Difference between revisions of "Scrotum"

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[[File:Gray1143.png|thumb|Diagram of the scrotum. On the left side the cavity of the tunica vaginalis has been opened; on the right side only the layers superficial to the Cremaster muscle have been removed.]]
 
The '''scrotum''' is found in most male mammals, including humans. It is the sack that contains the testes. In humans the scrotum hangs just below the [[penis]]. It is described as follows:
 
The '''scrotum''' is found in most male mammals, including humans. It is the sack that contains the testes. In humans the scrotum hangs just below the [[penis]]. It is described as follows:
 
<blockquote>
 
<blockquote>
−
the pouch that contains the testes and their accessory organs. It is composed of skin, the tunica dartos, fascia, and the tunica vaginalis testis. Each testis is connected to a cremaster muscle descending from the abdominal wall. During cold weather these muscles draw the testes closer to the body to maintain their temperature, and in hot weather the reverse occurs; the scrotum usually follows this movement.<ref>{{REFweb
+
the pouch that contains the testes and their accessory organs. It is composed of [[skin]], the tunica dartos, fascia, and the tunica vaginalis testis. Each testis is connected to a cremaster muscle descending from the abdominal wall. During cold weather these muscles draw the testes closer to the body to maintain their temperature, and in hot weather the reverse occurs; the scrotum usually follows this movement.<ref>{{REFweb
 
  |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/scrotum
 
  |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/scrotum
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|archived=
 
 
  |title=Scrotum
 
  |title=Scrotum
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|trans-title=
 
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|language=
 
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|last=
 
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|first=
 
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|author-link=
 
 
  |publisher=The Free Dictionary
 
  |publisher=The Free Dictionary
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|website=
 
 
  |date=2003
 
  |date=2003
 
  |accessdate=2021-12-21
 
  |accessdate=2021-12-21
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|format=
 
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|quote=
 
 
}}</ref></blockquote>
 
}}</ref></blockquote>
  
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== Function ==
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[[File:HQ SAM ST2.jpg|thumb|Human scrotum in a relaxed state (left) and a tense state (right)]]
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{{WikipediaQuote |URL=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrótum}}
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<blockquote>The scrotum regulates the temperature of the testes and maintains it at 35 degrees Celsius (95 degrees Fahrenheit), i.e. two or three degrees below the body temperature of 37 degrees Celsius (99 degrees Fahrenheit). Higher temperatures affect spermatogenesis<ref name="Van de Graaff 1989">{{REFbook
 +
|last=Van de Graaff
 +
|first=Kent M.
 +
|init=KM
 +
|last2=Fox
 +
|first2=Stuart Ira
 +
|init2=SI
 +
|title=Concepts of Human Anatomy and Physiology
 +
|location=Dubuque, {{USSC|IA}}
 +
|publisher=William C. Brown Publishers
 +
|ISBN=978-0697056757
 +
|date=1989
 +
|pages=935-6
 +
}}</ref>. Temperature control is accomplished by the smooth muscles of the scrotum moving the testicles either closer to or further away from the abdomen dependent upon the ambient temperature. This is accomplished by the cremaster muscle in the abdomen and the [[dartos]] fascia (muscular tissue under the [[skin]]).<ref name="Van de Graaff 1989"/>
 +
 +
Having the scrotum and testicles situated outside the abdominal cavity may provide additional advantages. The external scrotum is not affected by abdominal pressure. This may prevent the emptying of the testes before the sperm were matured sufficiently for fertilization<ref name="Van de Graaff 1989"/>. Another advantage is it protects the testes from jolts and compressions associated with an active lifestyle. Animals that move at a steady pace – such as elephants, whales, and marsupial moles – have internal testes and no scrotum.<ref>{{REFweb
 +
|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15120432.000-science--bumpy-lifestyle-led-to-external-testes.html
 +
|title=Science : Bumpy lifestyle led to external testes
 +
|date=1996-08-17
 +
|accessdate=2007-11-06
 +
|publisher=New Scientist
 +
}}</ref> Unlike placental mammals, some male marsupials have a scrotum that is anterior to the penis,<ref>{{REFbook
 +
|last=Tyndale-Biscoe
 +
|first=Hugh
 +
|init=H
 +
|last2=Renfree
 +
|first2=Marilyn
 +
|init2=M
 +
|year=1987
 +
|date=1987-01-30
 +
|title=Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials
 +
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
 +
|ISBN=978-0-521-33792-2
 +
}}</ref><ref>{{REFbook
 +
|last=Hyman
 +
|first=Libbie Henrietta
 +
|init=LH
 +
|date=1992-15-15
 +
|year=1992
 +
|title=Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
 +
|publisher=University of Chicago Press
 +
|pages=583–
 +
|ISBN=978-0-226-87013-7
 +
}}</ref><ref>{{REFbook
 +
|last=Jones
 +
|first=Menna
 +
|init=M
 +
|last2=Dickman
 +
|first2=Chris R.
 +
|init2=CR
 +
|last3=Archer
 +
|first3=Michael
 +
|init3=M
 +
|year=2003
 +
|title=Predators with Pouches: The Biology of Carnivorous Marsupials
 +
|publisher=Csiro Publishing
 +
|ISBN=978-0-643-06634-2
 +
}}</ref><ref>{{REFbook
 +
|last=Saunders
 +
|first=Norman
 +
|init=N
 +
|last2=Hinds
 +
|first2=Lyn
 +
|init2=L
 +
|year=1997
 +
|title=Marsupial Biology: Recent Research, New Perspectives
 +
|publisher=UNSW Press
 +
|ISBN=978-0-86840-311-3
 +
}}</ref> which is not homologous to the scrotum of placental mammals,<ref>{{REFbook
 +
|last=Armati
 +
|first=Patricia J.
 +
|init=PJ
 +
|last2=Dickman
 +
|first2=Chris R.
 +
|init2=CR
 +
|last3=Hume
 +
|first3=Ian D.
 +
|init3=ID
 +
|date=2006-08-17
 +
|year=2006
 +
|title=Marsupials
 +
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
 +
|ISBN=978-1-139-45742-2
 +
}}</ref>
 +
although there are several marsupial species without an external scrotum.<ref>{{REFbook
 +
|last=Tyndale-Biscoe
 +
|first=C. Hugh
 +
|init=CH
 +
|year=2005
 +
|title=Life of Marsupials
 +
|publisher=Csiro Publishing
 +
|ISBN=978-0-643-06257-3
 +
}}</ref> In humans, the scrotum may provide some friction during intercourse, helping to enhance the activity.<ref>{{REFbook
 +
|last=Jones
 +
|first=Richard
 +
|init=R
 +
|year=2013
 +
|title=Human Reproductive Biology
 +
|publisher=Academic Press
 +
|page=74
 +
|ISBN=9780123821850
 +
|quote=The rear-entry position of mating may allow the scrotum to stimulate the clitoris and, in this way, may produce an orgasm ...
 +
}}</ref>
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</blockquote>
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==Scrotal injury==
 +
Bar-Yosef et al. (2019) reported twelve cases of [[circumcision]] injuries which involved the scrotum during [[Brit Milah| ritual circumcision]]. The injuries were described as "mostly superficial", however six required treatment under anaesthesia or in the emergency department.<ref name="bar-yosef2019">{{REFjournal
 +
|last=Ban-Yosef
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|first=
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|init=Y
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|author-link=
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|last2=Dekalo
 +
|first2=
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|init2=S
 +
|author2-link=
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|last3=Bar-Yaakov
 +
|first3=
 +
|init3=N
 +
|author3-link=
 +
|last4=Binyamini
 +
|first4=
 +
|init4=J6
 +
|author4-link=
 +
|last5=Sofer
 +
|first5=
 +
|init5=M
 +
|author5-link=
 +
|last6=Ben-Chaim
 +
|first6=
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|init6=J
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|author6-link=
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|last7=
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|first7=
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|init7=
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|author7-link=
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|last8=
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|first8=
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|init8=
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|author8-link=
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|last9=
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|first9=
 +
|init9=
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|author9-link=
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|etal=yes
 +
|title=Scrotal injuries during neonatal circumcision
 +
|trans-title=
 +
|language=
 +
|journal=J Pediatr Urol
 +
|location=
 +
|date=2019-02
 +
|volume=15
 +
|issue=1
 +
|article=
 +
|page=
 +
|pages=69e1-e3
 +
|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1477513118304248
 +
|archived=
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|quote=
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|pubmedID=30449678
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|pubmedCID=
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|DOI=10.1016/j.jpurol.2018.10.009
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|accessdate=2022-01-18
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}}</ref>
 
{{REF}}
 
{{REF}}
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[[Category:Penile anatomy]]
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[[de:Skrotum]]

Latest revision as of 21:19, 26 June 2022

Diagram of the scrotum. On the left side the cavity of the tunica vaginalis has been opened; on the right side only the layers superficial to the Cremaster muscle have been removed.

The scrotum is found in most male mammals, including humans. It is the sack that contains the testes. In humans the scrotum hangs just below the penis. It is described as follows:

the pouch that contains the testes and their accessory organs. It is composed of skin, the tunica dartos, fascia, and the tunica vaginalis testis. Each testis is connected to a cremaster muscle descending from the abdominal wall. During cold weather these muscles draw the testes closer to the body to maintain their temperature, and in hot weather the reverse occurs; the scrotum usually follows this movement.[1]

Function

Human scrotum in a relaxed state (left) and a tense state (right)

(The following text or part of it is quoted from the free Wikipedia:)

The scrotum regulates the temperature of the testes and maintains it at 35 degrees Celsius (95 degrees Fahrenheit), i.e. two or three degrees below the body temperature of 37 degrees Celsius (99 degrees Fahrenheit). Higher temperatures affect spermatogenesis[2]. Temperature control is accomplished by the smooth muscles of the scrotum moving the testicles either closer to or further away from the abdomen dependent upon the ambient temperature. This is accomplished by the cremaster muscle in the abdomen and the dartos fascia (muscular tissue under the skin).[2]

Having the scrotum and testicles situated outside the abdominal cavity may provide additional advantages. The external scrotum is not affected by abdominal pressure. This may prevent the emptying of the testes before the sperm were matured sufficiently for fertilization[2]. Another advantage is it protects the testes from jolts and compressions associated with an active lifestyle. Animals that move at a steady pace – such as elephants, whales, and marsupial moles – have internal testes and no scrotum.[3] Unlike placental mammals, some male marsupials have a scrotum that is anterior to the penis,[4][5][6][7] which is not homologous to the scrotum of placental mammals,[8] although there are several marsupial species without an external scrotum.[9] In humans, the scrotum may provide some friction during intercourse, helping to enhance the activity.[10]

Scrotal injury

Bar-Yosef et al. (2019) reported twelve cases of circumcision injuries which involved the scrotum during ritual circumcision. The injuries were described as "mostly superficial", however six required treatment under anaesthesia or in the emergency department.[11]

References

  1. ↑ REFweb (2003). Scrotum, The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  2. ↑ a b c REFbook Van de Graaff KM, Fox SI: Concepts of Human Anatomy and Physiology. Dubuque, IA: William C. Brown Publishers. Pp. 935-6. ISBN 978-0697056757.
  3. ↑ REFweb (17 August 1996). Science : Bumpy lifestyle led to external testes, New Scientist. Retrieved 6 November 2007.
  4. ↑ REFbook Tyndale-Biscoe H, Renfree M (1987): Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33792-2.
  5. ↑ REFbook Hyman LH (1992): Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. University of Chicago Press. Pp. 583–. ISBN 978-0-226-87013-7.
  6. ↑ REFbook Jones M, Dickman CR, Archer M (2003): Predators with Pouches: The Biology of Carnivorous Marsupials. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06634-2.
  7. ↑ REFbook Saunders N, Hinds L (1997): Marsupial Biology: Recent Research, New Perspectives. UNSW Press. ISBN 978-0-86840-311-3.
  8. ↑ REFbook Armati PJ, Dickman CR, Hume ID (2006): Marsupials. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-45742-2.
  9. ↑ REFbook Tyndale-Biscoe CH (2005): Life of Marsupials. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06257-3.
  10. ↑ REFbook Jones R (2013): Human Reproductive Biology. Academic Press. P. 74. ISBN 9780123821850.
    Quote: The rear-entry position of mating may allow the scrotum to stimulate the clitoris and, in this way, may produce an orgasm ...
  11. ↑ REFjournal Ban-Yosef Y, Dekalo S, Bar-Yaakov N, Binyamini J6, Sofer M, Ben-Chaim J, et al. Scrotal injuries during neonatal circumcision. J Pediatr Urol. February 2019; 15(1): 69e1-e3. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
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