Difference between revisions of "Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision"
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[[Image:Vmmc.jpg|right|thumb|VMMC]] | [[Image:Vmmc.jpg|right|thumb|VMMC]] | ||
| − | The Government of Kenya (GOK) through the support of the Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation (MOPHS), the National AIDS and STIs Control Programme (NASCOP) and Department of Health Promotion, as well as [[C-Change]], [[CDC]], FHI, PSI, [[UNICEF]] and the implementing partners (NRHS, IRDO, FACES , APHIA II Nyanza Program and the CMMB) have launched a Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (VMMC) program in Kenya.<ref> | + | The Government of Kenya (GOK) through the support of the Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation (MOPHS), the National [[AIDS]] and STIs Control Programme (NASCOP) and Department of Health Promotion, as well as [[C-Change]], [[CDC]], FHI, PSI, [[UNICEF]] and the implementing partners (NRHS, IRDO, FACES , APHIA II Nyanza Program and the CMMB) have launched a '''Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision''' (VMMC) program in Kenya.<ref>{{REFweb |
| − | {{ | + | |last= |
| − | | url = http://www.c-hubonline.org/7815/ | + | |first= |
| − | | | + | |date= |
| − | | accessdate = 2011-04-29 | + | |title=Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision |
| − | + | |url=http://www.c-hubonline.org/7815/ | |
| − | }} | + | |publisher=C-Hub |
| − | </ref> | + | |accessdate=2011-04-29 |
| + | }}</ref> | ||
== Funding == | == Funding == | ||
| + | |||
VMMC is funded by [[USAID]] and [[C-Change]]. | VMMC is funded by [[USAID]] and [[C-Change]]. | ||
| + | == Circumcision campaign propaganda by VMMC == | ||
| − | |||
Three circumcision propaganda ads (by the VMMC) aired in South Africa during football prime-time viewing. | Three circumcision propaganda ads (by the VMMC) aired in South Africa during football prime-time viewing. | ||
| − | {{ | + | {{Citation |
| − | | | + | |Title=Newly circumcised male encouraging man to get circumcised |
| − | | | + | |Text=I think they should get circumcised |
| − | | | + | |Author= |
| − | + | |Source=VMMC | |
| − | + | |ref=<ref>Newly Circumcised Male Character, [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8baq-d-Y5Q#t=0m46s VMMC Soccer Videos From Kenya, 00:46. (2010)]</ref> | |
| − | |||
}} | }} | ||
| − | {{ | + | {{Citation |
| − | | | + | |Title=Woman encouraging man to get circumcised |
| − | | | + | |Text=it protects your balls |
| − | | | + | |Author= |
| − | + | |Source=VMMC | |
| − | + | |ref=<ref>Female Character, [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8baq-d-Y5Q#t=1m05s VMMC Soccer Videos From Kenya, 01:05. (2010)]</ref> | |
| − | |||
}} | }} | ||
| − | {{ | + | {{Citation |
| − | | | + | |Title=Newly circumcised male encouraging man to get circumcised |
| − | | | + | |Text=It makes you strong |
| − | | | + | |Author= |
| − | + | |Source=VMMC | |
| − | + | |ref=<ref>Newly Circumcised Male Character, [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8baq-d-Y5Q#t=0m46s VMMC Soccer Videos From Kenya, 00:46. (2010)]</ref> | |
| − | |||
}} | }} | ||
| − | {{ | + | {{Citation |
| − | | | + | |Title=Woman encouraging man to get circumcised |
| − | | | + | |Text=Once your foreskin is tough... your [[skin]] doesn't bruise easily |
| − | | | + | |Author= |
| − | + | |Source=VMMC | |
| − | + | |ref=<ref>Female Character & Newly Circumcised Male Character, [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8baq-d-Y5Q#t=2m24s VMMC Soccer Videos, 02:24. (2010)]</ref> | |
| − | |||
}} | }} | ||
| − | {{ | + | {{Citation |
| − | | | + | |Title=Woman encouraging man to get circumcised |
| − | | | + | |Text=washing your penis becomes so easy |
| − | | | + | |Author= |
| − | + | |Source=VMMC | |
| − | + | |ref=<ref>Female Character, [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8baq-d-Y5Q#t=2m58s VMMC Soccer Videos From Kenya, 02:58. (2010)]</ref> | |
| − | |||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | {{ | + | {{Citation |
| − | | | + | |Title=Woman encouraging man to get circumcised |
| − | | | + | |Text=once it gets to half-time, you also get a cut [get circumcised] |
| − | | | + | |Author= |
| − | + | |Source=VMMC | |
| − | + | |ref=<ref>Female Character, [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8baq-d-Y5Q#t=3m19s VMMC Soccer Videos From Kenya, 03:19. (2010)]</ref> | |
| − | |||
}} | }} | ||
| − | {{ | + | {{Citation |
| − | | | + | |Title=Woman discouraging man from getting tested |
| − | | | + | |Text="Let me ask you, you have to get tested?" The female character responds "It's not a must." |
| − | | | + | |Author= |
| − | + | |Source=VMMC | |
| − | + | |ref=<ref>Female Character, [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8baq-d-Y5Q#t=4m26s VMMC Soccer Videos From Kenya, 04:26. (2010)]</ref> | |
| − | |||
}} | }} | ||
| − | {{ | + | {{Citation |
| − | | | + | |Title=Woman encouraging man to get circumcised |
| − | | | + | |Text=Use a condom. All the time. ALL THE TIME! |
| − | | | + | |Author= |
| − | + | |Source=VMMC | |
| − | + | |ref=<ref>Female Character, [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8baq-d-Y5Q#t=8m37s VMMC Soccer Videos From Kenya, 08:37. (2010)]</ref> | |
| − | |||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | {{ | + | {{Citation |
| − | | | + | |Title=Newly circumcised male encouraging man to get circumcised |
| − | | | + | |Text=You are a man. Not a dog. |
| − | | | + | |Author= |
| − | + | |Source=VMMC | |
| − | + | |ref=<ref>Newly Circumcised Male Character, [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8baq-d-Y5Q#t=8m26s VMMC Soccer Videos From Kenya, 08:26. (2010)]</ref> | |
| − | |||
}} | }} | ||
| − | + | A YouTube video with short video vignettes with a soccer theme that was field tested in communal video houses in Nyanza, Kenya during the 2010 World Cup Soccer broadcasts, has been removed from the web already.<ref>{{REFweb | |
| − | {{ | + | |date=2010-12 |
| − | | url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hzU_uK1tCsA | + | |title=VMMC Soccer Videos from Kenya |
| − | | | + | |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hzU_uK1tCsA |
| − | | accessdate = 2011-04-28 | + | |publisher=VMMC.m4v |
| − | | | + | |accessdate=2011-04-28 |
| − | | | + | }}</ref> But the FIFA website still shows information and video material about Kenyan campaigns for motivating the youth to "make the cut" through football messages.<ref>{{REFweb |
| − | | | + | |url=https://www.fifa.com/football-development/news/vijana-amani-pamoja-helping-kenyan-youth-3021514 |
| − | }} | + | |title=Vijana Amani Pamoja helping Kenyan youth |
| − | </ref | + | |date=2019-03-29 |
| + | |accessdate=2022-04-12 | ||
| + | }}</ref> | ||
| − | == | + | == Inflated male circumcision data == |
| − | + | In 2021, a fact-checking study by the US [[CDC]] has confirmed as false previous data claiming ridiculously high male circumcision rates in Kenya’s [[HIV]] control programme. The report published on Thursday (July 15, 2021) in the journal Plos One says the fact-checking had been provoked by conflicting reports of huge success and yet persistent high demand suggesting a need for more funding. The 2018 report had claimed success rates of more than 100 per cent in Kisumu, Siaya, Homa Bay and Migori counties.<ref>{{REFnews | |
| + | |url=https://www.rocketsciences.co.ke/2021/07/16/us-cdc-confirms-kenya-falsified-male-circumcision-data/ | ||
| + | |title=US CDC confirms Kenya inflated male circumcision data | ||
| + | |date=2021-07-16 | ||
| + | |website=Rocket Science | ||
| + | |accessdate=2021-07-27 | ||
| + | }}</ref> | ||
| + | ==Circumcision does not prevent HIV infection== | ||
| + | === Population-based studies === | ||
| + | {{Population-based studies}} | ||
| + | ===Two African surveys=== | ||
| + | The previously reported studies were from developed Western nations. Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa. | ||
| − | + | French scientist [[Michel Garenne]], Ph.D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the incidence of HIV infection in [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men. | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | [[Category: | + | In his first report, Garenne presented the findings from a study in Lesotho, the enclave in South Africa. He reported: |
| + | <blockquote> | ||
| + | In couple studies, the effect of circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant, with similar transmission from female to male and male to female. The study questions the amount of effort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.<ref name="garenne2022A">{{REFjournal | ||
| + | |last=Garenne | ||
| + | |first=Michel | ||
| + | |init=M | ||
| + | |author-link=Michel Garenne | ||
| + | |title=Changing relationships between HIV prevalence and circumcision in Lesotho | ||
| + | |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35373731/ | ||
| + | |date=2022-04-04 | ||
| + | |journal=J Biosoc Sci | ||
| + | |volume=online ahead of print | ||
| + | |pages=1-16 | ||
| + | |DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000153 | ||
| + | |pubmedID=35373731 | ||
| + | |accessdate=2022-11-07 | ||
| + | }}</ref> | ||
| + | </blockquote> | ||
| + | |||
| + | In his second report, Garenne (2022) presented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe). He reported: | ||
| + | <blockquote> | ||
| + | "Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men had similar levels of HIV infection."<ref name="garenne2022B">{{REFjournal | ||
| + | |last=Garenne | ||
| + | |first=Michael | ||
| + | |init=M | ||
| + | |author-link= | ||
| + | |etal=no | ||
| + | |title=Age-incidence and prevalence of HIV among intact and circumcised men: an analysis of PHIA surveys in Southern Africa | ||
| + | |trans-title= | ||
| + | |language= | ||
| + | |journal=J Biosoc Sci | ||
| + | |location= | ||
| + | |date=2022-10-26 | ||
| + | |season= | ||
| + | |volume= | ||
| + | |issue= | ||
| + | |article= | ||
| + | |page= | ||
| + | |pages=1-13 | ||
| + | |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-biosocial-science/article/abs/ageincidence-and-prevalence-of-hiv-among-intact-and-circumcised-men-an-analysis-of-phia-surveys-in-southern-africa/CAA7E7BD5A9844F41C6B7CC3573B9E50 | ||
| + | |archived= | ||
| + | |quote= | ||
| + | |pubmedID=36286328 | ||
| + | |pubmedCID= | ||
| + | |DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000414 | ||
| + | |accessdate=2022-11-07 | ||
| + | }}</ref></blockquote> | ||
| + | {{SEEALSO}} | ||
| + | * [[Catholic Medical Mission Board]] | ||
| + | * [[VMMC Experience Project]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | {{REF}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Category:Program]] | ||
[[Category:Circumcision in Africa]] | [[Category:Circumcision in Africa]] | ||
| − | [[Category: | + | [[Category:Kenya]] |
| − | [[Category: | + | [[Category:From CircLeaks]] |
[[Category:From IntactWiki]] | [[Category:From IntactWiki]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[de:{{FULLPAGENAME}}]] | ||
Latest revision as of 23:47, 8 November 2022
The Government of Kenya (GOK) through the support of the Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation (MOPHS), the National AIDS and STIs Control Programme (NASCOP) and Department of Health Promotion, as well as C-Change, CDC, FHI, PSI, UNICEF and the implementing partners (NRHS, IRDO, FACES , APHIA II Nyanza Program and the CMMB) have launched a Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (VMMC) program in Kenya.[1]
Contents
Funding
VMMC is funded by USAID and C-Change.
Circumcision campaign propaganda by VMMC
Three circumcision propaganda ads (by the VMMC) aired in South Africa during football prime-time viewing.
| “ | Newly circumcised male encouraging man to get circumcised I think they should get circumcised (VMMC)[2] |
| “ | Woman encouraging man to get circumcised it protects your balls (VMMC)[3] |
| “ | Newly circumcised male encouraging man to get circumcised It makes you strong (VMMC)[4] |
| “ | Woman encouraging man to get circumcised Once your foreskin is tough... your skin doesn't bruise easily (VMMC)[5] |
| “ | Woman encouraging man to get circumcised washing your penis becomes so easy (VMMC)[6] |
| “ | Woman encouraging man to get circumcised once it gets to half-time, you also get a cut [get circumcised] (VMMC)[7] |
| “ | Woman discouraging man from getting tested "Let me ask you, you have to get tested?" The female character responds "It's not a must." (VMMC)[8] |
| “ | Woman encouraging man to get circumcised Use a condom. All the time. ALL THE TIME! (VMMC)[9] |
| “ | Newly circumcised male encouraging man to get circumcised You are a man. Not a dog. (VMMC)[10] |
A YouTube video with short video vignettes with a soccer theme that was field tested in communal video houses in Nyanza, Kenya during the 2010 World Cup Soccer broadcasts, has been removed from the web already.[11] But the FIFA website still shows information and video material about Kenyan campaigns for motivating the youth to "make the cut" through football messages.[12]
Inflated male circumcision data
In 2021, a fact-checking study by the US CDC has confirmed as false previous data claiming ridiculously high male circumcision rates in Kenya’s HIV control programme. The report published on Thursday (July 15, 2021) in the journal Plos One says the fact-checking had been provoked by conflicting reports of huge success and yet persistent high demand suggesting a need for more funding. The 2018 report had claimed success rates of more than 100 per cent in Kisumu, Siaya, Homa Bay and Migori counties.[13]
Circumcision does not prevent HIV infection
Population-based studies
September 2021 saw the publication of two huge population studies on the relationship of circumcision and HIV infection:
- Mayan et al. (2021) carried out a massive empirical study of the male population of the province of Ontario, Canada (569,950 males), of whom 203,588 (35.7%) were circumcised between 1991 and 2017. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk of HIV infection.[14]
- Morten Frisch & Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in Denmark of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that circumcised men have a higher rate of STI and HIV infection overall than intact men.[15]
No association between lack of circumcision and risk of HIV infection was found by either study. There now is credible evidence that the massive, expensive African circumcision programs have not been effective in preventing HIV infection.
Two African surveys
The previously reported studies were from developed Western nations. Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa.
French scientist Michel Garenne, Ph.D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the incidence of HIV infection in circumcised and intact men.
In his first report, Garenne presented the findings from a study in Lesotho, the enclave in South Africa. He reported:
In couple studies, the effect of circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant, with similar transmission from female to male and male to female. The study questions the amount of effort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.[16]
In his second report, Garenne (2022) presented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe). He reported:
"Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that circumcised and intact men had similar levels of HIV infection."[17]
See also
References
- ↑
Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision
, C-Hub. Retrieved 29 April 2011. - ↑ Newly Circumcised Male Character, VMMC Soccer Videos From Kenya, 00:46. (2010)
- ↑ Female Character, VMMC Soccer Videos From Kenya, 01:05. (2010)
- ↑ Newly Circumcised Male Character, VMMC Soccer Videos From Kenya, 00:46. (2010)
- ↑ Female Character & Newly Circumcised Male Character, VMMC Soccer Videos, 02:24. (2010)
- ↑ Female Character, VMMC Soccer Videos From Kenya, 02:58. (2010)
- ↑ Female Character, VMMC Soccer Videos From Kenya, 03:19. (2010)
- ↑ Female Character, VMMC Soccer Videos From Kenya, 04:26. (2010)
- ↑ Female Character, VMMC Soccer Videos From Kenya, 08:37. (2010)
- ↑ Newly Circumcised Male Character, VMMC Soccer Videos From Kenya, 08:26. (2010)
- ↑ (December 2010).
VMMC Soccer Videos from Kenya
, VMMC.m4v. Retrieved 28 April 2011. - ↑ (29 March 2019).
Vijana Amani Pamoja helping Kenyan youth
. Retrieved 12 April 2022. - ↑
(16 July 2021)."US CDC confirms Kenya inflated male circumcision data", Rocket Science. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
- ↑
Mayan M, Hamilton RJ, Juurlink DN, Austin PC, Jarvi KA. Circumcision and Risk of HIV Among Males From Ontario, Canada. J Urol. 23 September 2021; PMID. DOI. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
Quote:We found that circumcision was not independently associated with the risk of acquiring HIV among men from Ontario, Canada.
- ↑ Frisch M, Simonsen J. Non-therapeutic male circumcision in infancy or childhood and risk of human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections: national cohort study in Denmark. Eur J Epidemiol. 26 September 2021; 37: 251–9. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
- ↑ Garenne M. Changing relationships between HIV prevalence and circumcision in Lesotho. J Biosoc Sci. 4 April 2022; online ahead of print: 1-16. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
- ↑ Garenne M. Age-incidence and prevalence of HIV among intact and circumcised men: an analysis of PHIA surveys in Southern Africa. J Biosoc Sci. 26 October 2022; : 1-13. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
