Evolution of the foreskin - Revision history

WikiModEn2: /* Natural selection */ Wikify.

2026-03-18T14:43:03Z

Natural selection: Wikify.

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:43, 18 March 2026
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	== Evolution ==		== Evolution ==
	===Natural selection===		===Natural selection===
	Charles Darwin (1859) has done an admirable work in introducing the principle of ''natural selection'' to explain evolution.<ref>{{REFbook		[[Charles Darwin]] (1859) has done an admirable work in introducing the principle of ''natural selection'' to explain evolution.<ref>{{REFbook
	\|last=Darwin		\|last=Darwin
	\|first=Charles		\|first=Charles

WikiModEn2: /* Morphology */

2026-03-18T14:41:13Z

Morphology

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:41, 18 March 2026
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	=== Morphology ===		=== Morphology ===
	The [[prepuce]] has been well conserved by evolution.<ref name="cold-mcgrath"/> In primates, the [[foreskin]] has been present in the genitalia of both sexes of mammals for at least 65 million years and likely has been present for over 100 ~~millions~~ years of evolution, based on its commonality as an anatomical feature in mammals.<ref>{{REFbook		The [[prepuce]] has been well conserved by evolution.<ref name="cold-mcgrath"/> In primates, the [[foreskin]] has been present in the genitalia of both sexes of mammals for at least 65 million years and likely has been present for over 100 million years of evolution, based on its commonality as an anatomical feature in mammals.<ref>{{REFbook
	\|last=Martin		\|last=Martin
	\|first=Robert D.		\|first=Robert D.

WikiModEn2: /* Videos */

2025-05-17T18:27:06Z

Videos

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:27, 17 May 2025
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	{{LINKS}}		{{LINKS}}
	* {{REFweb		* {{REFweb
	\|url=~~http~~://~~www.~~intactaus.org/information/~~functionsoftheforeskin~~/		\|url=https://intactaus.org/information/functions-of-the-foreskin/
	\|title=Functions of the Foreskin		\|title=Functions of the Foreskin
	\|last=Helard		\|last=Helard

WikiAdmin: fixed ref

2025-04-09T20:29:54Z

fixed ref

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:29, 9 April 2025
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	\|pubmedID=8771059		\|pubmedID=8771059
	\|pubmedCID=		\|pubmedCID=
	\|DOI=10.1016/0306-9877(95)90248-1		\|DOI=10.1016/0306-9877(95)90248-1
	\|date=1995		\|date=1995
	\|accessdate=2024-12-22		\|accessdate=2024-12-22
	}}</ref> but, in accordance with Darwin's principles of survival,~~<ref></ref>~~ it is more likely that the [[gliding action]] of the male prepuce facilitates penetration and fertilization of the female.<ref>{{REFjournal		}}</ref> but, in accordance with Darwin's principles of survival, it is more likely that the [[gliding action]] of the male prepuce facilitates penetration and fertilization of the female.<ref>{{REFjournal
	\|last=Taves		\|last=Taves
	\|first=		\|first=

WikiAdmin: reformatted sections

2025-04-09T20:27:24Z

reformatted sections

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:27, 9 April 2025
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	The male and female prepuce has persisted in all primates, which strongly supports the contention that the [[prepuce]] is valuable genital sensory tissue. The corpora cavernosa and the prepuce are the only two universally common characteristics of the primate penis.<ref name="cold-mcgrath"/><ref name="macaca"/> While the human [[glans penis]] is protopathic, the [[prepuce]] contains a high concentration of touch receptors in the [[Ridged band\|ridged band]].<ref name="cold-mcgrath"/>		The male and female prepuce has persisted in all primates, which strongly supports the contention that the [[prepuce]] is valuable genital sensory tissue. The corpora cavernosa and the prepuce are the only two universally common characteristics of the primate penis.<ref name="cold-mcgrath"/><ref name="macaca"/> While the human [[glans penis]] is protopathic, the [[prepuce]] contains a high concentration of touch receptors in the [[Ridged band\|ridged band]].<ref name="cold-mcgrath"/>

	=== Further reading ===		== Further reading ==
	* {{REFbook		* {{REFbook
	\|last=Denniston		\|last=Denniston
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	}}		}}

	[[Image:The-Descent-of-Man-and-Selection-in-Relation-to-sex.gif\|~~100x130px~~]]		[[Image:The-Descent-of-Man-and-Selection-in-Relation-to-sex.gif\|200x260px]]
	[[Image:Primate_Origins_and_Evolution.gif‎\|~~100x130px~~]]		[[Image:Primate_Origins_and_Evolution.gif‎\|200x260px]]
	[[Image:Perspectives_in_biology_and_medicine.gif‎\|~~100x130px~~]]		[[Image:Perspectives_in_biology_and_medicine.gif‎\|200x260px]]
	[[Image:America_Journal_of_Primatology.gif‎\|~~100x130px~~]]		[[Image:America_Journal_of_Primatology.gif‎\|200x260px]]
	[[Image:Studies_In_Neurology.gif‎\|~~100x130px~~]]		[[Image:Studies_In_Neurology.gif‎\|200x260px]]
	[[Image:Why_Sex_Is_Fun.gif‎\|~~100x130px~~]]		[[Image:Why_Sex_Is_Fun.gif‎\|200x260px]]
	[[Image:Mothering.gif‎\|~~100x130px~~]]		[[Image:Mothering.gif‎\|200x260px]]

	=== Videos ===		== Videos ==
	==== Functions of The Foreskin - Part 1 ====		=== Functions of The Foreskin - Part 1 ===
	<youtube>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r9DoCn3gATE</youtube>		<youtube>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r9DoCn3gATE</youtube>

	==== Functions of The Foreskin - Part 2 ====		=== Functions of The Foreskin - Part 2 ===
	<youtube>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ps1dkbcOKfA</youtube>		<youtube>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ps1dkbcOKfA</youtube>

	{{SEEALSO}}		{{SEEALSO}}
	* [[Foreskin sensitivity]]		* [[Foreskin sensitivity]]
	* [[Penis]]		* [[Penis]]

	{{LINKS}}		{{LINKS}}
	* * {{REFweb		* {{REFweb
	\|url=http://www.intactaus.org/information/functionsoftheforeskin/		\|url=http://www.intactaus.org/information/functionsoftheforeskin/
	\|title=Functions of the Foreskin		\|title=Functions of the Foreskin
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	\|quote=		\|quote=
	}}		}}

	{{REF}}		{{REF}}

WikiModEn2: /* Morphology */

2024-12-23T11:11:31Z

Morphology

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:11, 23 December 2024
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	\|date=1995		\|date=1995
	\|accessdate=2024-12-22		\|accessdate=2024-12-22
	}}</ref> but, in accordance with Darwin's principles of survival, it is more likely that the [[gliding action]] of the male prepuce facilitates penetration and fertilization of the female.<ref>{{REFjournal		}}</ref> but, in accordance with Darwin's principles of survival,<ref></ref> it is more likely that the [[gliding action]] of the male prepuce facilitates penetration and fertilization of the female.<ref>{{REFjournal
	\|last=Taves		\|last=Taves
	\|first=		\|first=

WikiModEn2: /* Morphology */ Revise sentence.

2024-12-23T11:01:12Z

Morphology: Revise sentence.

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:01, 23 December 2024
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	\|date=1990		\|date=1990
	\|accessdate=2024-12-22		\|accessdate=2024-12-22
	}}</ref> The human [[penis]] has retained and modified its prepuce over a period of ~~extraordinarily~~ evolution.<ref>{{REFjournal		}}</ref> The human [[penis]] has retained and modified its prepuce over an extraordinary period of evolution.<ref>{{REFjournal
	\|last=Dixson		\|last=Dixson
	\|init=AF		\|init=AF

WikiModEn2: /* Comparative anatomy */

2024-12-22T22:40:28Z

Comparative anatomy

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:40, 22 December 2024
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	[[Image:Rhesus-Monkey-&-Human-Penis.gif]]		[[Image:Rhesus-Monkey-&-Human-Penis.gif]]

	The rhesus monkey has fewer corpuscular receptors in the prepuce (foreskin) and more corpuscular receptors in the glans (head). In humans, however, the [[glans penis]] has few corpuscular receptors and predominant free nerve endings,<ref>{{REFjournal		The rhesus monkey has fewer corpuscular receptors in the prepuce (foreskin) and more corpuscular receptors in the glans (head). In humans, however, the [[glans penis]] has few corpuscular receptors and predominant free nerve endings,<ref name="halata1997">{{REFjournal
	\|last=Halata		\|last=Halata
	\|first=		\|first=
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	\|accessdate=2024-12-22		\|accessdate=2024-12-22
	}}</ref>		}}</ref>
	<ref name="halta86">Halata, Z, & Munger, B. (1986). [https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47139534/0006-8993_2886_2990357-420160710-21337-1czck3b-libre.pdf?1468265379=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DThe_neuroanatomical_basis_for_the_protop.pdf&Expires=1734892546&Signature=O~Vq~9NOh5xvfzPrJW4djV0J10wBmjXpWzur15ePWMk3JdOLkzQzgojJ2LCa3gic-AbH2aMoAXz69A917N6mz-SEK5sHcaLXV0ErNuukCgDx-pGv2VIkGc2fSAF349SNap8Q~I7hejjIxeAu0jUQAfAbPye9XhNicmpCxEgsC~esFLs~pmEL9iUu-7hjxEk0XlANYkgZgDlqD5D3W7v4lMwDy5EWDm5Q4dNdDpmj0vlFomHt3SBXkjlkFp6e7L-AFtaenKaEgLUZ~RYC5IylmO58vdCIlUFme4-AVlK7iSPDr0NlA0hC2w8ThUEVt0BORntmbVxt-OmJA2gXGD7nDw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA The neuroanatomical basis for the protopathic sensibility of the human glans penis]. Brain Res, 34(506)</ref> consistent with protopathic sensibility. Protopathic simply refers to a low order of sensibility (consciousness of sensation), such as to deep pressure and pain, that is poorly localised. The human glans penis has virtually no fine touch sensation and can only sense deep pressure and pain at a high threshold.<ref>Von, F.M. (1894). Beiträge zur Physiologie des Schmerzsinns. Akad Wiss Leipzig Math.-Naturwiss Kl Ber.</ref><ref name="macaca"/> While the human [[glans penis]] is protopathic, the [[prepuce]] contains a high concentration of touch receptors in the [[Ridged band\|ridged band]].<ref name="cold-mcgrath"/>

	In the human [[penis]], the [[prepuce]] is known to have ten times more corpuscular sensory receptors than the [[glans penis]].<ref>{{REFjournal		In the human [[penis]], the [[prepuce]] is known to have ten times more corpuscular sensory receptors than the [[glans penis]].<ref name="halata1986">{{REFjournal
	\|last=Halata		\|last=Halata
	\|first=		\|first=
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	}}</ref>		}}</ref>

	The male and female prepuce has persisted in all primates, which strongly supports the contention that the [[prepuce]] is valuable genital sensory tissue. The corpora cavernosa and the prepuce are the only two universally common characteristics of the primate penis.<ref name="cold-mcgrath"/>		The male and female prepuce has persisted in all primates, which strongly supports the contention that the [[prepuce]] is valuable genital sensory tissue. The corpora cavernosa and the prepuce are the only two universally common characteristics of the primate penis.<ref name="cold-mcgrath"/><ref name="macaca"/> While the human [[glans penis]] is protopathic, the [[prepuce]] contains a high concentration of touch receptors in the [[Ridged band\|ridged band]].<ref name="cold-mcgrath"/>

	=== Further reading ===		=== Further reading ===

WikiModEn2: /* Comparative anatomy */ Revise citation.

2024-12-22T22:31:22Z

Comparative anatomy: Revise citation.

@@ Line 278: / Line 278: @@
 <ref name="halta86">Halata, Z, & Munger, B. (1986). [https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47139534/0006-8993_2886_2990357-420160710-21337-1czck3b-libre.pdf?1468265379=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DThe_neuroanatomical_basis_for_the_protop.pdf&Expires=1734892546&Signature=O~Vq~9NOh5xvfzPrJW4djV0J10wBmjXpWzur15ePWMk3JdOLkzQzgojJ2LCa3gic-AbH2aMoAXz69A917N6mz-SEK5sHcaLXV0ErNuukCgDx-pGv2VIkGc2fSAF349SNap8Q~I7hejjIxeAu0jUQAfAbPye9XhNicmpCxEgsC~esFLs~pmEL9iUu-7hjxEk0XlANYkgZgDlqD5D3W7v4lMwDy5EWDm5Q4dNdDpmj0vlFomHt3SBXkjlkFp6e7L-AFtaenKaEgLUZ~RYC5IylmO58vdCIlUFme4-AVlK7iSPDr0NlA0hC2w8ThUEVt0BORntmbVxt-OmJA2gXGD7nDw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA The neuroanatomical basis for the protopathic sensibility of the human glans penis]. Brain Res, 34(506)</ref> consistent with protopathic sensibility. Protopathic simply refers to a low order of sensibility (consciousness of sensation), such as to deep pressure and pain, that is poorly localised. The human glans penis has virtually no fine touch sensation and can only sense deep pressure and pain at a high threshold.<ref>Von, F.M. (1894). Beiträge zur Physiologie des Schmerzsinns. Akad Wiss Leipzig Math.-Naturwiss Kl Ber.</ref><ref name="macaca"/> While the human [[glans penis]] is protopathic, the [[prepuce]] contains a high concentration of touch receptors in the [[Ridged band|ridged band]].<ref name="cold-mcgrath"/>
-In the human [[penis]], the [[prepuce]] is known to have ten times more corpuscular sensory receptors than the [[glans penis]].<ref name="halta86"/>
+In the human [[penis]], the [[prepuce]] is known to have ten times more corpuscular sensory receptors than the [[glans penis]].<ref>{{REFjournal
 The male and female prepuce has persisted in all primates, which strongly supports the contention that the [[prepuce]] is valuable genital sensory tissue. The corpora cavernosa and the prepuce are the only two universally common characteristics of the primate penis.<ref name="cold-mcgrath"/>

WikiModEn2: /* Comparative anatomy */

2024-12-22T22:18:35Z

Comparative anatomy

@@ Line 246: / Line 246: @@
 [[Image:Rhesus-Monkey-&-Human-Penis.gif]]
-The rhesus monkey has fewer corpuscular receptors in the prepuce (foreskin) and more corpuscular receptors in the glans (head). In humans, however, the [[glans penis]] has few corpuscular receptors and predominant free nerve endings,<ref>Halata, Z, & Spaethe, A. (1997). Sensory innervation of the human penis. Plenum Press.</ref><ref name="halta86">Halata, Z, & Munger, B. (1986). [https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47139534/0006-8993_2886_2990357-420160710-21337-1czck3b-libre.pdf?1468265379=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DThe_neuroanatomical_basis_for_the_protop.pdf&Expires=1734892546&Signature=O~Vq~9NOh5xvfzPrJW4djV0J10wBmjXpWzur15ePWMk3JdOLkzQzgojJ2LCa3gic-AbH2aMoAXz69A917N6mz-SEK5sHcaLXV0ErNuukCgDx-pGv2VIkGc2fSAF349SNap8Q~I7hejjIxeAu0jUQAfAbPye9XhNicmpCxEgsC~esFLs~pmEL9iUu-7hjxEk0XlANYkgZgDlqD5D3W7v4lMwDy5EWDm5Q4dNdDpmj0vlFomHt3SBXkjlkFp6e7L-AFtaenKaEgLUZ~RYC5IylmO58vdCIlUFme4-AVlK7iSPDr0NlA0hC2w8ThUEVt0BORntmbVxt-OmJA2gXGD7nDw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA The neuroanatomical basis for the protopathic sensibility of the human glans penis]. Brain Res, 34(506)</ref> consistent with protopathic sensibility. Protopathic simply refers to a low order of sensibility (consciousness of sensation), such as to deep pressure and pain, that is poorly localised. The human glans penis has virtually no fine touch sensation and can only sense deep pressure and pain at a high threshold.<ref>Von, F.M. (1894). Beiträge zur Physiologie des Schmerzsinns. Akad Wiss Leipzig Math.-Naturwiss Kl Ber.</ref><ref name="macaca"/> While the human [[glans penis]] is protopathic, the [[prepuce]] contains a high concentration of touch receptors in the [[Ridged band|ridged band]].<ref name="cold-mcgrath"/>
+The rhesus monkey has fewer corpuscular receptors in the prepuce (foreskin) and more corpuscular receptors in the glans (head). In humans, however, the [[glans penis]] has few corpuscular receptors and predominant free nerve endings,<ref>{{REFjournal
 In the human [[penis]], the [[prepuce]] is known to have ten times more corpuscular sensory receptors than the [[glans penis]].<ref name="halta86"/>