Netherlands - Revision history

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	{{REF}}		{{REF}}

	~~[[Category:Netherlands]]~~
	[[Category:Europe]]		[[Category:Europe]]
	[[Category:Male circumcision]]		[[Category:Male circumcision]]
			[[Category:Country]]

			[[Category:Netherlands]]


	[[de:Niederlande]]		[[de:Niederlande]]

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	[[Category:Europe]]		[[Category:Europe]]
	[[Category:Male circumcision]]		[[Category:Male circumcision]]

			[[de:Niederlande]]

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	\|accessdate=2021-09-16		\|accessdate=2021-09-16
	\|quote=		\|quote=
	}}</ref> however strong evidence exists that child circumcision is traumatic.<ref name="taddio1997">{{~~Taddio Katz Ilersich Koren~~ 1997}}</ref>		}}</ref> however strong evidence exists that child circumcision is traumatic.<ref name="taddio1997">{{TaddioA KatzJ IlersichAL KorenG 1997}}</ref>

	When it was learned in 2004 that Dutch Medicare was paying for religious circumcision rather than medical circumcision, the Health Ministry discontinued payments for circumcision. It was learned that 90 percent of the circumcisions covered by Dutch national health insurance was for religious circumcision rather than medical circumcision. Reportedly, about 17,000 circumcisions were carried out per year.<ref>{{REFnews		When it was learned in 2004 that Dutch Medicare was paying for religious circumcision rather than medical circumcision, the Health Ministry discontinued payments for circumcision. It was learned that 90 percent of the circumcisions covered by Dutch national health insurance was for religious circumcision rather than medical circumcision. Reportedly, about 17,000 circumcisions were carried out per year.<ref>{{REFnews

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   |accessdate=2021-09-16
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-}}</ref> however strong evidence exists that child circumcision is traumatic.<ref name="taddio1997">{{REFjournal
+}}</ref> however strong evidence exists that child circumcision is traumatic.<ref name="taddio1997">{{Taddio Katz Ilersich Koren 1997}}</ref>
 When it was learned in 2004 that Dutch Medicare was paying for religious circumcision rather than medical circumcision, the Health Ministry discontinued payments for circumcision. It was learned that 90 percent of the circumcisions covered by Dutch national health insurance was for religious circumcision rather than medical circumcision. Reportedly, about 17,000 circumcisions were carried out per year.<ref>{{REFnews

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	===Council of Europe===		===Council of Europe===
	The Netherlands became a founder-member of the [https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal Council of Europe] on 5 May 1949 and therefore subject to the [https://rm.coe.int/1680a2353d ''European Convention on Human Rights''] (1950). Under that ''Convention'' the Netherlands may be sued in the [https://www.echr.coe.int/Pages/home.aspx?p=home&c European Court of Human Rights] (Strasbourg) for alleged human rights violations.		The Netherlands became a founder-member of the [https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal Council of Europe] on 5 May 1949 and therefore subject to the [https://rm.coe.int/1680a2353d ''European Convention on Human Rights''] (1950). Under that ''Convention'' the Netherlands may be sued in the [https://www.echr.coe.int/Pages/home.aspx?p=home&c European Court of Human Rights] (Strasbourg) for alleged [[human rights]] violations.

	Certain parts of the Convention seem applicable to the non-therapeutic circumcision of minor boys:		Certain parts of the Convention seem applicable to the non-therapeutic circumcision of minor boys:

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	The Royal Dutch Medical Association (KNMG) (2010) issued a very strong statement against the practice of non-therapeutic child circumcision. The statement cites the lack of any therapeutic or prophylactic value. It also cited the certain harms:		The Royal Dutch Medical Association (KNMG) (2010) issued a very strong statement against the practice of non-therapeutic child circumcision. The statement cites the lack of any therapeutic or prophylactic value. It also cited the certain harms:
	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	Contrary to what is often thought, circumcision entails the risk of medical and psychological complications. The most common complications are bleeding, infections, meatus stenosis (narrowing of the [[urethra]]) and panic attacks. Partial or complete penis amputations as a result of complications following circumcisions have also been reported, as have psychological problems as a result of the circumcision.		Contrary to what is often thought, circumcision entails the risk of medical and psychological complications. The most common complications are [[bleeding]], infections, meatus stenosis (narrowing of the [[urethra]]) and panic attacks. Partial or complete penis amputations as a result of complications following circumcisions have also been reported, as have psychological problems as a result of the circumcision.
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>
	It also takes a strong position on the human rights violations inherent in non-therapeutic circumcision of minors, including the right to self-determination and the right to physical integrity. the statement has been endorsed by seven specialty medical organisations.<ref name="knmg2010">{{REFdocument		It also takes a strong position on the human rights violations inherent in non-therapeutic circumcision of minors, including the right to self-determination and the right to physical integrity. the statement has been endorsed by seven specialty medical organisations.<ref name="knmg2010">{{REFdocument

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	==Human rights==		==Human rights==
	===United Nations multi-lateral human rights treaties===		===United Nations multi-lateral human rights treaties===
	The Netherlands signed the ''International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights'' (ICCPR) on 25 June 1969 and formally ratified the ICCPR treaty on 20 May 1978.<ref name="ratstatus">{{REFweb		The Netherlands signed the ''[[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]]'' (ICCPR) on 25 June 1969 and formally ratified the [[ICCPR]] treaty on 20 May 1978.<ref name="ratstatus">{{REFweb
	\|url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/TreatyBodyExternal/Treaty.aspx?CountryID=185		\|url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/TreatyBodyExternal/Treaty.aspx?CountryID=185
	\|archived=		\|archived=
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	}}</ref> Article 2 of the ICCPR requires the Netherlands to apply and enforce the provisions of the ICCPR within its territory. See [[~~Human_rights~~#Application_of_the_ICCPR_to_non-therapeutic_circumcision_of_children\| Application of the ICCPR to non-therapeutic circumcision of children]] for detailed information on the rights applicable to non-therapeutic circumcision of children.		}}</ref> Article 2 of the [[ICCPR]] requires the Netherlands to apply and enforce the provisions of the [[ICCPR]] within its territory. See [[International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights#Application_of_the_ICCPR_to_non-therapeutic_circumcision_of_children\|ICCPR: Application of the ICCPR to non-therapeutic circumcision of children]] for detailed information on the rights applicable to non-therapeutic circumcision of children.

	The Netherlands signed the ''Convention on the Rights of the Child'' (CRC) on 26 January 1990 an formally ratified the CRC treaty on 6 February 1995.<ref name="ratstatus" /> Article 2 of the CRC require the Netherlands to respect and ensure the rights specified in the CRC to each child within its jurisdiction. See [[Human_rights#Application_of_the_CRC_to_non-therapeutic_circumcision_of_children\| Application of the CRC to non-therapeutic circumcision of children]] for detailed information on the rights applicable to non-therapeutic circumcision of children.		The Netherlands signed the ''Convention on the Rights of the Child'' (CRC) on 26 January 1990 an formally ratified the CRC treaty on 6 February 1995.<ref name="ratstatus" /> Article 2 of the CRC require the Netherlands to respect and ensure the rights specified in the CRC to each child within its jurisdiction. See [[Human_rights#Application_of_the_CRC_to_non-therapeutic_circumcision_of_children\| Application of the CRC to non-therapeutic circumcision of children]] for detailed information on the rights applicable to non-therapeutic circumcision of children.

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	\|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/smith/		\|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/smith/
	\|work=To Baehr in Our Minds: Essays in Human Rights from the Heart of the Netherlands (SIM Special No. 21)		\|work=To Baehr in Our Minds: Essays in Human Rights from the Heart of the Netherlands (SIM Special No. 21)
	\|~~editor~~=Mielle Bulterman, Aart Hendriks and Jacqueline Smith ~~(Eds.)~~		\|editors=Mielle Bulterman, Aart Hendriks and Jacqueline Smith
	\|edition=		\|edition=
	\|volume=		\|volume=

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	The Royal Dutch Medical Association (KNMG) (2010) issued a very strong statement against the practice of non-therapeutic child circumcision. The statement cites the lack of any therapeutic or prophylactic value. It also cited the certain harms:		The Royal Dutch Medical Association (KNMG) (2010) issued a very strong statement against the practice of non-therapeutic child circumcision. The statement cites the lack of any therapeutic or prophylactic value. It also cited the certain harms:
	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	Contrary to what is often thought, circumcision entails the risk of medical and psychological complications. The most common complications are bleeding, infections, meatus stenosis (narrowing of the urethra) and panic attacks. Partial or complete penis amputations as a result of complications following circumcisions have also been reported, as have psychological problems as a result of the circumcision.		Contrary to what is often thought, circumcision entails the risk of medical and psychological complications. The most common complications are bleeding, infections, meatus stenosis (narrowing of the [[urethra]]) and panic attacks. Partial or complete penis amputations as a result of complications following circumcisions have also been reported, as have psychological problems as a result of the circumcision.
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>
	It also takes a strong position on the human rights violations inherent in non-therapeutic circumcision of minors, including the right to self-determination and the right to physical integrity. the statement has been endorsed by seven specialty medical organisations.<ref name="knmg2010">{{REFdocument		It also takes a strong position on the human rights violations inherent in non-therapeutic circumcision of minors, including the right to self-determination and the right to physical integrity. the statement has been endorsed by seven specialty medical organisations.<ref name="knmg2010">{{REFdocument

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	This first resolution of its kind by a European institution is not legally binding, but an important signal for further debate and action. It shifts the approach of the point of view of the topic from the current medical domain towards a [[human rights]] approach and identifies the right to bodily integrity, autonomy and self-determination. It calls the for the end of non-therapeutic cosmetic medical and surgical interventions.<ref name="resolution1952" />		This first resolution of its kind by a European institution is not legally binding, but an important signal for further debate and action. It shifts the approach of the point of view of the topic from the current medical domain towards a [[human rights]] approach and identifies the right to bodily integrity, autonomy and self-determination. It calls the for the end of non-therapeutic cosmetic medical and surgical interventions.<ref name="resolution1952" />

	===Netherlands Institute of Human Rights===		=== Netherlands Institute of Human Rights ===

	The [https://www.govserv.org/NL/Utrecht/703482366345976/Netherlands-Institute-of-Human-Rights---SIM Netherlands Institute of Human Rights (SIM)] is a part of the [https://www.uu.nl/en/organisation/utrecht-university-school-of-law ~~University of Utrecht~~ School of Law]. SIM (1998) issued a very strong statement against child circumcision. The statement concluded in part:		The [https://www.govserv.org/NL/Utrecht/703482366345976/Netherlands-Institute-of-Human-Rights---SIM Netherlands Institute of Human Rights (SIM)] is a part of the {{UNI\|University of Utrecht\|UUNL}} [https://www.uu.nl/en/organisation/utrecht-university-school-of-law School of Law]. SIM (1998) issued a very strong statement against child circumcision. The statement concluded in part:
	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	The right to physical integrity has two components: protection against violation of and offenses against the body by others, thus from outside, and the right to determine over one's own body, the right to self-determination. The right to physical integrity is one of the fundamental civil rights. It is a right to "freedom." The government should therefore refrain from interference. However, the government also has a relevant duty of care, namely the stimulation of a climate in which civil rights can achieve a substantive form.<ref name="smith1998">{{REFbook		The right to physical integrity has two components: protection against violation of and offenses against the body by others, thus from outside, and the right to determine over one's own body, the right to self-determination. The right to physical integrity is one of the fundamental civil rights. It is a right to "freedom." The government should therefore refrain from interference. However, the government also has a relevant duty of care, namely the stimulation of a climate in which civil rights can achieve a substantive form.<ref name="smith1998">{{REFbook