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[[File:Bleeding finger.jpg|thumb|Bleeding wound in the finger<br>Other names: Hemorrhaging, haemorrhaging]]
[[File:Bleeding finger.jpg|thumb|Bleeding wound in the finger<br>Other names: Hemorrhaging, haemorrhaging]]
'''Haemorrhage (bleeding)''' is [a]n abnormal escape of blood from an artery, a vein, an arteriole, a venule or a capillary network. Haemorrhage may occur into a body cavity or organ, into tissues such as muscles, or externally by way of a wound. Internal haemorrhage often causes a HAEMATOMA. Severe haemorrhage results in dangerous loss of circulating blood volume and there may be insufficient to supply the heart muscle and the brain. This is inevitably fatal unless a rapid transfusion of blood is given. Insufficient circulating fluid causes the syndrome of surgical [[Shock| SHOCK]] for which fluid replacement is urgently needed. This need not be whole blood; an infusion of salt water (saline) can save life.<ref>{{REFweb
'''Haemorrhage (bleeding)''' is [a]n abnormal escape of blood from an artery, a vein, an arteriole, a venule or a capillary network. Haemorrhage may occur into a body cavity or organ, into tissues such as muscles, or externally by way of a wound. Internal haemorrhage often causes a HAEMATOMA. Severe haemorrhage results in dangerous loss of circulating blood volume and there may be insufficient volume to supply the heart muscle and the brain. This is inevitably fatal unless a rapid transfusion of blood is given. Insufficient circulating fluid causes the syndrome of surgical [[Shock| SHOCK]] for which fluid replacement is urgently needed. This need not be whole blood; an infusion of salt water (saline) can save life.<ref>{{REFweb
  |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/H%c3%a6morrhage
  |url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/H%c3%a6morrhage
  |title=Haemorrhage
  |title=Haemorrhage
Line 7: Line 7:
  |accessdate=2022-01-20
  |accessdate=2022-01-20
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


==Haemorrhage after circumcision==
==Haemorrhage after circumcision==
Neonatal circumcision is an elective, medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic [[amputation]] of the healthy [[foreskin]] that is done only after parents sign a [[circumcision consent form]]. It exposes an infant to surgical risks, but does not treat or prevent disease.<ref name="deacon2022">{{REFjournal
|last=Deacon
|first=Matthew
|init=M
|author-link=
|last2=Muir
|first2=Gordon
|init2=G
|author2-link=
|etal=no
|title=What is the medical evidence on non-therapeutic child circumcision?
|journal= Int J Impot Res
|date=2022-01-08
|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-021-00502-y
|pubmedID=34997197
|DOI=10.1038/s41443-021-00502-y
|accessdate=2022-02-01
}}</ref>


[[Circumcision]] is an [[Amputation| amputative]] surgical operation that severs arteries and veins as it amputates the [[foreskin]]. As with any surgical operation, haemorrhage is an expected complication of surgery.<ref name="kaplan1983">{{REFjournal
[[Circumcision]] is an [[Amputation| amputative]] surgical operation that severs arteries and veins as it amputates the [[foreskin]]. As with any surgical operation, haemorrhage is an expected complication of surgery.<ref name="kaplan1983">{{REFjournal
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Strong haemorrhage after a circumcision of a boy was the trigger for the [[Cologne circumcision court judgment]] in 2012.
Strong haemorrhage after a circumcision of a boy was the trigger for the [[Cologne circumcision court judgment]] in 2012.
The clotting ability of the blood is ''not'' tested prior to non-therapeutic infant circumcision as it is thought be unnecessary.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Eroglu
|first=
|init=E
|author-link=
|last2=Sözmen
|first2=
|init2=BO
|author2-link=
|last3=Kayiran
|first3=
|init3=SN
|author3-link=
|etal=yes
|title=Evaluation of coagulation tests before newborn circumcision: is it necessary?
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis
|location=
|date=2016-03
|volume=27
|issue=2
|article=
|page=
|pages=
|url=https://journals.lww.com/bloodcoagulation/Abstract/2016/03000/Evaluation_of_coagulation_tests_before_newborn.10.aspx
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=26523913
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1097/MBC.0000000000000399
|accessdate=2022-02-01
}}</ref>


===Statistics===
===Statistics===
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  |etal=no
  |etal=no
  |title=Circumcision bleeding complications: neonatal intensive care infants compared to those in the normal newborn nursery
  |title=Circumcision bleeding complications: neonatal intensive care infants compared to those in the normal newborn nursery
|trans-title=
  |journal=J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med
|language=
  |journal= J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med
  |location=
  |location=
  |date=2018-06
  |date=2018-06
Line 164: Line 213:
  |accessdate=2022-01-21
  |accessdate=2022-01-21
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
===Deaths===
===Deaths===
Hiss et al. (2000) reported the death of an infant from haemorrhage following ritual circumcision in Israel.<ref name="hiss2000">{{REFjournal
No one collects statistics on circumcision deaths. The number of boys who die from hemorrhage after [[circumcision]] is unknown. Some have been reported. Some examples are set forth below.
 
* Julius Katzenstein: 8-days-old, bled to death after circumcision, 14 December 1856, New York, NY, USA.
* Myer Jacob Levy: 8-days-old, bled to death after circumcision, 18 April 1858, New York, NY, USA.
* Michael Julian Baldwin: infant boy, 4-days-old, hemorrhage after circumcision. 21 August 1927, Monroe County, Indiana, USA.
* Boma Oruitemeka: Death by circumcision, severe hemorrhage. 1990, London, England, UK.
* Demetrius Manker bled to death in 1993 after circumcision in Dade County, Florida.<ref>{{REFnews
|title=Baby bleeds to death after circumcision
|url=http://www.cirp.org/news/1993.06.21_death/
|last=
|first=
|init=
|author-link=
|last2=
|init2=
|author2-link=
|publisher=Miami Herald
|website=
|date=1993-06-26
|accessdate=2022-01-21
|quote=
}}</ref>
* Hiss et al. (2000) reported the death of an infant from haemorrhage following ritual circumcision in [[Israel]].<ref name="hiss2000">{{REFjournal
  |last=Hiss
  |last=Hiss
  |first=
  |first=
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  |etal=no
  |etal=no
  |title=Fatal haemorrhage following male ritual circumcision
  |title=Fatal haemorrhage following male ritual circumcision
|trans-title=
|language=
  |journal= J Clin Forensic Med
  |journal= J Clin Forensic Med
  |location=
  |location=
Line 198: Line 268:
  |accessdate=2022-01-21
  |accessdate=2022-01-21
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
 
* Ryleigh McWillis died from blood loss after circumcision in British Columbia in 2002.<ref>{{REFdocument
Ryleigh McWillis died from blood loss after circumcision in British Columbia in 2002.<ref>{{REFdocument
  |title=Judgement of Inquiry Into the Death of McWillis[,] Ryleigh Roman Bryan
  |title=JUDGEMENT OF INQUIRY INTO THE DEATH OF McWILLIS[,] RYLEIGH ROMAN BRYAN
  |url=http://www.circumstitions.com/death-exsang.html
  |url=http://www.circumstitions.com/death-exsang.html
  |contribution=
  |contribution=
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  |accessdate=2022-01-21
  |accessdate=2022-01-21
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* Ryan Heydari bled to death in Ontario after circumcision in 2015.<ref name="blackwell2015">{{REFnews
|title=Ontario newborn bleeds to death after family doctor persuades parents to get him circumcised
|url=https://nationalpost.com/health/ontario-newborn-bleeds-to-death-after-family-doctor-persuades-parents-to-get-him-circumcised
|last=Blackwell
|first=Tom
|coauthors=
|publisher=National Post
|website=
|date=2015-10-25
|accessdate=2022-01-21
|quote=
}}</ref>
* "Baby R" died on 24 January 2022 at [https://www.texaschildrens.org/ Texas Children's Hospital] following a brain haemorrhage after [[circumcision]].


{{SEEALSO}}
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Bleeding]]
* [[Bleeding]]
* [[Blood loss danger to infants]]
* [[Blood loss danger to infants]]
* [[Death]]
* [[Penile haematoma]]
{{REF}}
{{REF}}


[[Category:Term]]
[[Category:Medical term]]
[[Category:Circumcision complication]]
[[Category:Circumcision complication]]
[[Category:Circumcision risk]]
[[de:Hämorrhage]]
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