United States of America - Revision history

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   |accessdate=2025-09-29
   |quote=From 2012 to 2022, the prevalence of circumcision during hospitalization of male neonates age 0 to 28 days decreased significantly by nearly 5 percentage points, from 54.1% to 49.3%,
 }}</ref>

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	\|accessdate=2025-06-01		\|accessdate=2025-06-01
	}}</ref>		}}</ref>
			[[Intact America]] (2024) is tracking the opposition to [[circumcision]] in the [[United States]]. It reports [https://www.instagram.com/p/DKVZQGTRl77/ steadily increasing opposition] to [[child circumcision]].

			[[Eric Clopper]] organized [[Intact Global]] in 2024, which has the goal of litigating in numerous states to ensure that boys will enjoy "the equal protection of the law".

	====Second quarter====		====Second quarter====
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	\|quote=		\|quote=
	}}</ref> Numerous studies have demonstrated that [[adult circumcision]] is not effective in preventing [[HIV]] [[infection]]. Child [[circumcision]] had previously been discontinued.		}}</ref> Numerous studies have demonstrated that [[adult circumcision]] is not effective in preventing [[HIV]] [[infection]]. Child [[circumcision]] had previously been discontinued.

	[[Intact America]] (2024) is tracking the opposition to [[circumcision]] in the [[United States]]. It reports [https://www.instagram.com/p/DKVZQGTRl77/ steadily increasing opposition] to [[child circumcision]].

	President Donald J. Trump appointment of [[Robert Francis Kennedy, Jr.]] to be Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services was approved by the United States Senate was ratified by the United States Senate on 13 February 2025. Kennedy wants to reform healthcare in the United States.		President Donald J. Trump appointment of [[Robert Francis Kennedy, Jr.]] to be Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services was approved by the United States Senate was ratified by the United States Senate on 13 February 2025. Kennedy wants to reform healthcare in the United States.

	~~[[Eric Clopper]] has organized [[Intact Global]] in 2024, which has the goal of litigating in numerous states to ensure that boys will enjoy "the equal protection of the law".~~ Intact Global instituted a suit against the state of Oregon in March 2025.<ref>{{REFdocument		Intact Global instituted a suit against the state of Oregon in March 2025.<ref>{{REFdocument
	\|title=Hadachek et al. v. Oregon Complaint		\|title=Hadachek et al. v. Oregon Complaint
	\|url=https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66119b8c4d0c10f1951590fc/67e6d9785f82dc54c6513cb7_2025-03-28%20-%20Hadachek%20v.%20Oregon%20-%20Amended%20Complaint%20(Conformed).pdf		\|url=https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66119b8c4d0c10f1951590fc/67e6d9785f82dc54c6513cb7_2025-03-28%20-%20Hadachek%20v.%20Oregon%20-%20Amended%20Complaint%20(Conformed).pdf

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	[[Jake Tran]] has produced a [[This should be a crime\| video]] about the practice of [[child circumcision]] in the United States.		[[Jake Tran]] has produced a [[This should be a crime\| video]] about the practice of [[child circumcision]] in the United States.

	In a milestone for [[intactivism]], Microsoft Network (MSN) reported that the incidence of [[child circumcision]] in the United States has declined below 50 percent, which makes non-circumcision or [[genital integrity]] the new <b>NORM</b> in the United States among newborn boys.<ref name="msn2025">{{REFnews		In a milestone for [[intactivism]], Microsoft Network (MSN) (2025) reported that the incidence of [[child circumcision]] in the United States has declined below 50 percent, which makes non-circumcision or [[genital integrity]] the new <b>NORM</b> in the United States among newborn boys.<ref name="msn2025">{{REFnews
	\|title=Less Than Half of U.S. Boys Now Circumcised		\|title=Less Than Half of U.S. Boys Now Circumcised
	\|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/other/less-than-half-of-us-boys-now-circumcised/ar-AA1MBjzN		\|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/other/less-than-half-of-us-boys-now-circumcised/ar-AA1MBjzN

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	===Late twentieth century===		===Late twentieth century===
	====Third quarter====		====Third quarter====
	The late twentieth century was characterized by increasing opposition to non-therapeutic circumcision of boys by [[intactivists]] and increasing efforts by the circumcision industry to protect [[third-party payment]] for performance of non-therapeutic circumcision of non-consenting boys; and by increasing recognition that newborn boys intensely feel [[pain]] and that non-therapeutic male [[circumcision]] is a [[trauma\| horribly traumatic experience]].		The late twentieth century was characterized by increasing opposition to non-therapeutic circumcision of boys by [[intactivists]] and increasing efforts by the [[circumcision industry]] to protect [[third-party payment]] for performance of non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of non-consenting boys; and by increasing recognition that newborn boys intensely feel [[pain]] and that non-therapeutic male [[circumcision]] is a [[trauma\| horribly traumatic experience]].

	[[Abraham Ravich]] (1951) falsely claimed that [[circumcision]] prevents [[cervical cancer]] in women.<ref name="ravitch1951">{{Ravich1951}}</ref>		[[Abraham Ravich]] (1951) falsely claimed that [[circumcision]] prevents [[cervical cancer]] in women.<ref name="ravitch1951">{{Ravich1951}}</ref>
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	[[Ernest L. Wynder]] (1954) promoted male circumcision to prevent cervical cancer in women.<ref name="wynder1954">{{Wynder1954}}</ref>		[[Ernest L. Wynder]] (1954) promoted male circumcision to prevent cervical cancer in women.<ref name="wynder1954">{{Wynder1954}}</ref>

	The Congress of the United States created the [https://www.medicaid.gov/ Medicaid program] in 1965. Medicaid is a joint federal/state program that pays the medical expenses of low-income Americans. Medicaid covers about 45 percent of births in the United States. Medicaid pays for medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic circumcision in 32 states, although it appears to be a violation of law to do so.<ref name="adler2011">{{REFjournal		The Congress of the United States created the [https://www.medicaid.gov/ Medicaid program] in 1965. Medicaid is a joint federal/state program that pays the medical expenses of low-income Americans. Medicaid covers about 45 percent of births in the United States. Medicaid pays for medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic circumcision in 37 states, although it appears to be a violation of law to do so.<ref name="adler2011">{{REFjournal
	\|last=Adler		\|last=Adler
	\|first=Peter W.		\|first=Peter W.
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	}}</ref>		}}</ref>
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

	====Fourth quarter====		====Fourth quarter====
	The statement in the 1971 manual was good medical science, then and now, but it did not sit well with the membership of the AAP because it provided no basis on which to promote non-therapeutic circumcision for profit. A four-member "ad hoc" task force was formed to produce a new statement to 'walk-back' the earlier statement to fit the desires of the membership, which was published in ''Pediatrics'' in 1975.<ref name="aap1975">{{REFjournal		The statement in the 1971 manual was good medical science, then and now, but it did not sit well with the membership of the AAP because it provided no basis on which to promote non-therapeutic circumcision for profit. A four-member "ad hoc" task force was formed to produce a new statement to 'walk-back' the earlier statement to fit the desires of the membership, which was published in ''Pediatrics'' in 1975.<ref name="aap1975">{{REFjournal

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	The British journal, ''The Lancet'', published reports of two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that were carried out in sub-Saharan Africa which purported to prove that male circumcision was protective against infection with [[HIV]]. The American Academy of Pediatrics consulted with the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ([[ACOG]]) and the American College of Family Physicians ([[AAFP]]) (those being the medical trade associations that represent the specialties that perform most non-therapeutic infant circumcisions and make most of the money from the performance of the non-therapeutic [[amputation]]). The three associations determined to make common cause to produce a position statement that would promote male circumcision based on its alleged protection against [[HIV]] infection. The AAP was to take the lead, but ACOG and AAFP provided representatives to the new [[AAP Circumcision Task Force 2012\| AAP task force]], of which New York Jewess [[Susan Blank]], {{MD}}, {{MPH}}, was the chairwoman. This new task force did not publish a statement until 2012. The AAP declined to re-affirm the statement so it expired in August 2017.		The British journal, ''The Lancet'', published reports of two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that were carried out in sub-Saharan Africa which purported to prove that male circumcision was protective against infection with [[HIV]]. The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] consulted with the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ([[ACOG]]) and the American College of Family Physicians ([[AAFP]]) (those being the [[medical trade association\| medical trade associations]] that represent the specialties that perform most non-therapeutic infant circumcisions and make most of the money from the performance of the non-therapeutic [[amputation]]). The three associations determined to make common cause to produce a position statement that would promote male circumcision based on its alleged protection against [[HIV]] infection. The [[AAP]] was to take the lead, but ACOG and AAFP provided representatives to the new [[AAP Circumcision Task Force 2012\| AAP task force]], of which New York Jewess [[Susan Blank]], {{MD}}, {{MPH}}, was the chairwoman. This new task force did not publish a statement until 2012. The AAP declined to re-affirm the statement so it expired in August 2017.

	[[Dan Bollinger\|Bollinger]] (2010) estimated approximately 117 neonatal circumcision-related deaths occur annually in the United States.<ref name="bollinger2010">{{BollingerD 2010}}</ref>		[[Dan Bollinger\|Bollinger]] (2010) estimated approximately 117 neonatal circumcision-related deaths occur annually in the United States.<ref name="bollinger2010">{{BollingerD 2010}}</ref>
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	[[Brother K]] formed the [[Bloodstained Men]] in 2012.		[[Brother K]] formed the [[Bloodstained Men]] in 2012.

	The AAP, lead by the [[AAP Circumcision Task Force 2012]], finally published the [[American_Academy_of_Pediatrics#Fifth_policy_.282012.29\| fifth circumcision policy statement]] in the September 2012 issue of ''Pediatrics''. The [[American_Academy_of_Pediatrics#Criticism\| adverse criticism]] was overwhelming.		The [[AAP]], lead by the [[AAP Circumcision Task Force 2012]], finally published the [[American_Academy_of_Pediatrics#Fifth_policy_.282012.29\| fifth circumcision policy statement]] in the September 2012 issue of ''Pediatrics''. The [[American_Academy_of_Pediatrics#Criticism\| adverse criticism]] was overwhelming.

	[[Dan Bollinger\|Bollinger]] (2012) estimated that the total cost of non-therapeutic male circumcision, including hospital costs, repair of botched circumcisions, treatment of complications, and so on is more than $3 billion per year,<ref name="bollinger2012">{{REFweb		[[Dan Bollinger\|Bollinger]] (2012) estimated that the total cost of non-therapeutic male circumcision, including hospital costs, repair of botched circumcisions, treatment of complications, and so on is more than $3 billion per year,<ref name="bollinger2012">{{REFweb

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	[[Geoffrey T. Falk]] created the [http://www.cirp.org/ Circumcision Information and Resources Pages] in 1996 to take advantage of the newly-available Internet.		[[Geoffrey T. Falk]] created the [http://www.cirp.org/ Circumcision Information and Resources Pages] in 1996 to take advantage of the newly-available Internet.

			[[Ronald Goldman]], Ph.D., (1997) conducted a thorough review of the effect of the American practice of [[child circumcision]] on American society.<ref name="goldman1997">{{REFbook
			\|last=Goldman
			\|first=Ronald
			\|year=1997
			\|title=Circumcision: The Hidden Trauma
			\|url=https://circumcision.org/circumcision-the-hidden-trauma/
			\|chapter=7. The impact of circumcision on American society
			\|pages=139-75
			\|location=Boston
			\|publisher=Vanguard
			\|ISBN=0-9644895-3-8
			\|accessdate=2026-07-15
			}}</ref>

	Ross Povenmire (1998) questioned the authority of parents to grant consent for non-therapeutic circumcision of children.<ref name="povenmire1998">{{REFjournal		Ross Povenmire (1998) questioned the authority of parents to grant consent for non-therapeutic circumcision of children.<ref name="povenmire1998">{{REFjournal

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 * 2029: 46.2%
 * 2030: 45.7%
 ==American [[genital integrity]] organizations==

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-[[PEPFAR]] (2025) has scrapped its ineffective and harmful "voluntary male  medical circumcision" ([[VMMC]]) program after 15 years and at least 27,000,000 harmful and useless [[foreskin]] amputations.<ref name="gwarisa2025">{{REFnews
+[[PEPFAR]] (2025) has scrapped its costly, ineffective, and harmful "voluntary male  medical circumcision" ([[VMMC]]) program after 15 years and at least 27,000,000 harmful and useless [[foreskin]] amputations.<ref name="gwarisa2025">{{REFnews
   |title=New PEPFAR Waiver Scraps Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Program
   |url=https://healthtimes.co.zw/2025/02/07/new-pepfar-waiver-scraps-voluntary-medical-male-circumcision-program/
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 President Donald J. Trump appointment of [[Robert Francis Kennedy, Jr.]] to be Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services was approved by the United States Senate was ratified by the United States Senate on 13 February 2025. Kennedy wants to reform healthcare in the United States.
-[[Eric Clopper]] has organized [[Intact Global]] in 2024, which has the goal of litigating in numerous states to ensure that boys will enjoy "the equal protection of the law". Intact Global instituted a suit against the state of Oregon in March 2025.
+[[Eric Clopper]] has organized [[Intact Global]] in 2024, which has the goal of litigating in numerous states to ensure that boys will enjoy "the equal protection of the law". Intact Global instituted a suit against the state of Oregon in March 2025.<ref>{{REFdocument
 Data Panda has reported the incidence of non-therapeutic circumcision by state on 24 May 2025. The incidence ranged from a low of 10 percent in Washington to a high of 91 percent in West Virginia.<ref>{{REFweb

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	\|date=2020-11-04		\|date=2020-11-04
	\|accessdate=2026-03-22		\|accessdate=2026-03-22
	}}</ref>		}}</ref> Osteopathic physicians observe four [[Tenets of Osteopathic Medicine]] in their practice.

	==History==		==History==

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   |DOI=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2025.2464
   |accessdate=2025-09-17
 }}</ref>