Phimosis - Revision history

WikiModEn2: /* Short frenulum (frenulum breve) */ Wikify.

2026-08-01T17:13:30Z

Short frenulum (frenulum breve): Wikify.

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:13, 1 August 2026
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	If the [[frenulum]] is too short, it can hinder or even prohibit retraction of the [[foreskin]]. If the mechanical strain is too great, the frenulum can tear or rip apart. If the frenular artery, which runs within, is damaged in the process, it can lead to considerable and prolonged [[bleeding]]. When only small tears appear, it may heal spontaneously.		If the [[frenulum]] is too short, it can hinder or even prohibit retraction of the [[foreskin]]. If the mechanical strain is too great, the frenulum can tear or rip apart. If the frenular artery, which runs within, is damaged in the process, it can lead to considerable and prolonged [[bleeding]]. When only small tears appear, it may heal spontaneously.

	[[Frenulum breve]] is frequently confused with phimosis. To make a differential diagnosis, one may attempt to retract the foreskin when the penis is erect. Since the underside of the glans is attached to the inner foreskin by the [[frenulum]], if frenulum breve is present, the head of the penis will bend downwards due to the resulting tension when the foreskin is retracted.		[[Frenulum breve]] is frequently confused with phimosis. To make a differential diagnosis, one may attempt to retract the foreskin when the penis is erect. Since the underside of the glans is attached to the inner foreskin by the [[frenulum]], if frenulum breve is present, the head of the penis will bend downwards due to the resulting tension when the [[foreskin]] is retracted.

	To help the healing, lukewarm camomile baths or cremes containing panthenol can be applied. With a very short frenulum and previous large tears, surgical treatment is advised.		To help the healing, lukewarm camomile baths or cremes containing panthenol can be applied. With a very short ]]frenulum]] and previous large tears, surgical treatment is advised.

	There are 3 surgical variants:		There are 3 surgical variants:
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	* Elongation of the frenulum with a [[skin]] graft.		* Elongation of the frenulum with a [[skin]] graft.

	Circumcision is not appropriate or necessary to treat [[frenulum breve]]. Patients must be careful when consulting a urologist, because urologists earn an attractive fee from performing an [[adult circumcision]], so may be quick to recommend inappropriate and unnecessary injurious [[circumcision]] to an unwary patient.		Circumcision is not appropriate or necessary to treat [[frenulum breve]]. Patients must be careful when consulting a [[urologist]], because urologists earn an attractive fee from performing an [[adult circumcision]], so may be quick to recommend inappropriate and unnecessary injurious, [[Circumcision harm\| harmful]] [[circumcision]] to an unwary patient.

	==Hygiene==		==Hygiene==
	The normal non-retractable [[foreskin]] may be easily flushed out with warm water and a [https://www.amazon.com/Syringe-Removing-Syringing-Medi-Grade/dp/B0842B1XMR?sp_csd=d2lkZ2V0TmFtZT1zcF9hdGY&psc=1 rubber-bulb type ear syringe]. Excessive washing and the use of soap should be avoided.<ref name="Birley1991">{{REFjournal		The normal non-retractable [[foreskin]] may be easily flushed out with warm water and a [https://www.amazon.com/Syringe-Removing-Syringing-Medi-Grade/dp/B0842B1XMR?sp_csd=d2lkZ2V0TmFtZT1zcF9hdGY&psc=1 rubber-bulb type ear syringe]. Excessive washing and the use of soap should be avoided.<ref name="Birley1991">{{REFjournal

WikiModEn2: Relocate citation.

2026-08-01T17:03:30Z

Relocate citation.

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:03, 1 August 2026
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	{{GraphicWarning}}		{{GraphicWarning}}
	[[File:Phimosis.jpg\|thumb\|An erect penis with a case of phimosis]]		[[File:Phimosis.jpg\|thumb\|An erect penis with a case of phimosis]]
	'''Phimosis''' (''fɪˈmoʊsɨs'' or ''faɪˈmoʊsɨs'', from the Greek ''phimos'' (φῑμός "muzzle"), in adults is a natural variant of the [[penis]] in which the [[foreskin]] cannot be fully retracted over the [[glans penis]] to uncover and expose the [[glans penis]] that occurs in up to ten percent of [[foreskinned]] adult males.~~<ref>{{REFweb~~		'''Phimosis''' (''fɪˈmoʊsɨs'' or ''faɪˈmoʊsɨs'', from the Greek ''phimos'' (φῑμός "muzzle"), in adults is a natural variant of the [[penis]] in which the [[foreskin]] cannot be fully retracted over the [[glans penis]] to uncover and expose the [[glans penis]] that occurs in up to ten percent of [[foreskinned]] adult males. A medical dictionary defines phimosis as "Tightness of the foreskin (prepuce) of such degree as to prevent retraction. This may be congenital or the result of inflammation. Severe phimosis that interferes with [[urination]] is an indication for circumcision. From the Greek <i>phmoun</i>, to gag or muzzle."<ref>{REFweb
	~~\|url=https://www.phimosis.care/~~
	~~\|title=phimosis.care~~
	~~\|last=Anonymous~~
	~~\|publisher=Thames Metal Designs~~
	~~\|date=2024~~
	~~\|accessdate=2026-04-25~~
	~~}}</ref>~~ A medical dictionary defines phimosis as "Tightness of the foreskin (prepuce) of such degree as to prevent retraction. This may be congenital or the result of inflammation. Severe phimosis that interferes with [[urination]] is an indication for circumcision. From the Greek <i>phmoun</i>, to gag or muzzle."<ref>{REFweb
	\|url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/phimosis		\|url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/phimosis
	\|title=Phimosis		\|title=Phimosis
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	}}</ref>		}}</ref>

	Manual [[stretching]] preserves the [[foreskin]] and its many protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions\| physiological functions]], and renders the foreskin retractable, but may take some months to achieve.		Manual [[stretching]] preserves the [[foreskin]] and its many protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions\| physiological functions]], and renders the foreskin retractable, but may take some months to achieve.<ref>{{REFweb
			\|url=https://www.phimosis.care/
			\|title=phimosis.care
			\|last=Anonymous
			\|publisher=Thames Metal Designs
			\|date=2024
			\|accessdate=2026-04-25
			}}</ref>

	Carilli et al. (2021) tested the PhimoStop device which gradually dilates the foreskin over an extended period of time. Phimosed men were treated for sixty days. The treatment helped 52.1 percent of the men to resolve their phimosis.<ref>{{REFjournal		Carilli et al. (2021) tested the PhimoStop device which gradually dilates the [[foreskin]] over an extended period of time. Phimosed men were treated for sixty days. The treatment helped 52.1 percent of the men to resolve their phimosis.<ref>{{REFjournal
	\|last=Carilli		\|last=Carilli
	\|first=Marco		\|first=Marco

WikiModEn2: Add link in SEEALSO section; add external link.

2026-08-01T16:35:26Z

Add link in SEEALSO section; add external link.

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:35, 1 August 2026
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	\|date=2024		\|date=2024
	\|accessdate=2026-04-25		\|accessdate=2026-04-25
	}}</ref> A medical dictionary defines phimosis as "Tightness of the foreskin (prepuce) of such degree as to prevent retraction. This may be congenital or the result of inflammation. Severe phimosis that interferes with urination is an indication for circumcision. From the Greek <i>phmoun</i>, to gag or muzzle."<ref>{REFweb		}}</ref> A medical dictionary defines phimosis as "Tightness of the foreskin (prepuce) of such degree as to prevent retraction. This may be congenital or the result of inflammation. Severe phimosis that interferes with [[urination]] is an indication for circumcision. From the Greek <i>phmoun</i>, to gag or muzzle."<ref>{REFweb
	\|url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/phimosis		\|url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/phimosis
	\|title=Phimosis		\|title=Phimosis
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	Phimosis is classed as [[physiological phimosis]] or [[pathological phimosis]]. The physiological phimosis condition in adults is a natural variant, not a disease, so it does not threaten health. Men may elect to treat it or not treat it. Some men live their entire lives with a non-retractile foreskin. [[Sex with phimosis\| They are able to have sexual intercourse and father children]].		Phimosis is classed as [[physiological phimosis]] or [[pathological phimosis]]. The physiological phimosis condition in adults is a natural variant, not a disease, so it does not threaten health. Men may elect to treat it or not treat it. Some men live their entire lives with a non-retractile foreskin. [[Sex with phimosis\| They are able to have sexual intercourse and father children]].

	[[Adult circumcision]] is an <i>elective</i> surgical [[amputation]]. One choses to be [[circumcised]] and must first grant [[informed consent]]. When a man states, "<b>I had to have a circumcision</b>," it is usually a lie.		[[Adult circumcision]] is an <i>elective</i> surgical [[amputation]]. One choses to be [[circumcised]] and must first grant [[informed consent]]. When a man states, "<b>I <i>had</i> to have a circumcision</b>," it is usually a lie.

	==Positive aspects of phimosis==		==Positive aspects of phimosis==
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	}}</ref> Moreover the tip of the [[foreskin]] at birth is usually too tight to permit any retraction.<ref name="gairdner1949"/> Thus normal, natural childhood non-retractable foreskin, which must be distinguished from pathological phimosis,<ref name="shahid2012" /> has been given the name ''physiological phimosis'' to distinguish it from ''pathological phimosis'' in adults.<ref name="shahid2012"/>		}}</ref> Moreover the tip of the [[foreskin]] at birth is usually too tight to permit any retraction.<ref name="gairdner1949"/> Thus normal, natural childhood non-retractable foreskin, which must be distinguished from pathological phimosis,<ref name="shahid2012" /> has been given the name ''physiological phimosis'' to distinguish it from ''pathological phimosis'' in adults.<ref name="shahid2012"/>

	[[Physiological phimosis]] is a normal, healthy stage of development in ~~youth~~ that does not require treatment.		[[Physiological phimosis]] is a normal, healthy stage of development in children and young people that does not require treatment.

	From a medical standpoint, an otherwise symptom-free [[phimosis]], even after dissolution of preputial adhesions, does not require any treatment before the child enters [[puberty]]. The widespread notion that full retractability has to be achieved by a certain age, derives from obsolete assumptions and studies which only covered children's development until they entered school, but not beyond that point.		From a medical standpoint, an otherwise symptom-free [[phimosis]], even after dissolution of preputial adhesions, does not require any treatment before the child enters [[puberty]]. The widespread notion that full retractability has to be achieved by a certain age, derives from obsolete assumptions and studies which only covered children's development until they entered school, but not beyond that point.
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	* [[Sexual effects of circumcision]]		* [[Sexual effects of circumcision]]
	* [[Sex with phimosis]]		* [[Sex with phimosis]]
			* [[Smegma]]
	* [[Stretching]]		* [[Stretching]]
	* [[Tissue expansion]]		* [[Tissue expansion]]
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	\|accessdate=2026-07-25		\|accessdate=2026-07-25
	}}		}}
			* {{REFweb
			\|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/uncircumcised_talk/comments/1vchrll/should_i_or_no/
			\|title=Should I or no?
			\|last=Anonymous
			\|publisher=Reddit
			\|date=2027-08-01
			\|accessdate=2027-08-01
			}}

	<hr>		<hr>

WikiModEn2: /* Circumcision */ General revision.

2026-08-01T15:19:07Z

Circumcision: General revision.

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:19, 1 August 2026
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	====Circumcision====		====Circumcision====
	Circumcision (partial penile amputation) once was the classic treatment for phimosis, but has many disadvantages and drawbacks. [[Neurotomy]] is a feature of every circumcision and causes severe loss of [[erogenous sensation of the foreskin]]. [[Adolescent and adult circumcision\| Circumcision]] is less performed today, because it is becoming outmoded by newer and better treatments.<ref name="shahid2012" />		Men who consult a [[urologist]] regarding non-retractile [[foreskin]] will usually receive a recommendation for [[adult circumcision]] because that surgery produces the [[Financial incentive\| highest profit]] for the urologist. Circumcision (partial penile [[amputation]]) once was the classic treatment for phimosis, but has many disadvantages and drawbacks. [[Neurotomy]] is an unavoidable feature of every [[adult circumcision\| circumcision]] and causes severe loss of [[erogenous sensation of the foreskin]]. [[Adolescent and adult circumcision\| Circumcision]] is less performed today, because it is becoming outmoded by newer and better treatments.<ref name="shahid2012" />

	* Circumcision is the most expensive treatment.<ref name="vanhowe1998" />		* Circumcision is the most expensive treatment.<ref name="vanhowe1998" />
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	* Circumcision exposes the patient to the surgical risks of [[bleeding]], [[infection]], and surgical misadventure, which rarely can include loss of the [[glans penis]], loss of the [[penis]] or [[death]].		* Circumcision exposes the patient to the surgical risks of [[bleeding]], [[infection]], and surgical misadventure, which rarely can include loss of the [[glans penis]], loss of the [[penis]] or [[death]].

	* Circumcision permanently and irreversibly amputates the [[Foreskin sensitivity\| highly innervated]], erogenous [[foreskin]], so its [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions\| multiple protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual physiological functions]] are destroyed and has many [[risks and complications]]. The sensitive head of the [[penis]] will be permanently exposed so the [[~~Glans~~ penis~~\| head~~]] ~~will rub~~ against clothing. ~~Many men find this to be very painful~~.		* Circumcision permanently and irreversibly amputates the [[Foreskin sensitivity\| highly innervated]], erogenous [[foreskin]], so its [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions\| multiple protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual physiological functions]] are destroyed and has many [[risks and complications]]. The sensitive head of the [[penis]] will be permanently exposed, so newly [[circumcised]] men find it very painful when the [[glans penis]] is touched or rubs against clothing. The pain will persist until [[keratinization]] occurs.

	* Most men report a permanent substantial loss of [[Sexual sensation of the foreskin\| sexual sensation]].		* Most men report a permanent substantial loss of [[Sexual sensation of the foreskin\| sexual sensation]].
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	* Circumcision results in a permanent, usually two-toned, [[circumcision scar]].		* Circumcision results in a permanent, usually two-toned, [[circumcision scar]].

	* Circumcision has a long, painful, and difficult recovery. Erections are painful. Post-circumcision [[lymphoedema]] caused swelling can last for many months. Recovery time is placed at six weeks. Erections may cause sutures to pull out, thus opening the surgical wound, causing [[wound dehiscence]]. Sexual and [[Psychological issues of male circumcision\| psychological]] issues abound. As with other surgery, complications are surgical misadventure, ~~hemorrhage~~, and [[infection]]. Loss of the penis and [[death]] are known.<ref name="shahid2012" /> <ref name="williams-kapila1993">{{REFjournal		* Circumcision has a long, painful, and difficult recovery. Erections are painful. Post-circumcision [[lymphoedema]] caused swelling can last for many months. Recovery time is placed at six weeks. Erections may cause sutures to pull out, thus opening the surgical wound, causing [[wound dehiscence]]. Sexual and [[Psychological issues of male circumcision\| psychological]] issues abound. As with other surgery, complications are surgical misadventure, [[bleeding]], and [[infection]]. Loss of the [[penis]] and [[death]] are known.<ref name="shahid2012" /> <ref name="williams-kapila1993">{{REFjournal
	\|last=Williams		\|last=Williams
	\|first=Neville		\|first=Neville
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	}}</ref>		}}</ref>

	* Circumcision is irreverible amputation. Circumcision cannot be undone. [[Regret men]] are common.		* Circumcision is irreverible [[amputation]]. Circumcision cannot be undone. [[Regret men]] are common.

	<b><u>[[Adolescent and adult circumcision\| Circumcision]] should be the treatment of last resort, to be used only after conservative methods of treatment fail.</u></b>		<b><u>[[Adolescent and adult circumcision\| Circumcision]] should be the treatment of last resort, to be used only after conservative methods of treatment fail.</u></b>

	~~Kumar et al. (2017) graded phimosis from 0 to 5. They claimed that [[adult circumcision]] is necessary to treat grades 4 and 5,<ref name="kumar2017">{{REFjournal~~		Many men would prefer to live with phimosis in preference to losing one's [[foreskin]] to an [[adult circumcision]]. Phimosis is a condition, not a disease. Circumcision is usually an elective surgical [[amputation]]. Men who elect to be [[circumcised]] can only blame themselves, if they do not like the results. [[Regret men]] are common.
	~~\|last=Kumar~~
	~~\|first=~~
	~~\|init=JN~~
	~~\|author-link=~~
	~~\|last2=Neeraj~~
	~~\|first2=G~~
	~~\|init2=G~~
	~~\|author2-link=~~
	~~\|last3=Rajesh~~
	~~\|first3=L~~
	~~\|init3=L~~
	~~\|author3-link=~~
	~~\|last4=Kumar~~
	~~\|first4=~~
	~~\|init4=MS~~
	~~\|author4-link=~~
	~~\|etal=yes~~
	~~\|title=Phimosis: Nonsurgical Versus Surgical Management~~
	~~\|trans-title=~~
	~~\|language=English~~
	~~\|journal=Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Research~~
	~~\|location=~~
	~~\|date=2017-02~~
	~~\|volume=5~~
	~~\|issue=2~~
	~~\|article=~~
	~~\|page=~~
	~~\|pages=17556-60~~
	~~\|url=http://jmscr.igmpublication.org/v5-i2/57%20jmscr.pdf~~
	~~\|archived=~~
	~~\|quote=~~
	~~\|pubmedID=~~
	~~\|pubmedCID=~~
	~~\|DOI=~~
	~~\|accessdate=2021-01-14~~
	~~}}</ref> however that is not certain.~~ Many men would prefer to live with phimosis in preference to losing one's [[foreskin]] to an [[adult circumcision]]. Circumcision is usually an elective surgical amputation. Men who elect to be [[circumcised]] can only blame ~~themself~~ if they do not like the results. [[Regret men]] are common.

	== Adult onset phimosis ==		== Adult onset phimosis ==

WikiModEn2: /* Physiologic phimosis */ Revise text.

2026-07-25T15:54:27Z

Physiologic phimosis: Revise text.

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	\|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/beauge2/		\|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/beauge2/
	\|accessdate=2020-04-20		\|accessdate=2020-04-20
	}}</ref> ~~The~~ condition may be treated by changing one's method of [[masturbation]] ~~according to Beaugé~~.		}}</ref> According to Beaugé, the condition may be treated by changing one's method of [[masturbation]].

	There are three possible causes of non-retractile foreskin:<ref name='hill2012">{{REFweb		There are three possible causes of non-retractile foreskin:<ref name='hill2012">{{REFweb

WikiModEn2: /* Four common treatments for phimosis */ Add external link.

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Four common treatments for phimosis: Add external link.

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	\|accessdate=2026-07-08		\|accessdate=2026-07-08
	}}		}}
			* {{REFweb
			\|url=https://circumcised.com/Thread-Phimosis-is-often-misunderstood-misdiagnosed-over-diagnosed-and-improperly-treated
			\|title=Phimosis is often misunderstood, misdiagnosed, over-diagnosed, and improperly treated
			\|last=Anonymous
			\|publisher=Circumcised
			\|website=https://circumcised.com
			\|date=2026-07
			\|accessdate=2026-07-25
			}}
	<hr>		<hr>

WikiModEn2: /* Four common treatments for phimosis */ Add external link.

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Four common treatments for phimosis: Add external link.

@@ Line 886: / Line 886: @@
   |accessdate=2026-01-07
 }}
 The following link contains graphic images and is only for those who are 18 years of age and older.

WikiModEn2: /* Four common treatments for phimosis */ Add link in SEEALSO section.

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Four common treatments for phimosis: Add link in SEEALSO section.

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:58, 17 June 2026
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	{{SEEALSO}}		{{SEEALSO}}
	* [[Adolescent and adult circumcision]]		* [[Adolescent and adult circumcision]]
			* [[Captain Hoodie]]
	* [[Development of retractable foreskin]]		* [[Development of retractable foreskin]]
	* [[Foreskin]]		* [[Foreskin]]

WikiModEn2: Revise text and citation.

2026-04-25T20:59:30Z

Revise text and citation.

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:59, 25 April 2026
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	{{GraphicWarning}}		{{GraphicWarning}}
	[[File:Phimosis.jpg\|thumb\|An erect penis with a case of phimosis]]		[[File:Phimosis.jpg\|thumb\|An erect penis with a case of phimosis]]
	'''Phimosis''' (''fɪˈmoʊsɨs'' or ''faɪˈmoʊsɨs'', from the Greek ''phimos'' (φῑμός "muzzle"), in adults is a natural variant of the [[penis]] in which the [[foreskin]] cannot be fully retracted over the [[glans penis]] to uncover and expose the [[glans penis]] that occurs in ~~about five~~ percent of [[foreskinned]] adult males.<ref>{{~~URLwikipedia~~\|~~Phimosis~~\|~~Phimosis~~\|~~2019~~-09-25}}</ref> A medical dictionary defines phimosis as "Tightness of the foreskin (prepuce) of such degree as to prevent retraction. This may be congenital or the result of inflammation. Severe phimosis that interferes with urination is an indication for circumcision. From the Greek <i>phmoun</i>, to gag or muzzle."<ref>{REFweb		'''Phimosis''' (''fɪˈmoʊsɨs'' or ''faɪˈmoʊsɨs'', from the Greek ''phimos'' (φῑμός "muzzle"), in adults is a natural variant of the [[penis]] in which the [[foreskin]] cannot be fully retracted over the [[glans penis]] to uncover and expose the [[glans penis]] that occurs in up to ten percent of [[foreskinned]] adult males.<ref>{{REFweb
			\|url=https://www.phimosis.care/
			\|title=phimosis.care
			\|last=Anonymous
			\|publisher=Thames Metal Designs
			\|date=2024
			\|accessdate=2026-04-25
			}}</ref> A medical dictionary defines phimosis as "Tightness of the foreskin (prepuce) of such degree as to prevent retraction. This may be congenital or the result of inflammation. Severe phimosis that interferes with urination is an indication for circumcision. From the Greek <i>phmoun</i>, to gag or muzzle."<ref>{REFweb
	\|url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/phimosis		\|url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/phimosis
	\|title=Phimosis		\|title=Phimosis

WikiModEn2: /* Four common treatments for phimosis */ Add external link.

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Four common treatments for phimosis: Add external link.

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:43, 25 April 2026
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	\|date=		\|date=
	\|accessdate=2023-11-01		\|accessdate=2023-11-01
			}}
			* {{REFweb
			\|url=https://www.phimosis.care/
			\|title=phimosis.care
			\|last=Anonymous
			\|publisher=Thames Metal Designs
			\|date=2024
			\|accessdate=2026-04-25
	}}		}}
	* {{REFweb		* {{REFweb

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:19, 1 August 2026
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	====Circumcision====		====Circumcision====
	Circumcision (partial penile amputation) once was the classic treatment for phimosis, but has many disadvantages and drawbacks. [[Neurotomy]] is a feature of every circumcision and causes severe loss of [[erogenous sensation of the foreskin]]. [[Adolescent and adult circumcision\| Circumcision]] is less performed today, because it is becoming outmoded by newer and better treatments.<ref name="shahid2012" />		Men who consult a [[urologist]] regarding non-retractile [[foreskin]] will usually receive a recommendation for [[adult circumcision]] because that surgery produces the [[Financial incentive\| highest profit]] for the urologist. Circumcision (partial penile [[amputation]]) once was the classic treatment for phimosis, but has many disadvantages and drawbacks. [[Neurotomy]] is an unavoidable feature of every [[adult circumcision\| circumcision]] and causes severe loss of [[erogenous sensation of the foreskin]]. [[Adolescent and adult circumcision\| Circumcision]] is less performed today, because it is becoming outmoded by newer and better treatments.<ref name="shahid2012" />

	* Circumcision is the most expensive treatment.<ref name="vanhowe1998" />		* Circumcision is the most expensive treatment.<ref name="vanhowe1998" />
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	* Circumcision exposes the patient to the surgical risks of [[bleeding]], [[infection]], and surgical misadventure, which rarely can include loss of the [[glans penis]], loss of the [[penis]] or [[death]].		* Circumcision exposes the patient to the surgical risks of [[bleeding]], [[infection]], and surgical misadventure, which rarely can include loss of the [[glans penis]], loss of the [[penis]] or [[death]].

	* Circumcision permanently and irreversibly amputates the [[Foreskin sensitivity\| highly innervated]], erogenous [[foreskin]], so its [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions\| multiple protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual physiological functions]] are destroyed and has many [[risks and complications]]. The sensitive head of the [[penis]] will be permanently exposed so the [[~~Glans~~ penis~~\| head~~]] ~~will rub~~ against clothing. ~~Many men find this to be very painful~~.		* Circumcision permanently and irreversibly amputates the [[Foreskin sensitivity\| highly innervated]], erogenous [[foreskin]], so its [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions\| multiple protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual physiological functions]] are destroyed and has many [[risks and complications]]. The sensitive head of the [[penis]] will be permanently exposed, so newly [[circumcised]] men find it very painful when the [[glans penis]] is touched or rubs against clothing. The pain will persist until [[keratinization]] occurs.

	* Most men report a permanent substantial loss of [[Sexual sensation of the foreskin\| sexual sensation]].		* Most men report a permanent substantial loss of [[Sexual sensation of the foreskin\| sexual sensation]].
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	* Circumcision results in a permanent, usually two-toned, [[circumcision scar]].		* Circumcision results in a permanent, usually two-toned, [[circumcision scar]].

	* Circumcision has a long, painful, and difficult recovery. Erections are painful. Post-circumcision [[lymphoedema]] caused swelling can last for many months. Recovery time is placed at six weeks. Erections may cause sutures to pull out, thus opening the surgical wound, causing [[wound dehiscence]]. Sexual and [[Psychological issues of male circumcision\| psychological]] issues abound. As with other surgery, complications are surgical misadventure, ~~hemorrhage~~, and [[infection]]. Loss of the penis and [[death]] are known.<ref name="shahid2012" /> <ref name="williams-kapila1993">{{REFjournal		* Circumcision has a long, painful, and difficult recovery. Erections are painful. Post-circumcision [[lymphoedema]] caused swelling can last for many months. Recovery time is placed at six weeks. Erections may cause sutures to pull out, thus opening the surgical wound, causing [[wound dehiscence]]. Sexual and [[Psychological issues of male circumcision\| psychological]] issues abound. As with other surgery, complications are surgical misadventure, [[bleeding]], and [[infection]]. Loss of the [[penis]] and [[death]] are known.<ref name="shahid2012" /> <ref name="williams-kapila1993">{{REFjournal
	\|last=Williams		\|last=Williams
	\|first=Neville		\|first=Neville
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	}}</ref>		}}</ref>

	* Circumcision is irreverible amputation. Circumcision cannot be undone. [[Regret men]] are common.		* Circumcision is irreverible [[amputation]]. Circumcision cannot be undone. [[Regret men]] are common.

	<b><u>[[Adolescent and adult circumcision\| Circumcision]] should be the treatment of last resort, to be used only after conservative methods of treatment fail.</u></b>		<b><u>[[Adolescent and adult circumcision\| Circumcision]] should be the treatment of last resort, to be used only after conservative methods of treatment fail.</u></b>

	~~Kumar et al. (2017) graded phimosis from 0 to 5. They claimed that [[adult circumcision]] is necessary to treat grades 4 and 5,<ref name="kumar2017">{{REFjournal~~		Many men would prefer to live with phimosis in preference to losing one's [[foreskin]] to an [[adult circumcision]]. Phimosis is a condition, not a disease. Circumcision is usually an elective surgical [[amputation]]. Men who elect to be [[circumcised]] can only blame themselves, if they do not like the results. [[Regret men]] are common.
	~~\|last=Kumar~~
	~~\|first=~~
	~~\|init=JN~~
	~~\|author-link=~~
	~~\|last2=Neeraj~~
	~~\|first2=G~~
	~~\|init2=G~~
	~~\|author2-link=~~
	~~\|last3=Rajesh~~
	~~\|first3=L~~
	~~\|init3=L~~
	~~\|author3-link=~~
	~~\|last4=Kumar~~
	~~\|first4=~~
	~~\|init4=MS~~
	~~\|author4-link=~~
	~~\|etal=yes~~
	~~\|title=Phimosis: Nonsurgical Versus Surgical Management~~
	~~\|trans-title=~~
	~~\|language=English~~
	~~\|journal=Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Research~~
	~~\|location=~~
	~~\|date=2017-02~~
	~~\|volume=5~~
	~~\|issue=2~~
	~~\|article=~~
	~~\|page=~~
	~~\|pages=17556-60~~
	~~\|url=http://jmscr.igmpublication.org/v5-i2/57%20jmscr.pdf~~
	~~\|archived=~~
	~~\|quote=~~
	~~\|pubmedID=~~
	~~\|pubmedCID=~~
	~~\|DOI=~~
	~~\|accessdate=2021-01-14~~
	~~}}</ref> however that is not certain.~~ Many men would prefer to live with phimosis in preference to losing one's [[foreskin]] to an [[adult circumcision]]. Circumcision is usually an elective surgical amputation. Men who elect to be [[circumcised]] can only blame ~~themself~~ if they do not like the results. [[Regret men]] are common.

	== Adult onset phimosis ==		== Adult onset phimosis ==