=3
			\|pages=318-23
			\|url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=04ace5046cc27f01b8fbe4aa359c059778983912
			\|quote=
			\|format=PDF
			\|accessdate=2023-10-02
	}}</ref>		}}</ref>

WikiModEn2: Add link in SEEALSO section.

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	{{SEEALSO}}		{{SEEALSO}}
			* [[American Academy of Pediatrics]]
	* [[Circumfetish]] -- A bias sicker than the rest.		* [[Circumfetish]] -- A bias sicker than the rest.
	* [[Issues with American urologists and the practice of male circumcision]]		* [[Issues with American urologists and the practice of male circumcision]]

WikiModEn2: Add link in SEEALSO section.

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Add link in SEEALSO section.

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	{{SEEALSO}}		{{SEEALSO}}
	* [[Circumfetish]] -- A bias sicker than the rest.		* [[Circumfetish]] -- A bias sicker than the rest.
			* [[Issues with American urologists and the practice of male circumcision]]
	* [[Psychological issues of male circumcision]]		* [[Psychological issues of male circumcision]]
	* [[Circumcised doctors]]		* [[Circumcised doctors]]

WikiModEn2: /* Jewish influence on circumcision literature */ Add inline link.

2023-04-10T13:26:43Z

Jewish influence on circumcision literature: Add inline link.

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	\|volume=105		\|volume=105
	\|pages=682-683		\|pages=682-683
	}}</ref> The voices of Jewish doctors — [[Abraham L. Wolbarst\|Wolbarst]], [[Abraham Ravich\|Ravich]], Weiss, [[Aaron J. Fink\| Fink]], [[Edgar J. Schoen\|Schoen]], and others — are disproportionately prominent in circumcision advocacy.		}}</ref> The voices of Jewish doctors — [[Abraham L. Wolbarst\|Wolbarst]], [[Abraham Ravich\|Ravich]], [[Gerald N. Weiss\| Weiss]], [[Aaron J. Fink\| Fink]], [[Edgar J. Schoen\|Schoen]], and others — are disproportionately prominent in circumcision advocacy.

	Although physicians may act with what they consider to be sound medical judgement, some Jewish physicians may be influenced also by non-medical consideration. Cultural background of many Jewish circumcision advocates predisposes them to view the practice in a positive light, to welcome evidence that the most particular and problematic religious custom of their people is medically beneficial, and to dismiss arguments to the contrary. The presence of a large and influential population of Jewish physicians in this country, their concentration in leading centers of research and publication, and their remarkably active participation in the century-long debate on circumcision seems too obvious and too significant to be rejected out of hand, or worse, to be avoided because it might be wrongly interpreted as gratuitous defamation.<ref>{{REFbook		Although physicians may act with what they consider to be sound medical judgement, some Jewish physicians may be influenced also by non-medical consideration. Cultural background of many Jewish circumcision advocates predisposes them to view the practice in a positive light, to welcome evidence that the most particular and problematic religious custom of their people is medically beneficial, and to dismiss arguments to the contrary. The presence of a large and influential population of Jewish physicians in this country, their concentration in leading centers of research and publication, and their remarkably active participation in the century-long debate on circumcision seems too obvious and too significant to be rejected out of hand, or worse, to be avoided because it might be wrongly interpreted as gratuitous defamation.<ref>{{REFbook

WikiModEn2: /* Personal bias */

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Personal bias

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	== Personal bias ==		== Personal bias ==
	Like anyone else, a scientist or researcher of [[circumcision]] may have a personal bias in favor of circumcision if he is circumcised, a father of circumcised children, or if she is married to a circumcised partner and/or is a mother of circumcised children.<ref name="lebourdais1995" /> A personal bias is a conflict of interest, because reporting accurate findings in studies regarding circumcision is at odds with a personal interest in defending the irrevocable procedure of circumcision for one's self, a circumcised spouse, or one's circumcised children. The interests of a circumcision "researcher" may also lie in a personal sexual fixation with the circumcised penis and/or the act of circumcision itself. (See [[circumfetish]].)		Like anyone else, a scientist or researcher of [[circumcision]] may have a personal bias in favor of circumcision if he is [[circumcised]], a father of [[circumcised]] children, or if she is married to a [[circumcised]] partner and/or is a mother of [[circumcised]] children.<ref name="lebourdais1995" /> A personal bias is a conflict of interest, because reporting accurate findings in studies regarding circumcision is at odds with a personal interest in defending the irrevocable procedure of circumcision for one's self, a [[circumcised]] spouse, or one's [[circumcised]] children. The interests of a circumcision "researcher" may also lie in a personal sexual fixation with the [[circumcised]] penis and/or the act of [[circumcision]] itself. (See [[circumfetish]].)

	== "Anti-circumcision bias" ==		== "Anti-circumcision bias" ==

WikiModEn2: /* Cultural bias */

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Cultural bias

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	Circumcision has been near-universal in the [[United States]], Israel, the [[Tuli\| Philippines]], and most Muslim nations. Circumcision is also considered a rite of passage in some African tribes. In these societies, a man who has not been circumcised is often considered to be inferior, and in some cases, a social outcast, so there is a strong incentive to circumcise one's self and/or one's children.		Circumcision has been near-universal in the [[United States]], Israel, the [[Tuli\| Philippines]], and most Muslim nations. Circumcision is also considered a rite of passage in some African tribes. In these societies, a man who has not been circumcised is often considered to be inferior, and in some cases, a social outcast, so there is a strong incentive to circumcise one's self and/or one's children.

	LeBourdais (1995) reported "the likelihood of a baby being circumcised is influenced by an expanding array of usually non-medical factors: [[Adamant father syndrome\| circumcision status of the father]], attitude of the mother, age of the attending physician, sex and circumcision status of the physician, geographic location and religion factors that have little to do with the baby himself."<ref name="lebourdais1995">{{REFjournal		LeBourdais (1995) reported "the likelihood of a baby being [[circumcised]] is influenced by an expanding array of usually non-medical factors: [[Adamant father syndrome\| circumcision status of the father]], attitude of the mother, age of the attending physician, sex and circumcision status of the physician, geographic location and religion factors that have little to do with the baby himself."<ref name="lebourdais1995">{{REFjournal
	\|last=LeBourdais		\|last=LeBourdais
	\|first=Eleanor		\|first=Eleanor
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	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

	Because the [[United States]] circumcises so many of its male infants, [[circumcision]] is often said to be an American cultural value, and it is accepted as “normal.” Cultural bias on this issue may be most obvious when considering the practice of female circumcision in Africa. Americans regard the practice with horror, the way Europeans, who do not cut the genitals of male or females, regard American circumcision.<ref name="CRC2011-03-06">{{REFweb		Because the [[United States]] circumcises so many of its male infants, [[circumcision]] is often said to be an American cultural value, and it has been accepted as “normal.” Cultural bias on this issue may be most obvious when considering the practice of female circumcision in Africa. Americans regard the practice with horror, the way Europeans, who do not cut the genitals of male or females, regard American circumcision.<ref name="CRC2011-03-06">{{REFweb
	\|last=		\|last=
	\|first=		\|first=
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	}}</ref>		}}</ref>

	American bias in favor of circumcision could be attributed to a number of different factors. The history of circumcision in America goes back to the Nineteenth Century, when it began as a way to curb [[masturbation]] in boys and men.<ref name='Stay Free!'>{{REFweb		American bias in favor of circumcision could be attributed to a number of different factors. The history of [[circumcision]] in [[United States\| America]] goes back to the Nineteenth Century, when it began as a way to curb [[masturbation]] in boys and men.<ref name='Stay Free!'>{{REFweb
	\|quote=The operation should be performed by a surgeon without administering an anesthetic...		\|quote=The operation should be performed by a surgeon without administering an anesthetic...
	\|last=McLaren		\|last=McLaren
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	\|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/stayfree/10/graham.htm		\|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/stayfree/10/graham.htm
	\|accessdate=2011-03-06		\|accessdate=2011-03-06
	}}</ref> Thereafter American doctors began on a quest to medicalize the practice of circumcision as a claimed preventer of a myriad of diseases, and that endeavor continues to this day.		}}</ref> Thereafter American doctors began on a quest to medicalize the formerly religious practice of circumcision as a claimed preventer of a myriad of diseases, and that endeavor continues to this day.

	===Media bias===		===Media bias===

WikiAdmin: wikify medical indication

2022-08-23T12:26:48Z

wikify medical indication

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:26, 23 August 2022
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	}}</ref>		}}</ref>

	A recent debate in [[Denmark]] shows a good example of how biased [[Circumfetishist\|circumcision advocates]] try to blame anti-circumcision advocates (who are no outspoken [[intactivist]]s) of having an "anti-circumcision bias". As circumcision on minors without medical indication is a genital mutilation by definition, those who advocate allowing this genital mutilation, are obliged to justify the reasonableness which seems impossible. Those who speak out for [[human rights]] of defenseless children and oppose genital mutilation on minors, do not have any obligation to justify a non-intervention.<ref>{{REFweb		A recent debate in [[Denmark]] shows a good example of how biased [[Circumfetishist\|circumcision advocates]] try to blame anti-circumcision advocates (who are no outspoken [[intactivist]]s) of having an "anti-circumcision bias". As circumcision on minors without [[medical indication]] is a genital mutilation by definition, those who advocate allowing this genital mutilation, are obliged to justify the reasonableness which seems impossible. Those who speak out for [[human rights]] of defenseless children and oppose genital mutilation on minors, do not have any obligation to justify a non-intervention.<ref>{{REFweb
	\|url=https://uniavisen.dk/en/feud-over-circumcision-is-now-at-the-university-of-copenhagen/		\|url=https://uniavisen.dk/en/feud-over-circumcision-is-now-at-the-university-of-copenhagen/
	\|title=Feud over circumcision is now at the University of Copenhagen		\|title=Feud over circumcision is now at the University of Copenhagen