Circumcision and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) - Revision history

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	#REDIRECT [[Circumcision and ~~Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)~~]]		#REDIRECT [[Circumcision and HIV]]

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WikiAdmin: faded invalid REFcontribution, changed two other REFcontribution into REFdocument

2019-09-29T20:38:25Z

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	\| date=2010-03-27		\| date=2010-03-27
	\| accessdate=2011-06-28		\| accessdate=2011-06-28
	}}</ref> Another study found that "no difference can be clearly visualized between the inner and outer foreskin."''<ref>{{REFcontribution		}}</ref> Another study found that "no difference can be clearly visualized between the inner and outer foreskin."''<!-- <ref>{{REFcontribution
	\| contribution=HIV-1 Interactions and Infection in Adult Male Foreskin Explant Cultures		\| contribution=HIV-1 Interactions and Infection in Adult Male Foreskin Explant Cultures
	\| quote=No difference can be clearly visualized between the inner and outer foreskin.		\| quote=No difference can be clearly visualized between the inner and outer foreskin.
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	\| date=2009-12-06		\| date=2009-12-06
	\| accessdate=		\| accessdate=
	}}</ref>		}}</ref>-->

	==== Langerhans Cell Hypothesis ====		==== Langerhans Cell Hypothesis ====
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	== African RCTs ==		== African RCTs ==
	Strong bias exists in the RCTs.<ref>Green LW et al. Male circumcision is not the HIV 'vaccine' we have been waiting for! Future HIV Ther. (2008) 2(3), 193–199.</ref><ref>Montori VM, Devereaux PJ, Adhikari NKJ, et al. Randomized trials stopped early for benefit: a systematic review. JAMA. 2005;294:2203-2209.</ref><ref>Ioannidis JP. Contradicted and initially stronger effects in highly cited clinical research. JAMA. 2005;294:218-228.</ref><ref>Wheatley K, Clayton D. Be skeptical about unexpected large apparent treatment effects: the case of an MRC AML12 randomization. Control Clin Trials. 2003;24:66-70.</ref><ref>Slutsky AS, Lavery JV. Data safety and monitoring boards. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1143-1147.</ref> "These		Strong bias exists in the RCTs.<ref>Green LW et al. Male circumcision is not the HIV 'vaccine' we have been waiting for! Future HIV Ther. (2008) 2(3), 193–199.</ref><ref>Montori VM, Devereaux PJ, Adhikari NKJ, et al. Randomized trials stopped early for benefit: a systematic review. JAMA. 2005;294:2203-2209.</ref><ref>Ioannidis JP. Contradicted and initially stronger effects in highly cited clinical research. JAMA. 2005;294:218-228.</ref><ref>Wheatley K, Clayton D. Be skeptical about unexpected large apparent treatment effects: the case of an MRC AML12 randomization. Control Clin Trials. 2003;24:66-70.</ref><ref>Slutsky AS, Lavery JV. Data safety and monitoring boards. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1143-1147.</ref> "These
	trials, designed to detect a minimum 50 percent reduction in HIV risk, should provide definitive evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of MC within three to five years."<ref>{~~{REFcontribution~~		trials, designed to detect a minimum 50 percent reduction in HIV risk, should provide definitive evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of MC within three to five years."<ref>{REFdocument
	~~\| contribution=Male Circumcision: Current Epidemiological and Field Evidence~~
	~~\| quote=designed to detect a minimum 50 percent reduction in HIV risk~~
	\| url=http://www.path.org/publications/detail.php?i=1048		\| url=http://www.path.org/publications/detail.php?i=1048
			\| format=
	\| title=Program and Policy Implications For HIV Prevention and Reproductive Health		\| title=Program and Policy Implications For HIV Prevention and Reproductive Health
	~~\| author=~~
	\| publisher=USAID		\| publisher=USAID
	\| ~~place=~~		\| postscript=
	~~\| pages~~=		\| date=18 + 19 September 2002
	\| date=~~September~~ 18 ~~and~~ 19, 2002		\| accessdate=2019-09-29
	\| accessdate=~~2011~~-07-07		\| contribution=Male Circumcision: Current Epidemiological and Field Evidence
			\| quote=designed to detect a minimum 50 percent reduction in HIV risk
	}}</ref> By designing a trial to "detect" a minimum 50 percent reduction risk in HIV, these researchers might have artifically created the clinical setting to observe the effect they were looking to discover.		}}</ref> By designing a trial to "detect" a minimum 50 percent reduction risk in HIV, these researchers might have artifically created the clinical setting to observe the effect they were looking to discover.

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	An analysis of HIV prevalence compared to circumcision status in sub-Saharan Africa concluded that male circumcision is not associated with reduced HIV prevalence.<ref>Garenne M. Long-term population effects of male circumcision in generalized HIV epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa. Afr J AIDS Res 2008;7(1):1– 8.</ref> Another study on circumcision prevalence compared to HIV in the general South African population concluded: “Circumcision had no protective effect on HIV transmission.”<ref>Connolly C, Simbayi LC, Shanmugam R, Nqeketo A. Male circumcision and its relationship to HIV infection in South Africa: results of a national survey in 2002. S Afr Med J 2008;98:789 –94.</ref> When commercial sex worker patterns are controlled, male circumcision is not signifıcantly associated with lower HIV prevalence.<ref>Talbott JR. Size matters: the number of prostitutes and the global HIV/AIDS pandemic. PloS One 2007;2(6):e543. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000543</ref> Mathematical impact modeling of circumcision, antiretroviral therapy (ART), and condom use for South Africa concluded: “Male circumcision was found to have considerably lower impact than condom use or anti-retroviral therapy on HIV infection rates and death rates.”<ref>Lima V, Anema A, Wood R, et al. The combined impact of male circumcision, condom use and HAART coverage on the HIV-1 epidemic in South Africa: a mathematical model. 5th IAS Conference on HIV Treatment, Pathogenesis and Prevention, Cape Town, abstract WECA105, 2009.</ref> Both the U.S. and sub-Saharan Africa have relatively high incidence rates of HIV infection, considering that about 75% of U.S. men and about 70% of sub-Saharan African men are circumcised—higher percentages than in most other regions or countries with lower prevalence of HIV.<ref>Green LW, Travis JW, McAllister RG, Peterson KW, Vardanyan AN, Craig A. Male circumcision and HIV prevention insufficient evidence and neglected external validity. Am J Prev Med. 2010 Nov;39(5):479-82. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, USA. PMID: 20965388 </ref>		An analysis of HIV prevalence compared to circumcision status in sub-Saharan Africa concluded that male circumcision is not associated with reduced HIV prevalence.<ref>Garenne M. Long-term population effects of male circumcision in generalized HIV epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa. Afr J AIDS Res 2008;7(1):1– 8.</ref> Another study on circumcision prevalence compared to HIV in the general South African population concluded: “Circumcision had no protective effect on HIV transmission.”<ref>Connolly C, Simbayi LC, Shanmugam R, Nqeketo A. Male circumcision and its relationship to HIV infection in South Africa: results of a national survey in 2002. S Afr Med J 2008;98:789 –94.</ref> When commercial sex worker patterns are controlled, male circumcision is not signifıcantly associated with lower HIV prevalence.<ref>Talbott JR. Size matters: the number of prostitutes and the global HIV/AIDS pandemic. PloS One 2007;2(6):e543. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000543</ref> Mathematical impact modeling of circumcision, antiretroviral therapy (ART), and condom use for South Africa concluded: “Male circumcision was found to have considerably lower impact than condom use or anti-retroviral therapy on HIV infection rates and death rates.”<ref>Lima V, Anema A, Wood R, et al. The combined impact of male circumcision, condom use and HAART coverage on the HIV-1 epidemic in South Africa: a mathematical model. 5th IAS Conference on HIV Treatment, Pathogenesis and Prevention, Cape Town, abstract WECA105, 2009.</ref> Both the U.S. and sub-Saharan Africa have relatively high incidence rates of HIV infection, considering that about 75% of U.S. men and about 70% of sub-Saharan African men are circumcised—higher percentages than in most other regions or countries with lower prevalence of HIV.<ref>Green LW, Travis JW, McAllister RG, Peterson KW, Vardanyan AN, Craig A. Male circumcision and HIV prevention insufficient evidence and neglected external validity. Am J Prev Med. 2010 Nov;39(5):479-82. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, USA. PMID: 20965388 </ref>

	There is no clear pattern of association between male circumcision and HIV prevalence. In 10 out of 18 countries, HIV prevalence is higher amongst circumcised men.<ref>{~~{REFcontribution~~		There is no clear pattern of association between male circumcision and HIV prevalence. In 10 out of 18 countries, HIV prevalence is higher amongst circumcised men.<ref>{REFdocument
	~~\| contribution=Levels and spread of HIV seroprevalence and associated factors: Evidence from national household surveys~~
	~~\| quote=~~
	\| url=http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf		\| url=http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf
			\| format=
	\| title=DHS Comparative Reports 22		\| title=DHS Comparative Reports 22
	~~\| author=~~
	\| publisher=Measre DHS		\| publisher=Measre DHS
	\| ~~place~~=		\| postscript=
			\| date=
			\| accessdate=2019-09-29
	\| pages=103		\| pages=103
	\| ~~date=~~		\| contribution=Levels and spread of HIV seroprevalence and associated factors: Evidence from national household surveys
	~~\| accessdate~~=
	}}</ref> Furthermore, HIV prevalence was found to be higher amongst circumcised males and females for virgins and adolescents in Kenya, Lesotho, and Tanzania.<ref>{{REFjournal		}}</ref> Furthermore, HIV prevalence was found to be higher amongst circumcised males and females for virgins and adolescents in Kenya, Lesotho, and Tanzania.<ref>{{REFjournal
	\| last=Brewer, PhD		\| last=Brewer, PhD

WikiAdmin: updated REFbook parameters

2019-09-27T22:09:12Z

updated REFbook parameters

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WikiAdmin at 10:55, 25 September 2019

2019-09-25T10:55:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:55, 25 September 2019
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WikiAdmin at 17:28, 10 September 2019

2019-09-10T17:28:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:28, 10 September 2019
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	== Real-world ==		== Real-world ==

	An analysis of HIV prevalence compared to circumcision status in sub-Saharan Africa concluded that male circumcision is not associated with reduced HIV prevalence.<ref>Garenne M. Long-term population effects of male circumcision in generalized HIV epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa. Afr J AIDS Res 2008;7(1):1– 8.</ref> Another study on circumcision prevalence compared to HIV in the general South African population concluded: “Circumcision had no protective effect on HIV transmission.”<ref>Connolly C, Simbayi LC, Shanmugam R, Nqeketo A. Male circumcision and its relationship to HIV infection in South Africa: results of a national survey in 2002. S Afr Med J 2008;98:789 –94.</ref> When commercial sex worker patterns are controlled, male circumcision is not signifıcantly associated with lower HIV prevalence.<ref>Talbott JR. Size matters: the number of prostitutes and the global HIV/AIDS pandemic. PloS One 2007;2(6):e543. ~~www~~.~~plosone~~. org/article~~/info%3Adoi%2F10~~.1371~~%2Fjournal~~.pone.0000543.</ref> Mathematical impact modeling of circumcision, antiretroviral therapy (ART), and condom use for South Africa concluded: “Male circumcision was found to have considerably lower impact than condom use or anti-retroviral therapy on HIV infection rates and death rates.”<ref>Lima V, Anema A, Wood R, et al. The combined impact of male circumcision, condom use and HAART coverage on the HIV-1 epidemic in South Africa: a mathematical model. 5th IAS Conference on HIV Treatment, Pathogenesis and Prevention, Cape Town, abstract WECA105, 2009.</ref> Both the U.S. and sub-Saharan Africa have relatively high incidence rates of HIV infection, considering that about 75% of U.S. men and about 70% of sub-Saharan African men are circumcised—higher percentages than in most other regions or countries with lower prevalence of HIV.<ref>Green LW, Travis JW, McAllister RG, Peterson KW, Vardanyan AN, Craig A. Male circumcision and HIV prevention insufficient evidence and neglected external validity. Am J Prev Med. 2010 Nov;39(5):479-82. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, USA. PMID: 20965388 </ref>		An analysis of HIV prevalence compared to circumcision status in sub-Saharan Africa concluded that male circumcision is not associated with reduced HIV prevalence.<ref>Garenne M. Long-term population effects of male circumcision in generalized HIV epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa. Afr J AIDS Res 2008;7(1):1– 8.</ref> Another study on circumcision prevalence compared to HIV in the general South African population concluded: “Circumcision had no protective effect on HIV transmission.”<ref>Connolly C, Simbayi LC, Shanmugam R, Nqeketo A. Male circumcision and its relationship to HIV infection in South Africa: results of a national survey in 2002. S Afr Med J 2008;98:789 –94.</ref> When commercial sex worker patterns are controlled, male circumcision is not signifıcantly associated with lower HIV prevalence.<ref>Talbott JR. Size matters: the number of prostitutes and the global HIV/AIDS pandemic. PloS One 2007;2(6):e543. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000543</ref> Mathematical impact modeling of circumcision, antiretroviral therapy (ART), and condom use for South Africa concluded: “Male circumcision was found to have considerably lower impact than condom use or anti-retroviral therapy on HIV infection rates and death rates.”<ref>Lima V, Anema A, Wood R, et al. The combined impact of male circumcision, condom use and HAART coverage on the HIV-1 epidemic in South Africa: a mathematical model. 5th IAS Conference on HIV Treatment, Pathogenesis and Prevention, Cape Town, abstract WECA105, 2009.</ref> Both the U.S. and sub-Saharan Africa have relatively high incidence rates of HIV infection, considering that about 75% of U.S. men and about 70% of sub-Saharan African men are circumcised—higher percentages than in most other regions or countries with lower prevalence of HIV.<ref>Green LW, Travis JW, McAllister RG, Peterson KW, Vardanyan AN, Craig A. Male circumcision and HIV prevention insufficient evidence and neglected external validity. Am J Prev Med. 2010 Nov;39(5):479-82. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, USA. PMID: 20965388 </ref>

	There is no clear pattern of association between male circumcision and HIV prevalence. In 10 out of 18 countries, HIV prevalence is higher amongst circumcised men.<ref>{{REFcontribution		There is no clear pattern of association between male circumcision and HIV prevalence. In 10 out of 18 countries, HIV prevalence is higher amongst circumcised men.<ref>{{REFcontribution

WikiAdmin at 14:38, 26 August 2019

2019-08-26T14:38:04Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:38, 26 August 2019
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	[[Category:Sexually Transmitted Disease]]		[[Category:Sexually Transmitted Disease]]

			[[Category:From Intactipedia]]
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WikiAdmin: Created page with "{{Construction Site}} Recently, circumcision has been heavily promoted as a method of preventing HIV. The World Health Organization (WHO) has en..."

2019-08-25T11:43:36Z

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