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'''Judaism''' is the religion and culture of the Jews.<ref>{{REFweb
[[File:Star of David.svg|thumb|200px|The Star of David (Hebrew ''magen david'') is one of the symbols of Judaism.]]
'''Judaism''' is the religion and culture of the Jews.<ref name="kohler1906">{{REFjournal
|last=Kehler
|init=K
|author-link=
|last2=
|init2=
|author2-link=
|url=https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9028-judaism#sts=JUDAISMIt%20is%20natural%20that%20divergent%20views%20upon%20so%20complex%20a%20subject%20should%20exist.%20The%20following%20article%20is%20frankly%20written%20from%20the%20standpoint%20of%20Reform%20Judaism.%20For%20a%20presentation%20of%20the%20more%20conservative%20aspect%20of%20the%20subject%20see%20Religion;%20Theology.%20(%E1%BC%B8%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%E1%BD%B8%CF%82):
|title=Judaism
|journal=Jewish Encyclopedia
|date=1906
|volume=
|issue=
|pages=
|accessdate=2022-05-04
}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb
  |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Judaism
  |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Judaism
  |archived=
  |archived=
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==Beliefs==
==Beliefs==
Judaism is characterized by belief in one transcendent God who has revealed himself to Abraham, Moses, and the Hebrew prophets and by a religious life in accordance with Scriptures and rabbinic traditions.<ref name="gaster" />
Judaism is characterized by belief in one transcendent God who has revealed himself to Abraham, Moses, and the Hebrew prophets and by a religious life in accordance with Scriptures and rabbinic traditions.<ref name="gaster" /> Rabbi Emeritus Kaughmann Kohler described Judaism as "the religion of joy, hope, and love."<ref name="kohler1906" />
 
==Symbol==
==Controversial practice==
The symbol of Judaism is the Star of David, which is a six-pointed star design.<ref>{{REFweb
Judaism has historically held a belief in the so-called [[Abrahamic covenant]] which purports to require that every newborn boy be [[Jewish circumcision|circumcised on the eighth day of life]]. This has now become controversial, because of [[Circumcision risks| surgical risks]], because of the certain intense [[pain]] suffered by the boy, because of the certain lifetime loss of [[foreskin#Physiological_functions| foreskin function]], and because of the violation of the child's [[human rights]].
|url=https://symbolsarchive.com/star-of-david-symbol-history-meaning/
|archived=
|title=Star Of David Symbol – History And Meaning
|trans-title=
|language=
|last=Rogador
|first=Christine
|author-link=
|publisher=Symbols Archive
|website=
|date=2021-05-30
|accessdate=2022-05-01
|quote=
}}</ref>


==Religious officials==
==Religious officials==
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}}</ref> while [[Mohel| mohels]] carry out the ritual circumcision called [[Brit Milah]] in accordance with the Abrahamic covenant.
}}</ref> while [[Mohel| mohels]] carry out the ritual circumcision called [[Brit Milah]] in accordance with the Abrahamic covenant.


==Symbol==
==Controversial practice==
The symbol of Judaism is the Star of David, which is a six-pointed star design.<ref>{{REFweb
Judaism has historically held a belief in the so-called [[Abrahamic covenant]] which purports to require that every newborn boy be [[Jewish circumcision|circumcised on the eighth day of life]].<ref name="hirsch1906">{{REFjournal
  |url=https://symbolsarchive.com/star-of-david-symbol-history-meaning/
|last=Hirsch
  |archived=
  |first=Emil G.
  |title=Star Of David Symbol – History And Meaning
|init=EG
|author-link=
|last2=Kohler
|first2=Kaufmann
|init2=
|author2-link=
|last3=Jacobs
|first3=Joseph
|init3=
|author3-link=
|last4=Friedenwald
|first4=Aaron
|init4=
|author4-link=
|last5=Broydé
|first5=Isaac
|init5=
|author5-link=
  |etal=no
  |title=Circumcision
  |trans-title=
  |trans-title=
  |language=
  |language=
  |last=Rogador
  |journal=Jewish Encyclopedia
  |first=Christine
  |location=
  |author-link=
  |date=1906
  |publisher=Symbols Archive
|season=
  |website=
|volume=
  |date=2021-05-30
|issue=
  |accessdate=2022-05-01
|article=
  |page=
  |pages=
  |url=https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3074-berit-milah
  |archived=
  |quote=
  |quote=
}}</ref>
|accessdate=2022-05-04
}}</ref> This has now become controversial, because of [[Circumcision risks| surgical risks]], because of the certain intense [[pain]] and [[trauma]] suffered by the boy, because of the certain lifetime loss of [[foreskin#Physiological_functions| foreskin function]], and because of the violation of the child's [[human rights]].


==Questioning circumcision==
==Questioning circumcision==
The alleged Abrahamic covenant is found in the Pentateuch (Torah) book of Genesis, chapter 17. This has been questioned for several reasons.<ref>{{REFbook
The alleged Abrahamic covenant is found in the Pentateuch (Torah) book of Genesis, chapter 17. Reform Jews in Germany stated questioning circumcision in 1843.<ref name="hirsch1906" /> Circumcision today is being questioned for several reasons.<ref>{{REFbook
  |last=Goldman
  |last=Goldman
  |first=Ronald
  |first=Ronald
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  |ISBN=978-0964489561
  |ISBN=978-0964489561
  |accessdate=2022-05-01
  |accessdate=2022-05-01
  }}</ref> The practice of circumcision conflicts with many other Jewish values. Moreover, [https://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/stewart_don/faq/words-bible/question2-what-is-textual-criticism.cfm textual criticism] indicates that this chapter appears to be a later insertion into the text of this Hebrew book.
  }}</ref> The practice of circumcision conflicts with many other Jewish values. Moreover, [https://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/stewart_don/faq/words-bible/question2-what-is-textual-criticism.cfm textual criticism] indicates that this chapter appears to be a later insertion into the text of this Hebrew book.<ref name="glick2005">{{REFbook
|last=Glick
|first=Leonard B.
|init=LB
|author-link=Leonard B. Glick
|year=2005
|title=Marked in Your Flesh: Circumcision from Ancient Judea to Modern America
|edition=1st
|chapter=Chapter One
|pages=15-18
|publisher={{UNI|Oxford University|Oxon}} Press
|isbn=9780195176742
|accessdate=2022-05-08
|note=
}}</ref>


A non-cutting alternative to [[Brit Milah]], usually called [[Brit Shalom]], is gaining in popularity.<ref name="ahituv2021">{{REFnews
A non-cutting alternative to [[Brit Milah]], usually called [[Brit Shalom]], is gaining in popularity.<ref name="ahituv2021">{{REFnews
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}}</ref> [[Mark D. Reiss]], {{MD}}, has sponsored the [https://www.bruchim.online/inclusion-directory/ Mark D. Reiss, M.D. Inclusion Directory], where more information on Brit Shalom may be found.
}}</ref> [[Mark D. Reiss]], {{MD}}, has sponsored the [https://www.bruchim.online/inclusion-directory/ Mark D. Reiss, M.D. Inclusion Directory], where more information on Brit Shalom may be found.


[[Bruchim]] was founded in 2021 by [[Lisa Braver Moss]] and [[Rebecca Wald]] with a goal of making non-circumcision acceptable in American synagogues.
Hirsch et al. (1906) state, "An uncircumcised Jew is a full Jew by birth.<ref name="hirsch1906" />


Wine (1988) argued that the medical aspects (surgical excision of functional penile tissue) should be separated from the naming ceremony.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://sherwinwine.com/bibliography/
|title=Bibliography
|last=Wine
|first=
|init=ST
|author-link=Sherwin T. Wine
|publisher=Sherwin T. Wine
|date=2022
|accessdate=2024-02-11
}}</ref>
There appears to be increasing sentiment for reform of ritual circumcision practice with several organizations, such as [[Society for Humanistic Judaism]], [[Association of Humanistic Rabbis]], and [[Ritualwell]] proposing changes. [[Bruchim]] was founded in 2021 by [[Lisa Braver Moss]] and [[Rebecca Wald]] with a goal of making [[Foreskinned| non-circumcision]] acceptable in American synagogues.
{{SEEALSO}}
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Beyond the Bris]]
* [[Beyond the Bris]]
* [[Circumcision and violence]]
* [[Jewish medical ethics]]
* [[Jewish medical ethics]]
* [[Jews Against Circumcision (J.A.C.)]]
* [[Jews Against Circumcision (J.A.C.)]]
* [[Metzitzah b'peh]]
* [[Metzitzah b'peh]]
 
{{LINKS}}
* [[Moshe Rothenberg]]. [https://pool.intactiwiki.org/images/Rothenberg.pdf Ending Circumcision In the Jewish Community?]  Presented at The Second International Symposium on Circumcision, San Francisco, California, April 30-May 3, 1991.
* {{REFjournal
|last=Goodman
|first=Jenny
|init=J
|author-link=Jenny Goodman
|etal=no
|title=Jewish circumcision: an alternative perspective
|journal=BJU Int
|location=
|date=1999-01
|volume=83
|issue=1
|pages=22-7
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/cultural/goodman1999/
|pubmedID=10349411
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1022.x
|accessdate=2022-05-04
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.jewishcircumcision.org/
|title=Jewish Circumcision Resource Center
|last=Goldman
|first=Ronald
|author-link=Ronald Goldman
|date=
|accessdate=2022-05-04
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.jewfaq.org/
|title=Judaism 101
|last=Rich
|first=Tracy
|init=
|publisher=Tracy R. Rich
|date=1995
|accessdate=2024-02-12
}}
{{ABBR}}
{{ABBR}}
{{REF}}
{{REF}}
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[[Category:History]]
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Rabbi]]
[[Category:Rabbi]]
[[Category:Antisemitism]]
[[de:Judentum]]
Retrieved from "https://en.intactiwiki.org/wiki/Judaism"