Circumcision and STDs - Revision history

WikiAdmin: fixed CIRP URLs

2024-06-19T09:53:36Z

fixed CIRP URLs

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:53, 19 June 2024
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	\|last4=Chaudhuri		\|last4=Chaudhuri
	\|init4=S		\|init4=S
	\|url=~~http~~://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/parkash/		\|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/parkash/
	\|title=Human subpreputial collection: its nature and formation		\|title=Human subpreputial collection: its nature and formation
	\|journal=J Urol		\|journal=J Urol
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	\|last=Hill		\|last=Hill
	\|author-link=George Hill		\|author-link=George Hill
	\|url=~~http~~://www.cirp.org/library/disease/HIV/hill1/		\|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/disease/HIV/hill1/
	\|title=Summary of evidence that the foreskin and lysozyme may protect against HIV infection		\|title=Summary of evidence that the foreskin and lysozyme may protect against HIV infection
			\|publisher=[[CIRP]]
	\|date=2003-09-07		\|date=2003-09-07
	\|accessdate=2019-10-20		\|accessdate=2019-10-20
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	\|author2-link=		\|author2-link=
	\|etal=yes		\|etal=yes
	\|title=Sub-preputial wetness - Its nature.		\|title=Sub-preputial wetness - Its nature
	\|journal=Ann Nat Med Sci		\|journal=Ann Nat Med Sci
	~~\|location=~~
	\|date=1982-07		\|date=1982-07
	\|volume=18		\|volume=18
	\|issue=3		\|issue=3
	\|pages=109-112		\|pages=109-112
	\|url=~~http~~://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/prakash/		\|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/prakash/
	~~\|archived=~~
	~~\|quote=~~
	~~\|pubmedID=~~
	~~\|pubmedCID=~~
	~~\|DOI=~~
	\|accessdate=2020-05-24		\|accessdate=2020-05-24
	}}</ref>		}}</ref>
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	\|author3-link=		\|author3-link=
	\|etal=no		\|etal=no
	\|title=Circumcision in the United States.		\|title=Circumcision in the United States
	\|journal=JAMA		\|journal=JAMA
	\|location=		\|location=
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	\|issue=13		\|issue=13
	\|pages=1052-7		\|pages=1052-7
	\|url=~~http~~://www.cirp.org/library/general/laumann/		\|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/general/laumann/
	~~\|archived=~~
	~~\|quote=~~
	\|pubmedID=9091693		\|pubmedID=9091693
	\|pubmedCID=		\|pubmedCID=
	~~\|DOI=~~
	\|accessdate=2020-05-24		\|accessdate=2020-05-24
	}}</ref>		}}</ref>
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	Claims of prophylactic prevention of STDs and STIs can no longer be used to support the harmful practice of destructive male circumcision.		Claims of prophylactic prevention of STDs and STIs can no longer be used to support the harmful practice of destructive male circumcision.

	{{SEEALSO}}		{{SEEALSO}}
	* [[Preputial sac]]		* [[Preputial sac]]

	{{LINKS}}		{{LINKS}}
	* {{REFweb		* {{REFweb
	\|url=~~http~~://www.cirp.org/library/disease/STD/		\|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/disease/STD/
	\|title=Circumcision and Sexually Transmitted Infections		\|title=Circumcision and Sexually Transmitted Infections
	\|publisher=~~Circumcision Reference Library~~		\|publisher=[[CIRP]]
	~~\|website=www.cirp.org~~
	\|date=2008-03-10		\|date=2008-03-10
	\|accessdate=2020-05-22		\|accessdate=2020-05-22
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	{{REF}}		{{REF}}


	[[Category:Immunology]]		[[Category:Immunology]]
	[[Category:Disease]]		[[Category:Disease]]
	[[Category:Sexually transmitted disease]]		[[Category:Sexually transmitted disease]]

WikiAdmin: fixed format

2024-01-01T16:22:31Z

fixed format

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:22, 1 January 2024
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	\|pubmedCID=		\|pubmedCID=
	\|DOI=		\|DOI=
	\|format=~~STD~~		\|format=PDF
	\|accessdate=2020-05-25		\|accessdate=2020-05-25
	}}</ref>		}}</ref>

WikiModEn2: /* Contemporary view based on medical science */ Add format.

2023-12-30T20:29:24Z

Contemporary view based on medical science: Add format.

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:29, 30 December 2023
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	\|pubmedCID=		\|pubmedCID=
	\|DOI=		\|DOI=
			\|format=STD
	\|accessdate=2020-05-25		\|accessdate=2020-05-25
	}}</ref>		}}</ref>

WikiModEn2: /* Contemporary view based on medical science */

2023-12-30T20:25:14Z

Contemporary view based on medical science

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:25, 30 December 2023
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	}}</ref>		}}</ref>

	Donovan et al. (1994) also surveyed men at a sexual disease clinic in Sydney, {{AUSC\|NSW}}, Australia. They reported:		Donovan et al. (1994) also surveyed men at a sexual disease clinic in Sydney, {{AUSC\|NSW}}, [[Australia]]. They reported:
	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	''In this clinic-based prospectively collected survey we found no association between male [[circumcision]] status and STDs that are common in our population. Perhaps importantly, our study group was relatively racially homogeneous, lack of [[circumcision]] was not a marker of lower socioeconomic status (using the index of education level; Table 2), and we controlled for a major parameter of sexual behaviour (lifetime number of sexual partners)''.<ref name="donovan1994">{{REFjournal		''In this clinic-based prospectively collected survey we found no association between male [[circumcision]] status and STDs that are common in our population. Perhaps importantly, our study group was relatively racially homogeneous, lack of [[circumcision]] was not a marker of lower socioeconomic status (using the index of education level; Table 2), and we controlled for a major parameter of sexual behaviour (lifetime number of sexual partners)''.<ref name="donovan1994">{{REFjournal
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	}}</ref>		}}</ref>

	[[Morten Frisch]] and Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in [[Denmark]] of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male [[circumcision]] in preventing [[HIV]] and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that circumcised men have a higher rate of STI and [[HIV]] infection overall than [[intact]] men.<ref name="frisch2021">{{FrischM SimonsenJ 2021}}</ref>		[[Morten Frisch]] and Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in [[Denmark]] of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male [[circumcision]] in preventing [[HIV]] and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that [[circumcised]] men have a higher rate of STI and [[HIV]] infection overall than [[intact]] men.<ref name="frisch2021">{{FrischM SimonsenJ 2021}}</ref>

	==Circumcised men have more risky sexual behavior==		==Circumcised men have more risky sexual behavior==

WikiModEn2: /* Contemporary view based on medical science */ Wikify.

2023-12-30T20:20:29Z

Contemporary view based on medical science: Wikify.

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:20, 30 December 2023
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	==Contemporary view based on medical science==		==Contemporary view based on medical science==

	Evidence-based medicine does not support the subjective opinion of the early circumcision-promoters.<ref name="vanhowe2013">{{REFjournal		Evidence-based medicine does not support the subjective opinion of the early [[circumcision]]-promoters.<ref name="vanhowe2013">{{REFjournal
	\|last=Van Howe		\|last=Van Howe
	\|first=Robert S.		\|first=Robert S.
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	}}</ref>		}}</ref>

	Circumcision advocates had falsely claimed that the sub-preputial space was a filthy [[cesspool]] of infection that was eliminated by circumcision. However, Parkash et al. (1982) showed that the sub-preputial moisture actually contained lytic material with antiseptic qualities that protected against disease.<ref>{{REFjournal		[[Circumcision]] advocates had falsely claimed that the sub-preputial space was a filthy [[cesspool]] of [[infection]] that was eliminated by [[circumcision]]. However, Parkash et al. (1982) showed that the sub-preputial moisture actually contained lytic material with antiseptic qualities that protected against disease.<ref>{{REFjournal
	\|last=Parkash		\|last=Parkash
	\|init=S		\|init=S
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	}}</ref>		}}</ref>

	Smith et al. (1987) found evidence that the foreskin protected against acquisition of non-gonococcal urethritis, possibly "''by affecting the physiologic milieu of the glans penis, by association with post-coital hygiene behavior, or by local immune defense mechanisms acting against the agent''."<ref name="smith1987">{{REFjournal		Smith et al. (1987) found evidence that the [[foreskin]] protected against acquisition of non-gonococcal urethritis, possibly "''by affecting the physiologic milieu of the [[glans penis]], by association with post-coital hygiene behavior, or by local immune defense mechanisms acting against the agent''."<ref name="smith1987">{{REFjournal
	\|last=Smith		\|last=Smith
	\|first=Gregory L.		\|first=Gregory L.
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	}}</ref>		}}</ref>

	Cook et al. (1993) reported their findings that circumcised men were more likely to have genital warts than intact men. The authors concluded, "''the presence of the foreskin may confer nonspecific protection of the proximal penis from acquisition of HPV infection''."<ref name="cook1993A>{{REFjournal		Cook et al. (1993) reported their findings that [[circumcised]] men were more likely to have genital warts than [[intact]] men. The authors concluded, "''the presence of the [[foreskin]] may confer nonspecific protection of the proximal [[penis]] from acquisition of HPV infection''."<ref name="cook1993A>{{REFjournal
	\|last=Cook		\|last=Cook
	\|init=LS		\|init=LS
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	}}</ref>		}}</ref>

	Cook et al. (1994) compared the incidence of sexually transmitted disease in intact males with circumcised males who attend the STD clinic at the [https://www.uwmedicine.org/locations/harborview-medical-center Harborview Medical Center] in Seattle, Washington, USA. They reported that genitally intact men were more likely than circumcised men to have syphilis and gonorrhea and were less likely to have visible warts.<ref name="cook1994">{{REFjournal		Cook et al. (1994) compared the incidence of sexually transmitted disease in [[intact]] males with [[circumcised]] males who attend the STD clinic at the [https://www.uwmedicine.org/locations/harborview-medical-center Harborview Medical Center] in Seattle, Washington, USA. They reported that genitally [[intact]] men were more likely than [[circumcised]] men to have syphilis and gonorrhea and were less likely to have visible warts.<ref name="cook1994">{{REFjournal
	\|last=Cook		\|last=Cook
	\|first=Linda S.		\|first=Linda S.
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	}}</ref>		}}</ref>

	Bassett et al. (1994) investigated the factors associated with HSV-2 infection in heterosexual men at a sexual disease clinic in Sydney, Australia. They reported that, "''we found no evidence of the presence of an intact foreskin being a risk factor for HSV-2 infection''."<ref name="bassett1994">{{REFjournal		Bassett et al. (1994) investigated the factors associated with HSV-2 infection in heterosexual men at a sexual disease clinic in Sydney, Australia. They reported that, "''we found no evidence of the presence of an [[intact]] [[foreskin]] being a risk factor for HSV-2 infection''."<ref name="bassett1994">{{REFjournal
	\|last=Bassett		\|last=Bassett
	\|first=Ingrid		\|first=Ingrid
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	Donovan et al. (1994) also surveyed men at a sexual disease clinic in Sydney, {{AUSC\|NSW}}, Australia. They reported:		Donovan et al. (1994) also surveyed men at a sexual disease clinic in Sydney, {{AUSC\|NSW}}, Australia. They reported:
	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	''In this clinic-based prospectively collected survey we found no association between male circumcision status and STDs that are common in our population. Perhaps importantly, our study group was relatively racially homogeneous, lack of circumcision was not a marker of lower socioeconomic status (using the index of education level; Table 2), and we controlled for a major parameter of sexual behaviour (lifetime number of sexual partners)''.<ref name="donovan1994">{{REFjournal		''In this clinic-based prospectively collected survey we found no association between male [[circumcision]] status and STDs that are common in our population. Perhaps importantly, our study group was relatively racially homogeneous, lack of [[circumcision]] was not a marker of lower socioeconomic status (using the index of education level; Table 2), and we controlled for a major parameter of sexual behaviour (lifetime number of sexual partners)''.<ref name="donovan1994">{{REFjournal
	\|last=Donovan		\|last=Donovan
	\|first=Basil		\|first=Basil
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	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

	Laumann et al. (1997) used data from the ''National Health and Social Life Survey'' (NHSLS) (1992) to report on the effects of male circumcision in the United States. With regard to STDs, Laumann et al. reported:		Laumann et al. (1997) used data from the ''National Health and Social Life Survey'' (NHSLS) (1992) to report on the effects of male [[circumcision]] in the [[United States]]. With regard to STDs, Laumann et al. reported:
	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	''With respect to STDs, we found no evidence of a prophylactic role for circumcision and a slight tendency in the opposite direction. Indeed, the absence of a foreskin was significantly associated with contraction of bacterial STDs among men who have had many partners in their lifetimes. These results suggest a reexamination of the prevailing wisdom regarding the prophylactic effect of circumcision. While circumcision may have an impact that was not picked up by the NHSLS data, it seems unlikely to justify the claims made by those who base their support for widespread circumcision on it''.<ref name="laumann1997">{{REFjournal		''With respect to STDs, we found no evidence of a prophylactic role for circumcision and a slight tendency in the opposite direction. Indeed, the absence of a foreskin was significantly associated with contraction of bacterial STDs among men who have had many partners in their lifetimes. These results suggest a reexamination of the prevailing wisdom regarding the prophylactic effect of circumcision. While circumcision may have an impact that was not picked up by the NHSLS data, it seems unlikely to justify the claims made by those who base their support for widespread circumcision on it''.<ref name="laumann1997">{{REFjournal

WikiModEn2: /* The immunological function of the foreskin */

2023-12-30T20:13:25Z

The immunological function of the foreskin

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:13, 30 December 2023
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	== The immunological function of the foreskin ==		== The immunological function of the foreskin ==

	The foreskin's inner fold and the glans of the penis are comprised of [[Preputial mucosa\| mucous membrane]] tissue. These are also present in your eyes, mouth, and all other bodily orifices including the female genitals. These are the first line of immunological defense for the body's orifices. These mucous membranes perform many immunological and hygienic functions.		The [[foreskin]]'s inner fold and the [[glans]] of the [[penis]] are comprised of [[Preputial mucosa\| mucous membrane]] tissue. These are also present in your eyes, mouth, and all other bodily orifices including the female genitals. These are the first line of immunological defense for the body's orifices. These mucous membranes perform many immunological and hygienic functions.

	Certain components such as [[Langerhans cells]],<ref>{{REFjournal		Certain components such as [[Langerhans cells]],<ref>{{REFjournal
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	\|accessdate=2019-10-20		\|accessdate=2019-10-20
	}}</ref> which is a very important non-antibody protein that generates immune response when in contact with specific agents. Plasma cells which increase in number in response to pathogens levels, secrete immunoglobulin.<ref name="flower1983"/>		}}</ref> which is a very important non-antibody protein that generates immune response when in contact with specific agents. Plasma cells which increase in number in response to pathogens levels, secrete immunoglobulin.<ref name="flower1983"/>
	It is also very important to note that [[Langerhans cells]] that are present in the foreskin produce ''Langerin'', a substance that has been proven to kill human immunodeficency virus ([[HIV]]) on contact.<ref>{{DeWitte etal 2007}}</ref>		It is also very important to note that [[Langerhans cells]] that are present in the [[foreskin]] produce ''Langerin'', a substance that has been proven to kill human immunodeficency virus ([[HIV]]) on contact.<ref>{{DeWitte etal 2007}}</ref>

	All of these function to sequester and “digest” foreign pathogens. All these substances play an important role in protecting the penis from viral and bacterial pathogens. The immunological functions of the human prepuce have been extensively documented by respected researchers for quite some time.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998">{{FleissP HodgesF VanHoweRS 1998}}</ref>		All of these function to sequester and “digest” foreign pathogens. All these substances play an important role in protecting the penis from viral and bacterial pathogens. The immunological functions of the human prepuce have been extensively documented by respected researchers for quite some time.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998">{{FleissP HodgesF VanHoweRS 1998}}</ref>

	Circumcision destroys the natural immunological protections of the [[foreskin]] and results in increased risk of contracting infection.		[[Circumcision]] destroys the natural immunological protections of the [[foreskin]] and results in increased risk of contracting [[infection]].

	==Contemporary view based on medical science==		==Contemporary view based on medical science==

WikiModEn2: Add Title line; Add SEEALSO section.

2022-10-12T12:42:45Z

Add Title line; Add SEEALSO section.

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:42, 12 October 2022
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	~~This article~~ discusses the claims that male [[circumcision]] reduces the incidence of STDs other than [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]]. For a discussion of the claims made regarding [[HIV]], see [[Circumcision and HIV]].		'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' discusses the claims that male [[circumcision]] reduces the incidence of STDs other than [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]]. For a discussion of the claims made regarding [[HIV]], see [[Circumcision and HIV]].

	==Circumcision promotion==		==Circumcision promotion==

WikiModEn2: Add SEEALSO section.

2022-10-12T12:40:00Z

Add SEEALSO section.

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:40, 12 October 2022
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	Claims of prophylactic prevention of STDs and STIs can no longer be used to support the harmful practice of destructive male circumcision.		Claims of prophylactic prevention of STDs and STIs can no longer be used to support the harmful practice of destructive male circumcision.
			{{SEEALSO}}
			* [[Preputial sac]]
	{{LINKS}}		{{LINKS}}
	* {{REFweb		* {{REFweb

WikiAdmin: using template DeWitte etal 2007

2022-10-08T15:06:14Z

using template DeWitte etal 2007

@@ Line 207: / Line 207: @@
   |accessdate=2019-10-20
 }}</ref> which is a very important non-antibody protein that generates immune response when in contact with specific agents. Plasma cells which increase in number in response to pathogens levels, secrete immunoglobulin.<ref name="flower1983"/>
-It is also very important to note that [[Langerhans cells]] that are present in the foreskin produce ''Langerin'', a substance that has been proven to kill human immunodeficency virus ([[HIV]]) on contact.<ref>{{REFjournal
+It is also very important to note that [[Langerhans cells]] that are present in the foreskin produce ''Langerin'', a substance that has been proven to kill human immunodeficency virus ([[HIV]]) on contact.<ref>{{DeWitte etal 2007}}</ref>
 All of these function to sequester and “digest” foreign pathogens. All these substances play an important role in protecting the penis from viral and bacterial pathogens. The immunological functions of the human prepuce have been extensively documented by respected researchers for quite some time.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998">{{FleissP HodgesF VanHoweRS 1998}}</ref>

WikiAdmin: AUSC:NSW

2022-07-26T07:35:06Z

AUSC:NSW

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:35, 26 July 2022
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	}}</ref>		}}</ref>

	Donovan et al. (1994) also surveyed men at a sexual disease clinic in Sydney, NSW, Australia. They reported:		Donovan et al. (1994) also surveyed men at a sexual disease clinic in Sydney, {{AUSC\|NSW}}, Australia. They reported:
	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	''In this clinic-based prospectively collected survey we found no association between male circumcision status and STDs that are common in our population. Perhaps importantly, our study group was relatively racially homogeneous, lack of circumcision was not a marker of lower socioeconomic status (using the index of education level; Table 2), and we controlled for a major parameter of sexual behaviour (lifetime number of sexual partners)''.<ref name="donovan1994">{{REFjournal		''In this clinic-based prospectively collected survey we found no association between male circumcision status and STDs that are common in our population. Perhaps importantly, our study group was relatively racially homogeneous, lack of circumcision was not a marker of lower socioeconomic status (using the index of education level; Table 2), and we controlled for a major parameter of sexual behaviour (lifetime number of sexual partners)''.<ref name="donovan1994">{{REFjournal