Genital cutting in Islam - Revision history

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	\|publisher=Shangri-La		\|publisher=Shangri-La
	\|year=2001		\|year=2001
	}}</ref> The Muslim code of religious law (AKA Shariah) recommends performance of [[circumcision]] at the age of seven days. In practice, however, Muslim boys are [[circumcised]] at varying ages before puberty.<ref>Morgenstern, Julian. ''Rites of Birth, Marriage, Death and Kindred Occasions among the Semites.'' Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1966. pp. 48-66 "...in modern Moslem practice the rite is performed generally between the ages of two and seven years... as late as the thirteenth year.’’</ref><ref>Mehta, Depak. "Circumcision, Body, Masculinity." ''In Violence and Subjectivity'', ed. Veena Das, Arthur Kleinman, et al. Berkeley: {{UNI\|University of California\|UCBE}} Press, 2000. pp. 82 "...two to six years."</ref><ref>Peletz, Michael G. Reason and Passion: Representations of Gender in a Malay Society. Berkeley: {{UNI\|University of California\|UCBE}} Press, 1996. pp. 240 "[Among Muslims in Negeri Sembilan, West Malaysia, boys] are usually circumcised when they are about twelve years old."</ref><ref>Crapanzano, Vincent. ‘‘Rite of Return: Circumcision in Morocco.’’ In Hermes’ Dilemma and Hamlet’s Desire: On the Epistemology of Interpretation. Cambridge, Mass.: {{UNI\|Harvard University\|HU}} Press, 1992.</ref> According to Genesis 17, Abraham circumcised Ishmael, who is supposed to be the the ancestor of Arab peoples, at the age thirteen, which is why this age is generally taken as the latest acceptable date.		}}</ref> The Muslim code of religious law (AKA Shariah) recommends performance of [[circumcision]] at the age of seven days. In practice, however, Muslim boys are [[circumcised]] at varying ages before [[puberty]].<ref>Morgenstern, Julian. ''Rites of Birth, Marriage, Death and Kindred Occasions among the Semites.'' Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1966. pp. 48-66 "...in modern Moslem practice the rite is performed generally between the ages of two and seven years... as late as the thirteenth year.’’</ref><ref>Mehta, Depak. "Circumcision, Body, Masculinity." ''In Violence and Subjectivity'', ed. Veena Das, Arthur Kleinman, et al. Berkeley: {{UNI\|University of California\|UCBE}} Press, 2000. pp. 82 "...two to six years."</ref><ref>Peletz, Michael G. Reason and Passion: Representations of Gender in a Malay Society. Berkeley: {{UNI\|University of California\|UCBE}} Press, 1996. pp. 240 "[Among Muslims in Negeri Sembilan, West Malaysia, boys] are usually circumcised when they are about twelve years old."</ref><ref>Crapanzano, Vincent. ‘‘Rite of Return: Circumcision in Morocco.’’ In Hermes’ Dilemma and Hamlet’s Desire: On the Epistemology of Interpretation. Cambridge, Mass.: {{UNI\|Harvard University\|HU}} Press, 1992.</ref> According to Genesis 17, Abraham [[circumcised]] Ishmael, who is supposed to be the the ancestor of Arab peoples, at the age thirteen, which is why this age is generally taken as the latest acceptable date.

	=== Intact existence is actually favored by the Qur'an ===		=== Intact existence is actually favored by the Qur'an ===
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	}}		}}

	This verse specifically prohibits practices such as circumcision.		This verse specifically prohibits practices such as [[circumcision]].

	Finally, according to the Qur'an, [[circumcision]] may be seen as an act of evil:		Finally, according to the Qur'an, [[circumcision]] may be seen as an act of evil:

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	Muslims see male circumcision, and in many cases also female circumcision, as essential to their faith, although in modern times, they have also come to lean on arguments of "medical benefits." A conference of Islamic scholars in 1987 stated that modern circumcision studies “[reflect] the wisdom of the Islamic statements”.<ref>{{GollaherDL 2000}}</ref>		Muslims see male circumcision, and in many cases also female circumcision, as essential to their faith, although in modern times, they have also come to lean on arguments of "medical benefits." A conference of Islamic scholars in 1987 stated that modern circumcision studies “[reflect] the wisdom of the Islamic statements”.<ref>{{GollaherDL 2000}}</ref>

	Despite being perceived as a practice linked to Islam, organizations such as the World Health Organization deny that female genital cutting has any basis in it, and that any religious texts prescribe it. The organization Human Rights Watch says that the practice of female genital cutting is "erroneously linked" to Islam, and that it is "not particular to any religious faith."<ref name="Newsweek 2016-2-22">{{REFnews		Despite being perceived as a practice linked to [[Islam]], organizations such as the [[World Health Organization]] deny that female genital cutting has any basis in it, and that any religious texts prescribe it. The organization Human Rights Watch says that the practice of female genital cutting is "erroneously linked" to Islam, and that it is "not particular to any religious faith."<ref name="Newsweek 2016-2-22">{{REFnews
	\|last=Wescott		\|last=Wescott
	\|first=Lucy		\|first=Lucy
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	\|publisher=Shangri-La		\|publisher=Shangri-La
	\|year=2001		\|year=2001
	}}</ref> The Muslim code of religious law (AKA Shariah) recommends performance of circumcision at the age of seven days. In practice, however, Muslim boys are circumcised at varying ages before puberty.<ref>Morgenstern, Julian. ''Rites of Birth, Marriage, Death and Kindred Occasions among the Semites.'' Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1966. pp. 48-66 "...in modern Moslem practice the rite is performed generally between the ages of two and seven years... as late as the thirteenth year.’’</ref><ref>Mehta, Depak. "Circumcision, Body, Masculinity." ''In Violence and Subjectivity'', ed. Veena Das, Arthur Kleinman, et al. Berkeley: {{UNI\|University of California\|UCBE}} Press, 2000. pp. 82 "...two to six years."</ref><ref>Peletz, Michael G. Reason and Passion: Representations of Gender in a Malay Society. Berkeley: {{UNI\|University of California\|UCBE}} Press, 1996. pp. 240 "[Among Muslims in Negeri Sembilan, West Malaysia, boys] are usually circumcised when they are about twelve years old."</ref><ref>Crapanzano, Vincent. ‘‘Rite of Return: Circumcision in Morocco.’’ In Hermes’ Dilemma and Hamlet’s Desire: On the Epistemology of Interpretation. Cambridge, Mass.: {{UNI\|Harvard University\|HU}} Press, 1992.</ref> According to Genesis 17, Abraham circumcised Ishmael, who is supposed to be the the ancestor of Arab peoples, at the age thirteen, which is why this age is generally taken as the latest acceptable date.		}}</ref> The Muslim code of religious law (AKA Shariah) recommends performance of [[circumcision]] at the age of seven days. In practice, however, Muslim boys are circumcised at varying ages before puberty.<ref>Morgenstern, Julian. ''Rites of Birth, Marriage, Death and Kindred Occasions among the Semites.'' Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1966. pp. 48-66 "...in modern Moslem practice the rite is performed generally between the ages of two and seven years... as late as the thirteenth year.’’</ref><ref>Mehta, Depak. "Circumcision, Body, Masculinity." ''In Violence and Subjectivity'', ed. Veena Das, Arthur Kleinman, et al. Berkeley: {{UNI\|University of California\|UCBE}} Press, 2000. pp. 82 "...two to six years."</ref><ref>Peletz, Michael G. Reason and Passion: Representations of Gender in a Malay Society. Berkeley: {{UNI\|University of California\|UCBE}} Press, 1996. pp. 240 "[Among Muslims in Negeri Sembilan, West Malaysia, boys] are usually circumcised when they are about twelve years old."</ref><ref>Crapanzano, Vincent. ‘‘Rite of Return: Circumcision in Morocco.’’ In Hermes’ Dilemma and Hamlet’s Desire: On the Epistemology of Interpretation. Cambridge, Mass.: {{UNI\|Harvard University\|HU}} Press, 1992.</ref> According to Genesis 17, Abraham circumcised Ishmael, who is supposed to be the the ancestor of Arab peoples, at the age thirteen, which is why this age is generally taken as the latest acceptable date.

	=== Intact existence is actually favored by the Qur'an ===		=== Intact existence is actually favored by the Qur'an ===
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	This verse specifically prohibits practices such as circumcision.		This verse specifically prohibits practices such as circumcision.

	Finally, according to the Qur'an, circumcision may be seen as an act of evil:		Finally, according to the Qur'an, [[circumcision ]]may be seen as an act of evil:

	{{Citation		{{Citation
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	{{Citation		{{Citation
	\| Title=Male and female parts are circumcised and touch each other		\| Title=Male and female parts are circumcised and touch each other
	\| Text=Abu Musa reported: There cropped up a difference of opinion between a group of Muhajirs (Emigrants and a group of Ansar (Helpers) (and the point of dispute was) that the Ansar said: The bath (because of sexual intercourse) becomes obligatory only-when the semen spurts out or ejaculates. But the Muhajirs said: When a man has sexual intercourse (with the woman), a bath becomes obligatory (no matter whether or not there is seminal emission or ejaculation). Abu Musa said: Well, I satisfy you on this (issue). He (Abu Musa, the narrator) said: I got up (and went) to 'A'isha and sought her permission and it was granted, and I said to her: 0 Mother, or Mother of the Faithful, I want to ask you about a matter on which I feel shy. She said: Don't feel shy of asking me about a thing which you can ask your mother, who gave you birth, for I am too your mother. Upon this I said: What makes a bath obligatory for a person? She replied: You have come across one well informed! The Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) said: When anyone sits amidst four parts (of the woman) '''and the ''circumcised parts'' touch each other''' a bath becomes obligatory.		\| Text=Abu Musa reported: There cropped up a difference of opinion between a group of Muhajirs (Emigrants and a group of Ansar (Helpers) (and the point of dispute was) that the Ansar said: The bath (because of [[sexual intercourse]]) becomes obligatory only-when the semen spurts out or ejaculates. But the Muhajirs said: When a man has sexual intercourse (with the woman), a bath becomes obligatory (no matter whether or not there is seminal emission or ejaculation). Abu Musa said: Well, I satisfy you on this (issue). He (Abu Musa, the narrator) said: I got up (and went) to 'A'isha and sought her permission and it was granted, and I said to her: 0 Mother, or Mother of the Faithful, I want to ask you about a matter on which I feel shy. She said: Don't feel shy of asking me about a thing which you can ask your mother, who gave you birth, for I am too your mother. Upon this I said: What makes a bath obligatory for a person? She replied: You have come across one well informed! The Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) said: When anyone sits amidst four parts (of the woman) '''and the ''circumcised parts'' touch each other''' a bath becomes obligatory.
	\| Author=		\| Author=
	\| Source=Sahih Muslim 3:684		\| Source=Sahih Muslim 3:684
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	'''Circumcision is not an inherited custom as some people claim, rather it is prescribed in Islam and the scholars are unanimously agreed that it is prescribed. Not a single Muslim scholar – as far as we know – has said that circumcision is not prescribed.'''		'''Circumcision is not an inherited custom as some people claim, rather it is prescribed in Islam and the scholars are unanimously agreed that it is prescribed. Not a single Muslim scholar – as far as we know – has said that circumcision is not prescribed.'''

	Their evidence is to be found in the saheeh ahaadeeth of the Prophet (peace and blessings of ~~Allaah~~ be upon him), which prove that it is prescribed, for example:		Their evidence is to be found in the saheeh ahaadeeth of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), which prove that it is prescribed, for example:

	1-		1-

	:The hadeeth narrated by al-Bukhaari (5889) and Muslim (257) from Abu Hurayrah (may ~~Allaah~~ be pleased with him), that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: ''"The fitrah is five things – or five things are part of the fitrah – circumcision, shaving the pubes, cutting the nails, plucking the armpit hairs, and trimming the moustache."''		:The hadeeth narrated by al-Bukhaari (5889) and Muslim (257) from Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him), that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: ''"The fitrah is five things – or five things are part of the fitrah – circumcision, shaving the pubes, cutting the nails, plucking the armpit hairs, and trimming the moustache."''

	:This hadeeth includes circumcision of both males and females.		:This hadeeth includes circumcision of both males and females.
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	2-		2-

	:Muslim (349) narrated that ‘Aa’ishah (may ~~Allaah~~ be pleased with her) said: ''The Messenger of ~~Allaah~~ (peace and blessings of ~~Allaah~~ be upon him) said: “When a man sits between the four parts (arms and legs of his wife) and the two circumcised parts meet, then ghusl is obligatory.”''		:Muslim (349) narrated that ‘Aa’ishah (may Allah be pleased with her) said: ''The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: “When a man sits between the four parts (arms and legs of his wife) and the two circumcised parts meet, then ghusl is obligatory.”''

	:The Prophet (peace and blessings of ~~Allaah~~ be upon him) mentioned the two circumcised parts, i.e., the circumcised part of the husband and the circumcised part of the wife, which indicates that a woman may be circumcised just like a man.		:The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) mentioned the two circumcised parts, i.e., the circumcised part of the husband and the circumcised part of the wife, which indicates that a woman may be circumcised just like a man.

	3-		3-

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	== Qur'an ==		== Qur'an ==

	The prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) is not circumcised in the Qur'an, or if he is, no mention of it is ever made in the 67 times that his name is written. A covenant sealed with circumcision, as it is described in the Bible, is also never mentioned.<ref> QuaranicPath "Circumcision - Does the Qur'an Approve it?" http://www.quranicpath.com/misconceptions/circumcision.html </ref> Despite never being mentioned in the Qur'an, it is still widely practiced among followers of Islam in the Middle East, North Africa, and Southeast Asia, who interpret it as an Islamic ceremony.<ref>Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh, Sami A. ~~"Chapter~~ 3: Circumcision among Muslims~~." ''~~Male and Female Circumcision: Among Jews, Christians, and Muslims~~''.~~ Warren Center, ~~Pa.:~~ Shangri-La, 2001.</ref> The Muslim code of religious law (AKA Shariah) recommends performance of circumcision at the age of seven days. In practice, however, Muslim boys are circumcised at varying ages before puberty.<ref>Morgenstern, Julian. ''Rites of Birth, Marriage, Death and Kindred Occasions among the Semites.'' Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1966. pp. 48-66 "...in modern Moslem practice the rite is performed generally between the ages of two and seven years... as late as the thirteenth year.’’</ref><ref>Mehta, Depak. "Circumcision, Body, Masculinity." ''In Violence and Subjectivity'', ed. Veena Das, Arthur Kleinman, et al. Berkeley: {{UNI\|University of California\|UCBE}} Press, 2000. pp. 82 "...two to six years."</ref><ref>Peletz, Michael G. Reason and Passion: Representations of Gender in a Malay Society. Berkeley: {{UNI\|University of California\|UCBE}} Press, 1996. pp. 240 "[Among Muslims in Negeri Sembilan, West Malaysia, boys] are usually circumcised when they are about twelve years old."</ref><ref>Crapanzano, Vincent. ‘‘Rite of Return: Circumcision in Morocco.’’ In Hermes’ Dilemma and Hamlet’s Desire: On the Epistemology of Interpretation. Cambridge, Mass.: {{UNI\|Harvard University\|HU}} Press, 1992.</ref> According to Genesis 17, Abraham circumcised Ishmael, who is supposed to be the the ancestor of Arab peoples, at the age thirteen, which is why this age is generally taken as the latest acceptable date.		The prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) is not circumcised in the Qur'an, or if he is, no mention of it is ever made in the 67 times that his name is written. A covenant sealed with circumcision, as it is described in the Bible, is also never mentioned.<ref> QuaranicPath "Circumcision - Does the Qur'an Approve it?" http://www.quranicpath.com/misconceptions/circumcision.html </ref> Despite never being mentioned in the Qur'an, it is still widely practiced among followers of Islam in the Middle East, North Africa, and Southeast Asia, who interpret it as an Islamic ceremony.<ref>{{REFbook
			\|last=Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh
			\|first=Sami A.
			\|init=SA
			\|author-link=Sami Aldeeb
			\|chapter=3: Circumcision among Muslims
			\|title=Male and Female Circumcision: Among Jews, Christians, and Muslims
			\|location=Warren Center, {{USSC\|PA}}
			\|publisher=Shangri-La
			\|year=2001
			}}</ref> The Muslim code of religious law (AKA Shariah) recommends performance of circumcision at the age of seven days. In practice, however, Muslim boys are circumcised at varying ages before puberty.<ref>Morgenstern, Julian. ''Rites of Birth, Marriage, Death and Kindred Occasions among the Semites.'' Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1966. pp. 48-66 "...in modern Moslem practice the rite is performed generally between the ages of two and seven years... as late as the thirteenth year.’’</ref><ref>Mehta, Depak. "Circumcision, Body, Masculinity." ''In Violence and Subjectivity'', ed. Veena Das, Arthur Kleinman, et al. Berkeley: {{UNI\|University of California\|UCBE}} Press, 2000. pp. 82 "...two to six years."</ref><ref>Peletz, Michael G. Reason and Passion: Representations of Gender in a Malay Society. Berkeley: {{UNI\|University of California\|UCBE}} Press, 1996. pp. 240 "[Among Muslims in Negeri Sembilan, West Malaysia, boys] are usually circumcised when they are about twelve years old."</ref><ref>Crapanzano, Vincent. ‘‘Rite of Return: Circumcision in Morocco.’’ In Hermes’ Dilemma and Hamlet’s Desire: On the Epistemology of Interpretation. Cambridge, Mass.: {{UNI\|Harvard University\|HU}} Press, 1992.</ref> According to Genesis 17, Abraham circumcised Ishmael, who is supposed to be the the ancestor of Arab peoples, at the age thirteen, which is why this age is generally taken as the latest acceptable date.

	=== Intact existence is actually favored by the Qur'an ===		=== Intact existence is actually favored by the Qur'an ===

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	{{Citation		{{Citation
	\|Title=Hufaad		\|Title=Hufaad
	\|Text='''e4.3''' Circumcision is obligatory (for every male and female) by cutting off the piece of skin on the glans of the penis of the male, but circumcision of the female is by cutting out the [[clitoris]] (this is called Hufaad)		\|Text='''e4.3''' Circumcision is obligatory (for every male and female) by cutting off the piece of [[skin]] on the glans of the penis of the male, but circumcision of the female is by cutting out the [[clitoris]] (this is called Hufaad)
	\|Author=Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri		\|Author=Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri
	\|Source=		\|Source=
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	Al-Haafiz ibn Hajar (may Allaah have mercy on him) said: What is meant by this metaphor is the circumcised parts of the man and the woman.		Al-Haafiz ibn Hajar (may Allaah have mercy on him) said: What is meant by this metaphor is the circumcised parts of the man and the woman.

	Female circumcision is done by cutting a small part of the skin that looks like a rooster’s comb, above the exit of the [[urethra]]. The Sunnah is not to cut all of it, but rather a part of it. Al-Mawsoo’ah al-Fiqhiyyah (19/28).		Female circumcision is done by cutting a small part of the [[skin]] that looks like a rooster’s comb, above the exit of the [[urethra]]. The Sunnah is not to cut all of it, but rather a part of it. Al-Mawsoo’ah al-Fiqhiyyah (19/28).

	The Shaafa’is, the Hanbalis according to the well-known view of their madhhab, and others are of the view that '''circumcising women is obligatory'''. Many scholars are of the view that it is not obligatory in the case of women; rather '''it is Sunnah and is an honour for them'''.		The Shaafa’is, the Hanbalis according to the well-known view of their madhhab, and others are of the view that '''circumcising women is obligatory'''. Many scholars are of the view that it is not obligatory in the case of women; rather '''it is Sunnah and is an honour for them'''.

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	Al-Haafiz ibn Hajar (may Allaah have mercy on him) said: What is meant by this metaphor is the circumcised parts of the man and the woman.		Al-Haafiz ibn Hajar (may Allaah have mercy on him) said: What is meant by this metaphor is the circumcised parts of the man and the woman.

	Female circumcision is done by cutting a small part of the skin that looks like a rooster’s comb, above the exit of the urethra. The Sunnah is not to cut all of it, but rather a part of it. Al-Mawsoo’ah al-Fiqhiyyah (19/28).		Female circumcision is done by cutting a small part of the skin that looks like a rooster’s comb, above the exit of the [[urethra]]. The Sunnah is not to cut all of it, but rather a part of it. Al-Mawsoo’ah al-Fiqhiyyah (19/28).

	The Shaafa’is, the Hanbalis according to the well-known view of their madhhab, and others are of the view that '''circumcising women is obligatory'''. Many scholars are of the view that it is not obligatory in the case of women; rather '''it is Sunnah and is an honour for them'''.		The Shaafa’is, the Hanbalis according to the well-known view of their madhhab, and others are of the view that '''circumcising women is obligatory'''. Many scholars are of the view that it is not obligatory in the case of women; rather '''it is Sunnah and is an honour for them'''.

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	== Qur'an ==		== Qur'an ==

	The prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) is not circumcised in the Qur'an, or if he is, no mention of it is ever made in the 67 times that his name is written. A covenant sealed with circumcision, as it is described in the Bible, is also never mentioned.<ref> QuaranicPath "Circumcision - Does the Qur'an Approve it?" http://www.quranicpath.com/misconceptions/circumcision.html </ref> Despite never being mentioned in the Qur'an, it is still widely practiced among followers of Islam in the Middle East, North Africa, and Southeast Asia, who interpret it as an Islamic ceremony.<ref>Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh, Sami A. "Chapter 3: Circumcision among Muslims." ''Male and Female Circumcision: Among Jews, Christians, and Muslims''. Warren Center, Pa.: Shangri-La, 2001.</ref> The Muslim code of religious law (AKA Shariah) recommends performance of circumcision at the age of seven days. In practice, however, Muslim boys are circumcised at varying ages before puberty.<ref>Morgenstern, Julian. ''Rites of Birth, Marriage, Death and Kindred Occasions among the Semites.'' Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1966. pp. 48-66 "...in modern Moslem practice the rite is performed generally between the ages of two and seven years... as late as the thirteenth year.’’</ref><ref>Mehta, Depak. "Circumcision, Body, Masculinity." ''In Violence and Subjectivity'', ed. Veena Das, Arthur Kleinman, et al. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. pp. 82 "...two to six years."</ref><ref>Peletz, Michael G. Reason and Passion: Representations of Gender in a Malay Society. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. pp. 240 "[Among Muslims in Negeri Sembilan, West Malaysia, boys] are usually circumcised when they are about twelve years old."</ref><ref>Crapanzano, Vincent. ‘‘Rite of Return: Circumcision in Morocco.’’ In Hermes’ Dilemma and Hamlet’s Desire: On the Epistemology of Interpretation. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992.</ref> According to Genesis 17, Abraham circumcised Ishmael, who is supposed to be the the ancestor of Arab peoples, at the age thirteen, which is why this age is generally taken as the latest acceptable date.		The prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) is not circumcised in the Qur'an, or if he is, no mention of it is ever made in the 67 times that his name is written. A covenant sealed with circumcision, as it is described in the Bible, is also never mentioned.<ref> QuaranicPath "Circumcision - Does the Qur'an Approve it?" http://www.quranicpath.com/misconceptions/circumcision.html </ref> Despite never being mentioned in the Qur'an, it is still widely practiced among followers of Islam in the Middle East, North Africa, and Southeast Asia, who interpret it as an Islamic ceremony.<ref>Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh, Sami A. "Chapter 3: Circumcision among Muslims." ''Male and Female Circumcision: Among Jews, Christians, and Muslims''. Warren Center, Pa.: Shangri-La, 2001.</ref> The Muslim code of religious law (AKA Shariah) recommends performance of circumcision at the age of seven days. In practice, however, Muslim boys are circumcised at varying ages before puberty.<ref>Morgenstern, Julian. ''Rites of Birth, Marriage, Death and Kindred Occasions among the Semites.'' Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1966. pp. 48-66 "...in modern Moslem practice the rite is performed generally between the ages of two and seven years... as late as the thirteenth year.’’</ref><ref>Mehta, Depak. "Circumcision, Body, Masculinity." ''In Violence and Subjectivity'', ed. Veena Das, Arthur Kleinman, et al. Berkeley: {{UNI\|University of California\|UCBE}} Press, 2000. pp. 82 "...two to six years."</ref><ref>Peletz, Michael G. Reason and Passion: Representations of Gender in a Malay Society. Berkeley: {{UNI\|University of California\|UCBE}} Press, 1996. pp. 240 "[Among Muslims in Negeri Sembilan, West Malaysia, boys] are usually circumcised when they are about twelve years old."</ref><ref>Crapanzano, Vincent. ‘‘Rite of Return: Circumcision in Morocco.’’ In Hermes’ Dilemma and Hamlet’s Desire: On the Epistemology of Interpretation. Cambridge, Mass.: {{UNI\|Harvard University\|HU}} Press, 1992.</ref> According to Genesis 17, Abraham circumcised Ishmael, who is supposed to be the the ancestor of Arab peoples, at the age thirteen, which is why this age is generally taken as the latest acceptable date.

	=== Intact existence is actually favored by the Qur'an ===		=== Intact existence is actually favored by the Qur'an ===
	{{Citation		{{Citation
	\| Title=The best of moulds		\|Title=The best of moulds
	\| Text=We have indeed created man in the 'best of moulds'.		\|Text=We have indeed created man in the 'best of moulds'.
	\| Author=		\|Author=
	\| Source=at-Tin 95:4		\|Source=at-Tin 95:4
	}}		}}

	The idea that Allah has created everything in perfection is repeated in 27:88, 32:7, and 40:64.		The idea that Allah has created everything in perfection is repeated in 27:88, 32:7, and 40:64.
	{{Citation		{{Citation
	\| Title=Perfect Design		\|Title=Perfect Design
	\| Text=Allah is the One who made the Earth a habitat for you, and the sky as a structure, and He designed you, and has perfected your design.		\|Text=Allah is the One who made the Earth a habitat for you, and the sky as a structure, and He designed you, and has perfected your design.
	\| Author=		\|Author=
	\| Source=Ghafir 40:64		\|Source=Ghafir 40:64
	}}		}}

WikiAdmin: wikify clitoris

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	{{Citation		{{Citation
	\| Title=Hufaad		\|Title=Hufaad
	\| Text='''e4.3''' Circumcision is obligatory (for every male and female) by cutting off the piece of skin on the glans of the penis of the male, but circumcision of the female is by cutting out the clitoris (this is called Hufaad)		\|Text='''e4.3''' Circumcision is obligatory (for every male and female) by cutting off the piece of skin on the glans of the penis of the male, but circumcision of the female is by cutting out the [[clitoris]] (this is called Hufaad)
	\| Author=Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri		\|Author=Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri
	\| Source=		\|Source=
	\| ref=<ref>[http://www.answering-islam.org/Sharia/fem_circumcision.html Reliance of the Traveller: A Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law]</ref>		\|ref=<ref>[http://www.answering-islam.org/Sharia/fem_circumcision.html Reliance of the Traveller: A Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law]</ref>
	}}		}}

WikiAdmin: using Template:GollaherDL 2000

2021-11-18T17:28:41Z

using Template:GollaherDL 2000

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:28, 18 November 2021
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	'''Genital cutting in Islam''', for both males and females, is deeply rooted in the Muslim tradition, although the genital cutting of neither sex is never actually mentioned in the Qur'an. Instead, Muhammad is reported to have prescribed genital cutting of either sex as a fitrah, a measure of personal cleanliness, in hadith.		'''Genital cutting in Islam''', for both males and females, is deeply rooted in the Muslim tradition, although the genital cutting of neither sex is never actually mentioned in the Qur'an. Instead, Muhammad is reported to have prescribed genital cutting of either sex as a fitrah, a measure of personal cleanliness, in hadith.

	Muslims see male circumcision, and in many cases also female circumcision, as essential to their faith, although in modern times, they have also come to lean on arguments of "medical benefits." A conference of Islamic scholars in 1987 stated that modern circumcision studies “[reflect] the wisdom of the Islamic statements”.<ref>~~[[David Gollaher\|Gollaher, David L]]. Circumcision: A History of the World's Most Controversial Surgery. New York: Basic Books,~~ 2000.</ref>		Muslims see male circumcision, and in many cases also female circumcision, as essential to their faith, although in modern times, they have also come to lean on arguments of "medical benefits." A conference of Islamic scholars in 1987 stated that modern circumcision studies “[reflect] the wisdom of the Islamic statements”.<ref>{{GollaherDL 2000}}</ref>

	Despite being perceived as a practice linked to Islam, organizations such as the World Health Organization deny that female genital cutting has any basis in it, and that any religious texts prescribe it. The organization Human Rights Watch says that the practice of female genital cutting is "erroneously linked" to Islam, and that it is "not particular to any religious faith."<ref name="Newsweek 2016-2-22">{{REFnews		Despite being perceived as a practice linked to Islam, organizations such as the World Health Organization deny that female genital cutting has any basis in it, and that any religious texts prescribe it. The organization Human Rights Watch says that the practice of female genital cutting is "erroneously linked" to Islam, and that it is "not particular to any religious faith."<ref name="Newsweek 2016-2-22">{{REFnews

WikiAdmin: wikify Gollaher

2021-11-18T17:05:04Z

wikify Gollaher

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:05, 18 November 2021
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	'''Genital cutting in Islam''', for both males and females, is deeply rooted in the Muslim tradition, although the genital cutting of neither sex is never actually mentioned in the Qur'an. Instead, Muhammad is reported to have prescribed genital cutting of either sex as a fitrah, a measure of personal cleanliness, in hadith.		'''Genital cutting in Islam''', for both males and females, is deeply rooted in the Muslim tradition, although the genital cutting of neither sex is never actually mentioned in the Qur'an. Instead, Muhammad is reported to have prescribed genital cutting of either sex as a fitrah, a measure of personal cleanliness, in hadith.

	Muslims see male circumcision, and in many cases also female circumcision, as essential to their faith, although in modern times, they have also come to lean on arguments of "medical benefits." A conference of Islamic scholars in 1987 stated that modern circumcision studies “[reflect] the wisdom of the Islamic statements”.<ref>Gollaher, David L. Circumcision: A History of the World's Most Controversial Surgery. New York: Basic Books, 2000.</ref>		Muslims see male circumcision, and in many cases also female circumcision, as essential to their faith, although in modern times, they have also come to lean on arguments of "medical benefits." A conference of Islamic scholars in 1987 stated that modern circumcision studies “[reflect] the wisdom of the Islamic statements”.<ref>[[David Gollaher\|Gollaher, David L]]. Circumcision: A History of the World's Most Controversial Surgery. New York: Basic Books, 2000.</ref>

	Despite being perceived as a practice linked to Islam, organizations such as the World Health Organization deny that female genital cutting has any basis in it, and that any religious texts prescribe it. The organization Human Rights Watch says that the practice of female genital cutting is "erroneously linked" to Islam, and that it is "not particular to any religious faith."<ref name="Newsweek 2016-2-22">{{REFnews		Despite being perceived as a practice linked to Islam, organizations such as the World Health Organization deny that female genital cutting has any basis in it, and that any religious texts prescribe it. The organization Human Rights Watch says that the practice of female genital cutting is "erroneously linked" to Islam, and that it is "not particular to any religious faith."<ref name="Newsweek 2016-2-22">{{REFnews