Human rights - Revision history

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Superiority of international treaty law

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	* [[Declaration of Helsinki (2012)]]		* [[Declaration of Helsinki (2012)]]
	* [[Ethics of non-therapeutic child circumcision]]		* [[Ethics of non-therapeutic child circumcision]]
	* [http://semantic-pace.net/tools/pdf.~~aspx?doc~~=aHR0cDovL2Fzc2VtYmx5LmNvZS5pbnQvbncveG1sL1hSZWYvWDJILURXLWV4dHIuYXNwP2ZpbGVpZD0yMDE3NCZsYW5nPUVO&xsl=aHR0cDovL2Fzc2VtYmx5LmNvZS5pbnQvbncveG1sL3hzbC1mby9QZGYvWFJlZi1XRC1BVC1YTUwyUERGLnhzbA==&xsltparams=ZmlsZWlkPTIwMTc0 Children's Right to Physical Integrity (2013)], Resolution 1952 of the Council of Europe.		* [http://semantic-pace.net/tools/pdf.aspxdoc=aHR0cDovL2Fzc2VtYmx5LmNvZS5pbnQvbncveG1sL1hSZWYvWDJILURXLWV4dHIuYXNwP2ZpbGVpZD0yMDE3NCZsYW5nPUVO&xsl=aHR0cDovL2Fzc2VtYmx5LmNvZS5pbnQvbncveG1sL3hzbC1mby9QZGYvWFJlZi1XRC1BVC1YTUwyUERGLnhzbA==&xsltparams=ZmlsZWlkPTIwMTc0 Children's Right to Physical Integrity (2013)], Resolution 1952 of the Council of Europe.
			* [[Informed consent]]
			* [[Surrogate consent]]

	==Video==		==Video==

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	}}</ref>		}}</ref>

	The practice of non-therapeutic [[circumcision]], which is rooted in antiquity, predates recorded history, and was re-instituted in the 19th century for alleged medical reasons, predates the inauguration of the human rights era in 1945. The advent of and recognition of human rights for all (including patients) has profoundly altered medical ethics and the acceptability of non-therapeutic child circumcision.		The practice of non-therapeutic [[circumcision]], which is rooted in antiquity, predates recorded history, and was re-instituted in the 19th century for alleged medical reasons, predates the inauguration of the human rights era in 1945. The advent of and recognition of human rights for all (including patients) has profoundly altered medical ethics and the acceptability of non-therapeutic child circumcision.<ref>{{REFweb
			\|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-crisis/
			\|title=The U.S. Circumcision Crisis: Why Your Support Matters
			\|last=Alissa
			\|first=Kristel
			\|init=
			\|author-link=
			\|publisher=Intact America
			\|date=2024-10-20
			\|accessdate=2024-10-23
			}}</ref>

	Children, unlike adults, possess two sets of human rights.<ref>{{REFjournal		Children, unlike adults, possess two sets of human rights.<ref>{{REFjournal

WikiAdmin: wikify UDHR (long title)

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wikify UDHR (long title)

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	}}</ref>		}}</ref>

	The General Assembly of the United Nations, acting to fulfill its obligations under the Charter, adopted the ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'' (UDHR) in 1948.<ref name="udhr1948">{{REFdocument		The General Assembly of the United Nations, acting to fulfill its obligations under the Charter, adopted the ''[[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]'' (UDHR) in 1948.<ref name="udhr1948">{{REFdocument
	\|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G.A. res. 217A (III), U.N. Doc A/810 at 71 (1948).		\|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G.A. res. 217A (III), U.N. Doc A/810 at 71 (1948).
	\|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf		\|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf

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	</blockquote>		</blockquote>
	==Superiority of international treaty law==		==Superiority of international treaty law==
	The [[ICCPR]] and the [[UN-CRC]] are multilateral international treaties and are a part of international law. Treaties are superior law to ordinary domestic law, because they contain various commitments made by each state-party. When there is a conflict between domestic law and international treaty law, the treaty law is supreme while the domestic law which is in conflict is without force or effect, or in other words, is nullified.<ref>[https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/1_1_1969.pdf Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties] (1969), Article 27.</ref> Most nations are a state-party to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.		The [[ICCPR]] and the [[UN-CRC]] are multilateral international treaties and are a part of international law. Treaties are superior law to ordinary domestic law, because they contain various commitments made by each state-party. When there is a conflict between domestic law and international treaty law, the treaty law is supreme while the domestic law which is in conflict is without force or effect, or in other words, is nullified.<ref>[https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/1_1_1969.pdf Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties] (1969), Article 27.</ref> Most nations are a state-party to the [https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/1_1_1969.pdf Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties].

	{{SEEALSO}}		{{SEEALSO}}

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 The practice of non-therapeutic [[circumcision]], which is rooted in antiquity, predates recorded history, and was re-instituted in the 19th century for alleged medical reasons, predates the inauguration of the human rights era in 1945. The advent of and recognition of human rights for all (including patients) has profoundly altered medical ethics and the acceptability of non-therapeutic child circumcision.
-Children, unlike adults, possess two sets of human rights. [[UNICEF]] says:
+Children, unlike adults, possess two sets of human rights.<ref>{{REFjournal
 <blockquote>
 Children and young people have the same general human rights as adults and also specific rights that recognize their special needs. Children are neither the property of their parents nor are they helpless objects of charity. They are human beings and are the subject of their own rights.<ref>{{REFweb

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	[[Category:Parental information]]		[[Category:Parental information]]
			[[Category:Medical ethics]]
	[[Category:Law: UN]]		[[Category:Law: UN]]
	[[Category:Human rights]]		[[Category:Human rights]]

	[[de:Menschenrechte]]		[[de:Menschenrechte]]

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	{{SEEALSO}}		{{SEEALSO}}

			* [[UN Convention on the Rights of the Child]]
	* [[Declaration of the First International Symposium on Circumcision (1989)]]		* [[Declaration of the First International Symposium on Circumcision (1989)]]
	* [[https://pool.intactiwiki.org/images/1998-08-07-The_Oxford_Declaration.pdf The Oxford Declaration (1998)]]		* [[https://pool.intactiwiki.org/images/1998-08-07-The_Oxford_Declaration.pdf The Oxford Declaration (1998)]]

WikiModEn3: /* Article twenty-four */ correcting a common misquote of my work

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Article twenty-four: correcting a common misquote of my work

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	3. States Parties shall take all effective and appropriate measures with a view to abolishing traditional practices prejudicial to the health of children.		3. States Parties shall take all effective and appropriate measures with a view to abolishing traditional practices prejudicial to the health of children.
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>
	Male circumcision always results in the permanent and irreversible loss of the [[foreskin]], a structure with protective, immunological, sexual, and sensory functions. The loss of the protective and immunological functions are harmful to physical health. The loss of the sensory and sexual functions are harmful to [[https://en.intactiwiki.org/index.php/Sexual_effects_of_circumcision\| sexual]] and [[Psychological issues of male circumcision\| mental]] health. We have long known that non-therapeutic circumcision of children sometimes results in [[death]]. [[Douglas Gairdner]] (1949) reported circumcision caused nineteen deaths in England and Wales in 1946.<ref name="fate1949">{{GairdnerDM 1949}}</ref> Bollinger (2010) estimated ~~117~~ deaths per year in the United States.<ref name="bollinger2010">{{BollingerD 2010}}</ref>		Male circumcision always results in the permanent and irreversible loss of the [[foreskin]], a structure with protective, immunological, sexual, and sensory functions. The loss of the protective and immunological functions are harmful to physical health. The loss of the sensory and sexual functions are harmful to [[https://en.intactiwiki.org/index.php/Sexual_effects_of_circumcision\| sexual]] and [[Psychological issues of male circumcision\| mental]] health. We have long known that non-therapeutic circumcision of children sometimes results in [[death]]. [[Douglas Gairdner]] (1949) reported circumcision caused nineteen deaths in England and Wales in 1946.<ref name="fate1949">{{GairdnerDM 1949}}</ref> Bollinger (2010) estimated the circumcision-related mortality rate of 0.9/100,000 circumcisions (more than 100 deaths) per year in the United States.<ref name="bollinger2010">{{BollingerD 2010}}</ref>

	In addition to possible death, [[bleeding]], infection, and surgical misadventure that may result in various injuries, including loss of the penis are more common occurences.		In addition to possible death, [[bleeding]], infection, and surgical misadventure that may result in various injuries, including loss of the penis are more common occurences.

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	\|first=		\|first=
	\|author-link=		\|author-link=
	\|publisher=Doctors Opposing Circumcision		\|publisher=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]]
	\|website=ResearchHub		\|website=ResearchHub
	\|date=2008		\|date=2008

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	Male circumcision always results in the permanent and irreversible loss of the [[foreskin]], a structure with protective, immunological, sexual, and sensory functions. The loss of the protective and immunological functions are harmful to physical health. The loss of the sensory and sexual functions are harmful to [[https://en.intactiwiki.org/index.php/Sexual_effects_of_circumcision\| sexual]] and [[Psychological issues of male circumcision\| mental]] health. We have long known that non-therapeutic circumcision of children sometimes results in [[death]]. [[Douglas Gairdner]] (1949) reported circumcision caused nineteen deaths in England and Wales in 1946.<ref name="fate1949">{{GairdnerDM 1949}}</ref> Bollinger (2010) estimated 117 deaths per year in the United States.<ref name="bollinger2010">{{BollingerD 2010}}</ref>		Male circumcision always results in the permanent and irreversible loss of the [[foreskin]], a structure with protective, immunological, sexual, and sensory functions. The loss of the protective and immunological functions are harmful to physical health. The loss of the sensory and sexual functions are harmful to [[https://en.intactiwiki.org/index.php/Sexual_effects_of_circumcision\| sexual]] and [[Psychological issues of male circumcision\| mental]] health. We have long known that non-therapeutic circumcision of children sometimes results in [[death]]. [[Douglas Gairdner]] (1949) reported circumcision caused nineteen deaths in England and Wales in 1946.<ref name="fate1949">{{GairdnerDM 1949}}</ref> Bollinger (2010) estimated 117 deaths per year in the United States.<ref name="bollinger2010">{{BollingerD 2010}}</ref>

	In addition to possible death, bleeding, infection, and surgical misadventure that may result in various injuries, including loss of the penis are more common occurences.		In addition to possible death, [[bleeding]], infection, and surgical misadventure that may result in various injuries, including loss of the penis are more common occurences.

	==The question of religious rights==		==The question of religious rights==