Surrogate consent - Revision history

WikiModEn2: /* Consent for circumcision of minors */

2026-07-12T00:19:54Z

Consent for circumcision of minors

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	Bioethicists Myers & Earp (2020) exhaustively reviewed the evidence for and against the alleged health benefits to a healthy person claimed for non-therapeutic circumcision of a neonate, infant or child. They balanced this against the [[pain]], [[trauma]], and loss of body tissue and function. They concluded the claimed health benefits are insufficient to support surrogate consent for non-therapeutic circumcision. Given this, only the subject can grant consent for a non-therapeutic circumcision, after he reaches the right age for circumcision, which does not occurs until a male reaches the age of consent in his jurisdiction which may vary from 16 to 18 years of age. The present practice in the [[United States]] and elsewhere of parental consent for non-therapeutic circumcision is entirely unethical.		Bioethicists Myers & Earp (2020) exhaustively reviewed the evidence for and against the alleged health benefits to a healthy person claimed for non-therapeutic circumcision of a neonate, infant or child. They balanced this against the [[pain]], [[trauma]], and loss of body tissue and function. They concluded the claimed health benefits are insufficient to support surrogate consent for non-therapeutic circumcision. Given this, only the subject can grant consent for a non-therapeutic circumcision, after he reaches the right age for circumcision, which does not occurs until a male reaches the age of consent in his jurisdiction, which may vary from 16 to 18 years of age. The present practice in the [[United States]] and elsewhere of parental consent for non-therapeutic circumcision is entirely unethical and apparently unlawful.
	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	On the other hand, human rights scholars have increasingly objected to the medically unnecessary genital cutting of any person—whether female, male, or intersex—who either does not or cannot consent to the cutting. Such objections were recently summarized in an international consensus statement published in the <i>American Journal of Bioethics</i>, in which the authors argued		On the other hand, human rights scholars have increasingly objected to the medically unnecessary genital cutting of any person—whether female, male, or intersex—who either does not or cannot consent to the cutting. Such objections were recently summarized in an international consensus statement published in the <i>American Journal of Bioethics</i>, in which the authors argued

WikiModEn2: /* Consent for circumcision of minors */ Wikify.

2026-07-11T22:34:26Z

Consent for circumcision of minors: Wikify.

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	Hill (2002) raised the question of who can grant effective consent for such an injurious operation.		[[George Hill]] (2002) raised the question of who can grant effective consent for such an injurious operation.
	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	The question is not whether circumcision is "mutilation." The question is whether anyone, parents included, has the right to remove the extremely sensitive genital tissue from an infant for any reason other than unquestionably urgent medical necessity.<ref name="hill2002">{{REFjournal		The question is not whether circumcision is "mutilation." The question is whether anyone, parents included, has the right to remove the extremely sensitive genital tissue from an infant for any reason other than unquestionably urgent medical necessity.<ref name="hill2002">{{REFjournal
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	Professor Peter W. Adler, J.D., (2013) argues strongly that child [[circumcision]] is unlawful:		Professor [[Peter W. Adler]], J.D., (2013) argues strongly that child [[circumcision]] is unlawful:
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	Legal scholars, foreign medical associations, intactivist organizations, and increasing numbers of menis claim the opposite, namely that circumcision is painful, risky, harmful, irreversible surgery that benefits few men, if any. These opponents of circumcision argue that, in any event, boys have a right to be left genitally intact, like girls under federal law, and to make the circumcision decision for themselves as adults.		Legal scholars, foreign medical associations, [[intactivist]] organizations, and increasing numbers of menis claim the opposite, namely that circumcision is painful, risky, harmful, irreversible surgery that benefits few men, if any. These opponents of circumcision argue that, in any event, boys have a right to be left genitally intact, like girls under federal law, and to make the circumcision decision for themselves as adults.

	These opponents of circumcision can point to a June 2012 decision by a court in Cologne, Germany, which held that non-therapeutic circumcision for religious reasons is criminal assault. The German court reasoned that circumcision causes grievous bodily harm, and that boys have a fundamental right to genital integrity that supersedes their parents' religious rights.<ref name="adler2013">{{REFjournal		These opponents of circumcision can point to a June 2012 decision by a court in Cologne, Germany, which held that non-therapeutic circumcision for religious reasons is criminal assault. The German court reasoned that circumcision causes grievous bodily harm, and that boys have a fundamental right to genital integrity that supersedes their parents' religious rights.<ref name="adler2013">{{REFjournal

WikiModEn2: TYpo

2026-07-11T22:21:58Z

TYpo

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	\|trans-title=		\|trans-title=
	\|journal=Pediatrics		\|journal=Pediatrics
	\|date=~~2026~~-08		\|date=2016-08
	\|volume=138		\|volume=138
	\|issue=2		\|issue=2

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2026-06-11T16:05:11Z

Conclusion

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   |date=2025-04-24
   |accessdate=2025-05-16
 }}
 {{REF}}

WikiModEn2: /* Conclusion */ Add external link.

2026-05-01T16:37:18Z

Conclusion: Add external link.

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	* [[Informed consent]]		* [[Informed consent]]
	{{LINKS}}		{{LINKS}}
			* {{REFweb
			\|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Advice/comments/9ohhij/son_hates_me_for_circumcision_help/
			\|title=Son hates me for circumcision - help?
			\|last=Anonymous
			\|publisher=Reddit
			\|date=2016
			\|accessdate=2026-05-01
			}}
	* {{REFweb		* {{REFweb
	\|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-cosmetic-surgery-on-newborns/		\|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-cosmetic-surgery-on-newborns/

WikiModEn2: /* Consent for circumcision of minors */

2025-09-23T14:23:06Z

Consent for circumcision of minors

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	\|accessdate=2025-05-04}}		\|accessdate=2025-05-04}}
	</ref>		</ref>

	==Guidance from the Bioethics Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics==		==Guidance from the Bioethics Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics==
	The Bioethics Committee of the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] has provided important guidance on adapting general principles to pediatric practice.		The Bioethics Committee of the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] has provided important guidance on adapting general principles to pediatric practice.

WikiModEn2: /* Guidance from the Bioethics Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics */

2025-07-12T20:50:00Z

Guidance from the Bioethics Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics

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	One should note that these guidances from the Bioethics Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics apply to the granting of "informed permission" by surrogates for "diagnosis and treatment of children", and do <i>NOT</i> apply to non-therapeutic procedures such as medically non-indicated, non-therapeutic [[circumcision]], which is neither diagnosis nor treatment.		One should note that these guidances from the Bioethics Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics apply to the granting of "informed permission" by surrogates for "diagnosis and treatment of children", and do <i>NOT</i> apply to non-therapeutic procedures such as medically non-indicated, non-therapeutic [[circumcision]], which is neither diagnosis nor treatment.

	==Video==		==Video==
	===Circumcision — Your Legal Rights===		===Circumcision — Your Legal Rights===

WikiModEn2: /* Conclusion */ Add link in SEEALSO section.

2025-07-02T19:06:58Z

Conclusion: Add link in SEEALSO section.

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	{{SEEALSO}}		{{SEEALSO}}
			* [[Ethics of non-therapeutic child circumcision]]
	* [[Human rights]]		* [[Human rights]]
	* [[Informed consent]]		* [[Informed consent]]

WikiModEn2: /* Conclusion */ typo,

2025-05-16T13:45:40Z

Conclusion: typo,

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:45, 16 May 2025
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	\|init=K		\|init=K
	\|author-link=Kristel Alissa		\|author-link=Kristel Alissa
	\|publisher=Intact ~~Ameriac~~		\|publisher=Intact America
	\|date=2025-04-24		\|date=2025-04-24
	\|accessdate=2025-05-16		\|accessdate=2025-05-16

WikiModEn2: /* Conclusion */ Complete citation.

2025-05-16T13:44:30Z

Conclusion: Complete citation.

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:44, 16 May 2025
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	* {{REFweb		* {{REFweb
	\|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-cosmetic-surgery-on-newborns/		\|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-cosmetic-surgery-on-newborns/
	\|title=		\|title=The World’s Oldest Cosmetic Surgery Is Still Performed on Newborns—Without Consent
	\|last=		\|last=Alissa
	\|first=		\|first=
	\|init=		\|init=K
	\|author-link=		\|author-link=Kristel Alissa
	\|publisher=		\|publisher=Intact Ameriac
	\|date=		\|date=2025-04-24
	\|accessdate=2025-05-16		\|accessdate=2025-05-16
	}}		}}