Difference between revisions of "Genital cutting/List of countries"

Latest revision as of 13:36, 5 April 2024

In males, circumcision consists of removing the prepuce of the penis (the foreskin). Circumcision is practiced on young Muslim boys (known as khitan) and on newborn Jewish infants (known as Brit Milah), as well as on non-Jewish or Muslim infants in the United States as a hospital procedure.^[1]^[2] Jacobsen et al. (2021) used data from 2003 through 2016 from the Kid's Inpatient Database of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality to compare intact with circumcised boys in the first 28 days of life. The authors reported a gradual declining trend in the incidence of neonatal non-therapeutic circumcision throughout the study period. The overall incidence of circumcision decreased from 57.4 percent in 2003 to 52.1 percent in 2016 over the 13 year study period or 5.3 percentage points for an average decrease of 0.4 percentage point per year. The author noted "neonatal circumcision rates decreased significantly over time."^[3]

It used to be, but is no longer, a common procedure in Australia^[4] and Canada.^[5]^[6] Circumcision for cosmetic reasons is banned in public hospitals in Australia.^[7]

The procedures of female genital mutilation (FGM) are significantly more extensive.^[8] FGM has no medical benefits and can cause serious harm to women's physical and mental health, depending on the procedure and whether it was performed by traditional cutters or medical personnel.^[9] Known until the early 1990s as "female circumcision", the World Health Organization (WHO) and other agencies began referring to it as "female genital mutilation" to remove any analogy to male circumcision.^[10]^[8] It is outlawed around the world, including in many of the countries in which it is most heavily concentrated.^[11] Found mainly in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, the practice is divided by the WHO into four types:^[9]

Type 1 (clitoridectomy) is the partial or total removal of the clitoral glans; "in very rare cases", according to the WHO, it involves removal of the clitoral hood only (the prepuce, or skin around the clitoral glans).
Type 2 (excision) is the partial or total removal of the clitoral glans, inner labia, and sometimes the outer labia.
Type 3 (infibulation) is the removal of the inner and outer labia and the creation of a seal over the vagina by stitching the two sides or by otherwise allowing them to bond, leaving a small hole for the passage of urine and menstrual blood; this is performed with and without clitoridectomy.
Type 4 is "all other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes, e.g. pricking, piercing, incising, scraping and cauterizing the genital area".^[9]

Table

'Prevalence of genital cutting by sex, age and country'^{[Notes 1]}

Country	Male					Female
Country	0-14		15+		Banned	0-14^{[Notes 2]}		15+		Banned
Afghanistan	^[12] 98	.1	^[13] 99	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Albania	^[13] 31	.5	^[13] 36	.8	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Algeria	97	.9	^[14] 97	.9	No	^[15] 0		^[15] 0		Yes
American Samoa	95		^[14] 95		No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Andorra	1	.1	^[14] 1	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Angola	^[13] 96	.1	^[13] 96	.2	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Anguilla	0	.3	^[14] 0	.3	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Antigua and Barbuda	0	.6	^[14] 0	.6	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Argentina	2	.9	^[14] 2	.9	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Armenia	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Aruba	0	.46	^[14] 0	.46	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Australia	^[16]^[17]^[18] 10		^[19] 40		No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Austria	5	.8	^[14] 5	.8	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Azerbaijan	96	.9	^[13] 96	.9	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Bahamas	0	.2	^[14] 0	.2	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Bahrain	81	.2	^[14] 81	.2	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Bangladesh	93	.2	^[20] 93	.2	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Barbados	0	.9	^[14] 0	.9	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Belarus	0	.32	^[14] 0	.32	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Belgium	22	.6	^[21] 22	.6	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Belize	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Benin	^[13] 95	.5	^[13] 94	.7	No	^[22] 0	.2	^[22] 9		Yes
Bermuda	0	.8	^[14] 0	.8	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Bhutan	1	.0	^[14] 1	.0	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Bolivia	0	.11	^[14] 0	.11	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Bosnia and Herzegovina	41	.6	^[14] 41	.6	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Botswana	15	.1	^[23]^[24] 15	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Brazil	1	.3	^[25] 1	.3	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
British Virgin Islands	1	.2	^[14] 1	.2	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Brunei	51	.9	^[14] 51	.9	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Bulgaria	13	.4	^[14] 13	.4	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Burkina Faso	^[13] 85	.1	^[13] 88	.7	No	^[22] 13		^[22] 76		Yes
Burundi	^[13] 19	.3	^[13] 41	.6	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Cabo Verde	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Cambodia	2	.1	^[13] 2	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Cameroon	^[13] 94	.9	^[13] 94		No	^[13] 1	.5	^[22] 1		Yes
Canada	31	.9	^[26] 31	.9	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Cayman Islands	0	.2	^[14] 0	.2	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Central African Republic	63	.0	^[27] 63	.0	No	^[22] 1		^[22] 24		Yes
Chad	96	.5	^[13] 96	.5	No	^[22] 10		^[22] 38		Yes
Chile	0	.2	^[14] 0	.21	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
China	14	.0	^[28] 14	.0	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Christmas Island	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Cocos Islands	95		^[14] 95		No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Colombia	1	.5	^[29] 1	.5	No	^[30] 0	.47	^[30] 0	.47	Yes
Comoros	^[13] 100	.0	^[13] 99	.5	No	^[31] 0		^[31] 0		Yes
Congo, Democratic Republic of	^[13] 95	.2	^[13] 97	.2	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Congo, Republic of	^[13] 100	.0	^[13] 99	.2	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Cook Islands	95		^[14] 95		No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Costa Rica	0	.15	^[14] 0	.15	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Côte d'Ivoire	^[13] 94	.0	^[13] 96	.7	No	^[22] 10		^[22] 37		Yes
Croatia	1	.34	^[14] 1	.34	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Cuba	0	.11	^[14] 0	.11	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Curacao	0	.07	^[14] 0	.07	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Cyprus	22	.7	^[14] 22	.7	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Czech Republic	0	.14	^[14] 0	.14	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Denmark	5	.3	^[32]^[33] 5	.3	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Djibouti	96	.5	^[27] 96	.5	No	^[22] 49		^[22] 93		Yes
Dominica	0	.2	^[14] 0	.2	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Dominican Republic	12	.7	^[13] 12	.7	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Ecuador	0	.11	^[14] 0	.11	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Egypt	94	.7	^[14] 94	.7	No	^[22] 14		^[22] 87		Yes
El Salvador	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Equatorial Guinea	87		^[34] 87		No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Eritrea	97	.2	^[27] 97	.2	No	^[22] 33		^[22] 83		Yes
Estonia	0	.25	^[14] 0	.25	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Ethiopia	^[13] 94	.7	^[13] 91	.7	No	^[22] 16		^[22] 65		Yes
Falkland Islands	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Faroe Islands	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Fiji	55		^[14] 55		No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Finland	3	.0	^[35] 3	.0	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
France	14		^[14] 14		No	N/A		N/A		Yes
French Polynesia	78		^[14] 78		No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Gabon	^[13] 100	.0	^[13] 99	.2	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Gambia	94	.5	^[27] 94	.5	No	^[22] 56		^[22] 75		Yes
Palestine	99	.9	^[14] 99	.9	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Georgia	10	.6	^[14] 10	.6	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Germany	^[36] ^[37] 10	.9	^[36] 6	.7	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Ghana	^[13] 94	.2	^[13] 95	.6	No	^[22] 1		^[22] 4		Yes
Gibraltar	6		^[14] 6		No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Greece	4	.7	^[14] 4	.7	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Greenland	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Grenada	0	.3	^[14] 0	.3	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Guam	95		^[14] 95		No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Guatemala	2	.9	^[13] 2	.9	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Guernsey	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Guinea	^[13] 98	.5	^[13] 99	.0	No	^[22] 45		^[22] 97		Yes
Guinea-Bissau	93	.3	^[27] 93	.3	No	^[22] 29		^[22] 45		Yes
Guyana	12	.1	^[13] 12	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Haiti	^[13] 8	.4	^[13] 7	.6	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Holy See	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Honduras	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Hong Kong	28		^[38] 28		No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Hungary	0	.8	^[14] 0	.8	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Iceland	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
India	15	.7	^[13] 15	.7	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Indonesia	92	.5	^[34] 92	.5	No	^[22] 49		^[39] 95	.1	Yes
Iran	99	.7	^[14] 99	.7	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Iraq	98	.9	^[14] 98	.9	No	^[22] 3		^[22] 8		Yes
Ireland	0	.9	^[14] 0	.9	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Isle of Man	0	.2	^[14] 0	.2	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Israel	91	.7	^[14] 91	.7	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Italy	2	.6	^[14] 2	.6	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Jamaica	14	.0	^[40] 14	.0	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Japan	9	.0	^[41] 9	.0	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Jersey	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Jordan	98	.8	^[14] 98	.8	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Kazakhstan	56	.4	^[14] 56	.4	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Kenya	^[13] 91	.0	^[13] 92	.6	No	^[22] 3		^[22] 21		Yes
Kiribati	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
North Korea	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
South Korea	^[42] 22	.2	^[42] 81	.6	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Kosovo	91	.7	^[14] 91	.7	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Kuwait	86	.4	^[14] 86	.4	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Kyrgyzstan	91	.9	^[13] 91	.9	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Laos	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Latvia	0	.4	^[14] 0	.4	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Lebanon	59	.7	^[14] 59	.7	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Lesotho	^[13] 70	.4	^[13] 72	.3	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Liberia	99	.1	^[13] 99	.1	No	N/A		^[22] 44		Yes
Libya	96	.6	^[14] 96	.6	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Liechtenstein	4	.8	^[14] 4	.8	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Lithuania	0	.2	^[14] 0	.2	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Luxembourg	2	.4	^[14] 2	.4	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Macau	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
North Macedonia	33	.9	^[14] 33	.9	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Madagascar	^[13] 95	.5	^[13] 94	.6	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Malawi	^[13] 30	.0	^[13] 28	.0	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Malaysia	61	.4	^[14] 61	.4	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Maldives	98	.4	^[14] 98	.4	No	^[13] 13	.4	^[13] 18	.5	Yes
Mali	97	.8	^[13] 97	.8	No	^[22] 73		^[22] 83		No
Malta	0	.3	^[14] 0	.3	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Marshall Islands	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Mauritania	99	.2	^[27] 99	.2	No	^[22] 51		^[22] 67		Yes
Mauritius	16	.6	^[14] 16	.6	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Mexico	15	.4	^[43] 15	.4	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Micronesia	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Moldova	^[13] 0	.5	^[13] 0	.9	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Monaco	0	.5	^[14] 0	.5	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Mongolia	4	.4	^[14] 4	.4	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Montenegro	18	.5	^[14] 18	.5	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Montserrat	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Morocco	99	.9	^[14] 99	.9	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Mozambique	^[13] 64	.5	^[13] 62	.7	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Myanmar	3	.9	^[13] 3	.9	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Namibia	^[13] 31	.4	^[13] 26	.5	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Nauru	95	.0	^[14] 95	.0	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Nepal	4	.2	^[14] 4	.2	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Netherlands	5	.7	^[14] 5	.7	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
New Caledonia	50	.0	^[14] 50	.0	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
New Zealand	^[44] 10	.0	^[45] 33	.0	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Nicaragua	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Niger	99	.4	^[13] 99	.4	No	^[13] 1	.2	^[22] 2		Yes
Nigeria	98	.9	^[13] 98	.9	No	^[22] 13		^[22] 18		Yes
Niue	95		^[14] 95		No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Norfolk Island	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Northern Mariana Islands	90		^[14] 90		No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Norway	3	.0	^[14] 3	.0	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Oman	87	.7	^[14] 87	.7	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Pakistan	96	.4	^[14] 96	.4	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Palau	95		^[14] 95		No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Panama	1	.0	^[14] 1	.0	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Papua New Guinea	10	.1	^[14] 10	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Paraguay	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Peru	3	.7	^[14] 3	.7	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Philippines	91	.7	^[14] 91	.7	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Pitcairn Islands	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Poland	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Portugal	0	.6	^[14] 0	.6	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Puerto Rico	0	.14	^[14] 0	.14	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Qatar	77	.5	^[14] 77	.5	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Romania	0	.3	^[14] 0	.3	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Russia	11	.8	^[14] 11	.8	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Rwanda	^[13] 11	.9	^[13] 27	.7	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Saint Barthelemy	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Saint Helena	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Saint Kitts	0	.3	^[14] 0	.3	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Saint Lucia	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Saint Martin	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Saint Pierre	0	.2	^[14] 0	.2	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Saint Vincent	1	.7	^[14] 1	.7	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Samoa	95		^[14] 95		No	N/A		N/A		Yes
San Marino	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Sao Tome and Principe	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Saudi Arabia	97	.1	^[14] 97	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Senegal	98	.2	^[13] 98	.2	No	^[22] 14		^[22] 23		Yes
Serbia	3	.7	^[14] 3	.7	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Seychelles	1	.1	^[14] 1	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Sierra Leone	99	.4	^[13] 99	.4	No	^[22] 8		^[22] 86		No
Singapore	14	.9	^[14] 14	.9	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Sint Maarten	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Slovakia	0	.2	^[14] 0	.15	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Slovenia	8	.5	^[46] 8	.5	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Solomon Islands	95		^[14] 95		No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Somalia	93	.5	^[47]^[48] 93	.5	No	^[22] 46		^[22] 98		Yes
South Africa	^[13] 45	.5	^[13] 55	.2	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
South Sudan	23	.6	^[49]^[50] 23	.6	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Spain	6	.6	^[14] 6	.6	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Sri Lanka	8	.5	^[14] 8	.5	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Sudan	39	.4	^[47]^[27] 39	.4	No	^[22] 30		^[22] 87		No
Suriname	15	.9	^[14] 15	.9	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Svalbard	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Swaziland	8	.6	^[13] 8	.6	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Sweden	5	.1	^[14] 5	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Switzerland	5	.9	^[14] 5	.9	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Syria	92	.8	^[14] 92	.8	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Taiwan	8	.3	^[51] 8	.3	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Tajikistan	99		^[14] 99		No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Tanzania	80	.4	^[13] 80	.4	No	^[22] 0	.4	^[22] 10		Yes
Thailand	11	.9	^[52] 11	.9	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Timor-Leste	^[13] 6	.9	^[13] 9	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Togo	^[13] 98	.7	^[13] 97	.8	No	^[22] 0	.3	^[22] 5		Yes
Tokelau	95		^[14] 95		No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Tonga	95		^[14] 95		No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Trinidad and Tobago	5	.8	^[14] 5	.8	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Tunisia	99	.8	^[14] 99	.8	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Turkey	98	.6	^[14] 98	.6	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Turkmenistan	93	.4	^[14] 93	.4	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Turks and Caicos Islands	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Tuvalu	95		^[14] 95		No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Uganda	^[13] 33	.2	^[13] 45	.3	No	^[22] 1		^[22] 0		Yes
Ukraine	2	.2	^[13] 2	.2	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
United Arab Emirates	76	.0	^[14] 76	.0	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
United Kingdom	^[53]^[54] 3	.0	^[55]^[56] 8	.5	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
United States	^[57] 52	.1	^[58] 68		No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Uruguay	0	.62	^[14] 0	.62	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Uzbekistan	96	.5	^[14] 96	.5	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Vanuatu	95	.0	^[14] 95	.0	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Venezuela	0	.3	^[14] 0	.3	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Vietnam	0	.2	^[14] 0	.2	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
United States Virgin Islands	0	.6	^[14] 0	.6	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Wallis and Futuna	0	.1	^[14] 0	.1	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Western Sahara	99	.6	^[14] 99	.6	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Yemen	99	.0	^[14] 99	.0	No	^[13] 18	.5	^[22] 19		Yes
Zambia	^[13] 18	.3	^[13] 21	.6	No	N/A		N/A		Yes
Zimbabwe	^[13] 14	.3	^[13] 14	.0	No	N/A		N/A		Yes

Notes

↑ Mostly all international data, including that republished by the other two most cited sources here, Morris et al. (2016) and UNICEF, for circumcision and FGM respectively, is from USAID's Demographic and Health Surveys. Wherever possible, the primary, rather than the secondary, source is cited. The prevalence rates reflect the most recent surveys available, and are adjusted for sample biases against age distributions. Cells aggregating data across sexes and ages are without citation and are estimated from segmented data along with each country's age distributions and sex ratio. Data missing or unavailable for FGM is denoted by N/A. Data without citation for prevalence of circumcision among boys aged 0–14 is copied from sourced data for males aged 15 and older, as mostly all ritual circumcisions are done either in childhood, right before puberty (e.g. Islam) or days after birth (e.g. Islam and Judaism).
↑ Figures as reported by the children's mothers.

References

↑ Wiswell TE, Bailis SA, Morris BJ. Circumcision Rates in the United States: Rising or Falling? What Effect Might the New Affirmative Pediatric Policy Statement Have?. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1 May 2014; 89(5): 677–686. PMID. DOI.
↑ (1 June 2019). Products - Health E Stats - Trends in Circumcision Among Male Newborns Born in U.S. Hospitals: 1979–2010, www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
↑ Jacobson, Deborah L., Balmert, Lauren C., Holl, Jane L., Rosoklija, Ilina, Davis, Matthew M., Johnson. Nationwide Circumcision Trends: 2003 to 2016. J Urol. January 2021; 205(1): 257-63. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
↑ Australian circumcision statistics | Circinfo.org, www.circinfo.org. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
↑ (23 March 2006)."Rates of circumcision slashed in past 30 years", The Gazette, Montreal. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
↑ MacDonald, Andrea (25 March 2006)."N.S. circumcisions continue to drop: Province has second-lowest rate in the country". Retrieved 20 April 2021.
↑ Press, Australian Associated (9 February 2017)."Protection offered by circumcision does not warrant lifting ban, say doctors". Retrieved 1 June 2019.
↑ ^a ^b Nussbaum M: Sex and Social Justice. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. P. 119. ISBN 9780195355017.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Female genital mutilation, World Health Organization. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
↑ Cappa C: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Statistical Overview and Exploration of the Dynamics of Change. New York: United Nations Children's Fund. Pp. 6–7.
↑ UNICEF 2013, pp. 8-9
↑ ICF, Health/Afghanistan, Ministry of Public, Organization/Afghanistan, Central Statistics. Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey 2015 1 January 2017;
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd The DHS Program - Data, www.dhsprogram.com.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp ^dq ^dr ^ds ^dt ^du ^dv ^dw ^dx ^dy ^dz ^ea ^eb ^ec ^ed ^ee ^ef ^eg ^eh ^ei ^ej ^ek ^el ^em ^en ^eo ^ep ^eq ^er ^es ^et ^eu ^ev ^ew ^ex ^ey Morris BJ, Wamai RG, Henebeng EB, Tobian AAR, Klausner JD, Banerjee J, Hankins CA. Erratum to: Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision. Population Health Metrics. 4 April 2016; 14: 11. PMID. PMC. DOI.
↑ ^a ^b Female genital mutilation: Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Archive.ipu.org. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
↑ Medicare Australia - Statistics - Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) Item Statistics, medicarestatistics.humanservices.gov.au. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
↑ (31 May 2019). Population, www.abs.gov.au, Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
↑ The 1 November 2016 MBS (XML, PDF, DOC, ZIP) files are now available to download, Australian Government Department of Health. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
↑ Ferris JA, Richters J, Pitts MK, Shelley JM, Simpson JM, Ryall R, Smith AMA. Circumcision in Australia: further evidence on its effects on sexual health and wellbeing. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. April 2010; 34(2): 160–164. PMID. DOI.
↑ Sabin KM, Rahman M, Hawkes S, Ahsan K, Begum L, Black RE, Baqui AH. Sexually transmitted infections prevalence rates in slum communities of Dhaka, Bangladesh. International Journal of STD & AIDS. September 2003; 14(9): 614–621. PMID. DOI.
↑ Bronselaer, Guy A., Schober, Justine M., Meyer-Bahlburg, Heino F. L., T'Sjoen, Guy, Vlietinck, Robert, Hoebeke, Piet B.. Male circumcision decreases penile sensitivity as measured in a large cohort. BJU Int. May 2013; 111(5): 820–7. PMID. DOI.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc Female genital mutilation, UNICEF DATA. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
↑ Ayiga N, Letamo G. Impact of male circumcision on HIV risk compensation through the impediment of condom use in Botswana. African Health Sciences. December 2011; 11(4): 550–559. PMID. PMC.
↑ Andersson N, Cockcroft A. Male circumcision, attitudes to HIV prevention and HIV status: a cross-sectional study in Botswana, Namibia and Swaziland. AIDS Care. 2012; 24(3): 301–309. PMID. PMC. DOI.
↑ Korkes F, Silva JL, Pompeo ACL. Circumcisions for medical reasons in the Brazilian public health system: epidemiology and trends. Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil). July 2012; 10(3): 342–346. PMID. DOI.
↑ Public Health Agency of Canada. What Mothers Say. Data Tables to The Maternity Experiences Survey (MES) 2006–2007. Table 38. 2011. p.267.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Williams BG, Lloyd-Smith JO, Gouws E, Hankins C, Getz WM, Hargrove J, de Zoysa I, Dye C, Auvert B. The potential impact of male circumcision on HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS Medicine. July 2006; 3(7): e262. PMID. PMC. DOI.
↑ Sullivan SG, Ma W, Duan S, Li F, Wu Z, Detels R. Attitudes towards circumcision among Chinese men. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 1 February 2009; 50(2): 238–240. PMID. DOI.
↑ Castellsagué X, Bosch FX, Muñoz N, Meijer CJLM, Shah KV, de Sanjose S, Eluf-Neto J, Ngelangel CA, Chichareon S. Male circumcision, penile human papillomavirus infection, and cervical cancer in female partners. The New England Journal of Medicine. 11 April 2002; 346(15): 1105–1112. PMID. DOI.
↑ ^a ^b (6 February 2015)."Colombia's Embera tribe hopes to eradicate FGM by 2030", Reuters. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
↑ ^a ^b UK Border Agency, p. 20
↑ Svare EI, Kjaer SK, Worm AM, Osterlind A, Meijer CJLM, van den Brule AJC. Risk factors for genital HPV DNA in men resemble those found in women: a study of male attendees at a Danish STD clinic. Sexually Transmitted Infections. June 2002; 78(3): 215–218. PMID. PMC. DOI.
↑ Frisch M, Lindholm M, Grønbæk M. Male circumcision and sexual function in men and women: a survey-based, cross-sectional study in Denmark. Int J Epidemiol. 14 June 2011; 40(5): 1367-81. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
↑ ^a ^b Timberg C, Halperin DT: Tinderbox: how the West sparked the AIDS epidemic and how the world can finally overcome it. (English). New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 9780143123002.
↑ Kolehmainen M, Taskinen S, Ossi L. [Foreskin surgery]. Duodecim; Laaketieteellinen Aikakauskirja. 2010; 126(1): 75–83. PMID.
↑ ^a ^b Hoschke B, Fenske S, Brookman-May S, Spivak I, Gilfrich C, Fritsche HM, Wolff I, May M. [Male circumcision is not associated with an increased prevalence of erectile dysfunction: results of the Cottbus 10,000-men survey]. Der Urologe. Ausg. A. April 2013; 52(4): 562–569. PMID. DOI.
↑ Kamtsiuris P, Bergmann E, Rattay P, Schlaud M. [Use of medical services. Results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS)]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz. May 2007; 50(5–6): 836–850. PMID. DOI.
↑ Wang Z, Lau JTF, Gu J. Acceptability of circumcision among clients of female sex worker in Hong Kong. AIDS and Behavior. October 2012; 16(7): 1836–1845. PMID. DOI.
↑ Female Circumcision in Indonesia, usaid.gov, United States Agency for International Development. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
↑ Walcott MM, Jolly PE, Ehiri JE, Funkhouser E, Kempf MC, Hickman D, Aung M, Zhang K. Factors associated with the acceptability of male circumcision among men in Jamaica. PLOS ONE. 2013; 8(9): e75074. PMID. PMC. DOI.
↑ Yamagishi T, Imai H, Nakao H, Yahata Y, Iizuka N, Onoye Y, Koichi U, Misaki H, Takaaki O. Inter-rater reliability of self-reported response on foreskin status in questionnaire among Japanese adult men. Sexually Transmitted Infections. November 2012; 88(7): 534–538. PMID. DOI.
↑ ^a ^b Kim DS, Koo SA, Pang MG. Decline in male circumcision in South Korea. BMC Public Health. 11 December 2012; 12: 1067. PMID. PMC. DOI.
↑ Albero G, Castellsagué X, Lin HY, Fulp W, Villa LL, Lazcano-Ponce E, Papenfuss M, Abrahamsen M, Salmerón J. Male circumcision and the incidence and clearance of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in men: the HPV Infection in men (HIM) cohort study. BMC Infectious Diseases. 10 February 2014; 14: 75. PMID. PMC. DOI.
↑ A guide for parents. Sydney, Australia: The Royal Australasian College of Physicians.
Quote: There are fewer boys being circumcised in Australia and New Zealand in recent years than in the past. Currently, only 10-20% of boys in Australia and less than 10 % of boys in New Zealand are circumcised.
↑ Fergusson DM, Boden JM, Horwood LJ. Circumcision status and risk of sexually transmitted infection in young adult males: an analysis of a longitudinal birth cohort. Pediatrics. November 2006; 118(5): 1971–1977. PMID. DOI.
↑ Klavs I, Hamers FF. Male circumcision in Slovenia: results from a national probability sample survey. Sexually Transmitted Infections. February 2008; 84(1): 49–50. PMID. DOI.
↑ ^a ^b Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. Behavioural Surveillance Surveys Among Refugees and Surrounding Host Population, Kakuma, Kenya, UNHCR. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. HIV Behavioural Surveillance Survey in Dadaab Refugee Camps, Kenya, UNHCR. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
↑ HIV Behavioural Surveillance Survey Juba Municipality, South Sudan , United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
↑ HIV Behavioural Surveillance Survey in Kajo Keji County, Central Equatoria State, Southern Sudan , United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
↑ Ko MC, Liu CK, Lee WK, Jeng HS, Chiang HS, Li CY. Age-specific prevalence rates of phimosis and circumcision in Taiwanese boys. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan Yi Zhi. April 2007; 106(4): 302–307. PMID. DOI.
↑ Tieu HV, Phanuphak N, Ananworanich J, Vatanparast R, Jadwattanakul T, Pharachetsakul N, Mingkwanrungrueng P, Buajoom R, Teeratakulpisarn S. Acceptability of male circumcision for the prevention of HIV among high-risk heterosexual men in Thailand. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. June 2010; 37(6): 352–355. PMID. DOI.
↑ Cathcart P, Nuttall M, van der Meulen J, Emberton M, Kenny SE. Trends in paediatric circumcision and its complications in England between 1997 and 2003. BJS. 2006; 93(7): 885–890. PMID. DOI.
↑ (4 August 2019). Circumcision in boys, NCT (National Childbirth Trust). Retrieved 14 October 2019.
↑ Homfray V, Tanton C, Mitchell KR, Miller RF, Field N, Macdowall W, Wellings K, Sonnenberg P, Johnson AM. Examining the association between male circumcision and sexual function: evidence from a British probability survey. AIDS (London, England). 17 July 2015; 29(11): 1411–1416. PMID. PMC. DOI.
↑ (4 August 2019). Circumcision in boys, NCT (National Childbirth Trust). Retrieved 14 October 2019.
↑ Hart-Cooper GD, Tao G, Stock JA, Hoover KW. Circumcision of privately insured males aged 0 to 18 years in the United States. Pediatrics. November 2014; 134(5): 950–956. PMID. DOI.
↑ Introcaso CE, Xu F, Kilmarx PH, Zaidi A, Markowitz LE. Prevalence of circumcision among men and boys aged 14 to 59 years in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2005-2010. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. July 2013; 40(7): 521–525. PMC. DOI.

[12] Mostly all international data, including that republished by the other two most cited sources here, Morris et al. (2016) and UNICEF, for circumcision and FGM respectively, is from USAID's Demographic and Health Surveys. Wherever possible, the primary, rather than the secondary, source is cited. The prevalence rates reflect the most recent surveys available, and are adjusted for sample biases against age distributions. Cells aggregating data across sexes and ages are without citation and are estimated from segmented data along with each country's age distributions and sex ratio. Data missing or unavailable for FGM is denoted by N/A. Data without citation for prevalence of circumcision among boys aged 0–14 is copied from sourced data for males aged 15 and older, as mostly all ritual circumcisions are done either in childhood, right before puberty (e.g. Islam) or days after birth (e.g. Islam and Judaism).

[13] Figures as reported by the children's mothers.

[1] Wiswell TE, Bailis SA, Morris BJ. Circumcision Rates in the United States: Rising or Falling? What Effect Might the New Affirmative Pediatric Policy Statement Have?. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1 May 2014; 89(5): 677–686. PMID. DOI.

[2] (1 June 2019). Products - Health E Stats - Trends in Circumcision Among Male Newborns Born in U.S. Hospitals: 1979–2010, www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 31 August 2019.

[jacobson2021-3] Jacobson, Deborah L., Balmert, Lauren C., Holl, Jane L., Rosoklija, Ilina, Davis, Matthew M., Johnson. Nationwide Circumcision Trends: 2003 to 2016. J Urol. January 2021; 205(1): 257-63. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 22 June 2023.

[4] Australian circumcision statistics | Circinfo.org, www.circinfo.org. Retrieved 31 August 2019.

[5] (23 March 2006)."Rates of circumcision slashed in past 30 years", The Gazette, Montreal. Retrieved 20 April 2021.

[6] MacDonald, Andrea (25 March 2006)."N.S. circumcisions continue to drop: Province has second-lowest rate in the country". Retrieved 20 April 2021.

[7] Press, Australian Associated (9 February 2017)."Protection offered by circumcision does not warrant lifting ban, say doctors". Retrieved 1 June 2019.

[Nussbaum1999p119-8] Nussbaum M: Sex and Social Justice. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. P. 119. ISBN 9780195355017.

[WHO2019-9] Female genital mutilation, World Health Organization. Retrieved 1 June 2019.

[10] Cappa C: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Statistical Overview and Exploration of the Dynamics of Change. New York: United Nations Children's Fund. Pp. 6–7.

[11] UNICEF 2013, pp. 8-9

[Auto22-1-14] ICF, Health/Afghanistan, Ministry of Public, Organization/Afghanistan, Central Statistics. Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey 2015 1 January 2017;

[:0-15] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd The DHS Program - Data, www.dhsprogram.com.

[:3-16] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp ^dq ^dr ^ds ^dt ^du ^dv ^dw ^dx ^dy ^dz ^ea ^eb ^ec ^ed ^ee ^ef ^eg ^eh ^ei ^ej ^ek ^el ^em ^en ^eo ^ep ^eq ^er ^es ^et ^eu ^ev ^ew ^ex ^ey Morris BJ, Wamai RG, Henebeng EB, Tobian AAR, Klausner JD, Banerjee J, Hankins CA. Erratum to: Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision. Population Health Metrics. 4 April 2016; 14: 11. PMID. PMC. DOI.

[auto1-17] Female genital mutilation: Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Archive.ipu.org. Retrieved 28 August 2019.

[Auto22-2-18] Medicare Australia - Statistics - Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) Item Statistics, medicarestatistics.humanservices.gov.au. Retrieved 30 May 2019.

[Auto22-3-19] (31 May 2019). Population, www.abs.gov.au, Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 31 May 2019.

[20] The 1 November 2016 MBS (XML, PDF, DOC, ZIP) files are now available to download, Australian Government Department of Health. Retrieved 30 January 2021.

[Auto22-4-21] Ferris JA, Richters J, Pitts MK, Shelley JM, Simpson JM, Ryall R, Smith AMA. Circumcision in Australia: further evidence on its effects on sexual health and wellbeing. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. April 2010; 34(2): 160–164. PMID. DOI.

[Auto22-5-22] Sabin KM, Rahman M, Hawkes S, Ahsan K, Begum L, Black RE, Baqui AH. Sexually transmitted infections prevalence rates in slum communities of Dhaka, Bangladesh. International Journal of STD & AIDS. September 2003; 14(9): 614–621. PMID. DOI.

[Auto22-6-23] Bronselaer, Guy A., Schober, Justine M., Meyer-Bahlburg, Heino F. L., T'Sjoen, Guy, Vlietinck, Robert, Hoebeke, Piet B.. Male circumcision decreases penile sensitivity as measured in a large cohort. BJU Int. May 2013; 111(5): 820–7. PMID. DOI.

[:8-24] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc Female genital mutilation, UNICEF DATA. Retrieved 22 May 2019.

[Auto22-7-25] Ayiga N, Letamo G. Impact of male circumcision on HIV risk compensation through the impediment of condom use in Botswana. African Health Sciences. December 2011; 11(4): 550–559. PMID. PMC.

[:4-26] Andersson N, Cockcroft A. Male circumcision, attitudes to HIV prevention and HIV status: a cross-sectional study in Botswana, Namibia and Swaziland. AIDS Care. 2012; 24(3): 301–309. PMID. PMC. DOI.

[Auto22-8-27] Korkes F, Silva JL, Pompeo ACL. Circumcisions for medical reasons in the Brazilian public health system: epidemiology and trends. Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil). July 2012; 10(3): 342–346. PMID. DOI.

[:6-28] Public Health Agency of Canada. What Mothers Say. Data Tables to The Maternity Experiences Survey (MES) 2006–2007. Table 38. 2011. p.267.

[:2-29] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Williams BG, Lloyd-Smith JO, Gouws E, Hankins C, Getz WM, Hargrove J, de Zoysa I, Dye C, Auvert B. The potential impact of male circumcision on HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS Medicine. July 2006; 3(7): e262. PMID. PMC. DOI.

[Auto22-9-30] Sullivan SG, Ma W, Duan S, Li F, Wu Z, Detels R. Attitudes towards circumcision among Chinese men. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 1 February 2009; 50(2): 238–240. PMID. DOI.

[Auto22-10-31] Castellsagué X, Bosch FX, Muñoz N, Meijer CJLM, Shah KV, de Sanjose S, Eluf-Neto J, Ngelangel CA, Chichareon S. Male circumcision, penile human papillomavirus infection, and cervical cancer in female partners. The New England Journal of Medicine. 11 April 2002; 346(15): 1105–1112. PMID. DOI.

[auto2-32] (6 February 2015)."Colombia's Embera tribe hopes to eradicate FGM by 2030", Reuters. Retrieved 11 October 2019.

[auto-33] UK Border Agency, p. 20

[Auto22-11-34] Svare EI, Kjaer SK, Worm AM, Osterlind A, Meijer CJLM, van den Brule AJC. Risk factors for genital HPV DNA in men resemble those found in women: a study of male attendees at a Danish STD clinic. Sexually Transmitted Infections. June 2002; 78(3): 215–218. PMID. PMC. DOI.

[Auto22-12-35] Frisch M, Lindholm M, Grønbæk M. Male circumcision and sexual function in men and women: a survey-based, cross-sectional study in Denmark. Int J Epidemiol. 14 June 2011; 40(5): 1367-81. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 26 September 2021.

[:1-36] Timberg C, Halperin DT: Tinderbox: how the West sparked the AIDS epidemic and how the world can finally overcome it. (English). New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 9780143123002.

[Auto22-13-37] Kolehmainen M, Taskinen S, Ossi L. [Foreskin surgery]. Duodecim; Laaketieteellinen Aikakauskirja. 2010; 126(1): 75–83. PMID.

[Hoschke_2013-38] Hoschke B, Fenske S, Brookman-May S, Spivak I, Gilfrich C, Fritsche HM, Wolff I, May M. [Male circumcision is not associated with an increased prevalence of erectile dysfunction: results of the Cottbus 10,000-men survey]. Der Urologe. Ausg. A. April 2013; 52(4): 562–569. PMID. DOI.

[Kamtsiuris_2007-39] Kamtsiuris P, Bergmann E, Rattay P, Schlaud M. [Use of medical services. Results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS)]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz. May 2007; 50(5–6): 836–850. PMID. DOI.

[Auto22-16-40] Wang Z, Lau JTF, Gu J. Acceptability of circumcision among clients of female sex worker in Hong Kong. AIDS and Behavior. October 2012; 16(7): 1836–1845. PMID. DOI.

[Female_Circumcision_in_Indonesia-41] Female Circumcision in Indonesia, usaid.gov, United States Agency for International Development. Retrieved 26 April 2015.

[Auto22-17-42] Walcott MM, Jolly PE, Ehiri JE, Funkhouser E, Kempf MC, Hickman D, Aung M, Zhang K. Factors associated with the acceptability of male circumcision among men in Jamaica. PLOS ONE. 2013; 8(9): e75074. PMID. PMC. DOI.

[Auto22-18-43] Yamagishi T, Imai H, Nakao H, Yahata Y, Iizuka N, Onoye Y, Koichi U, Misaki H, Takaaki O. Inter-rater reliability of self-reported response on foreskin status in questionnaire among Japanese adult men. Sexually Transmitted Infections. November 2012; 88(7): 534–538. PMID. DOI.

[Auto22-19-44] Kim DS, Koo SA, Pang MG. Decline in male circumcision in South Korea. BMC Public Health. 11 December 2012; 12: 1067. PMID. PMC. DOI.

[:5-45] Albero G, Castellsagué X, Lin HY, Fulp W, Villa LL, Lazcano-Ponce E, Papenfuss M, Abrahamsen M, Salmerón J. Male circumcision and the incidence and clearance of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in men: the HPV Infection in men (HIM) cohort study. BMC Infectious Diseases. 10 February 2014; 14: 75. PMID. PMC. DOI.

[46] A guide for parents. Sydney, Australia: The Royal Australasian College of Physicians.
Quote: There are fewer boys being circumcised in Australia and New Zealand in recent years than in the past. Currently, only 10-20% of boys in Australia and less than 10 % of boys in New Zealand are circumcised.

[Auto22-20-47] Fergusson DM, Boden JM, Horwood LJ. Circumcision status and risk of sexually transmitted infection in young adult males: an analysis of a longitudinal birth cohort. Pediatrics. November 2006; 118(5): 1971–1977. PMID. DOI.

[Auto22-21-48] Klavs I, Hamers FF. Male circumcision in Slovenia: results from a national probability sample survey. Sexually Transmitted Infections. February 2008; 84(1): 49–50. PMID. DOI.

[auto3-49] Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. Behavioural Surveillance Surveys Among Refugees and Surrounding Host Population, Kakuma, Kenya, UNHCR. Retrieved 29 May 2019.

[auto4-50] Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. HIV Behavioural Surveillance Survey in Dadaab Refugee Camps, Kenya, UNHCR. Retrieved 29 May 2019.

[Auto22-22-51] HIV Behavioural Surveillance Survey Juba Municipality, South Sudan , United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.

[Auto22-23-52] HIV Behavioural Surveillance Survey in Kajo Keji County, Central Equatoria State, Southern Sudan , United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.

[:7-53] Ko MC, Liu CK, Lee WK, Jeng HS, Chiang HS, Li CY. Age-specific prevalence rates of phimosis and circumcision in Taiwanese boys. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan Yi Zhi. April 2007; 106(4): 302–307. PMID. DOI.

[Auto22-24-54] Tieu HV, Phanuphak N, Ananworanich J, Vatanparast R, Jadwattanakul T, Pharachetsakul N, Mingkwanrungrueng P, Buajoom R, Teeratakulpisarn S. Acceptability of male circumcision for the prevention of HIV among high-risk heterosexual men in Thailand. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. June 2010; 37(6): 352–355. PMID. DOI.

[55] Cathcart P, Nuttall M, van der Meulen J, Emberton M, Kenny SE. Trends in paediatric circumcision and its complications in England between 1997 and 2003. BJS. 2006; 93(7): 885–890. PMID. DOI.

[56] (4 August 2019). Circumcision in boys, NCT (National Childbirth Trust). Retrieved 14 October 2019.

[Auto22-27-57] Homfray V, Tanton C, Mitchell KR, Miller RF, Field N, Macdowall W, Wellings K, Sonnenberg P, Johnson AM. Examining the association between male circumcision and sexual function: evidence from a British probability survey. AIDS (London, England). 17 July 2015; 29(11): 1411–1416. PMID. PMC. DOI.

[58] (4 August 2019). Circumcision in boys, NCT (National Childbirth Trust). Retrieved 14 October 2019.

[Auto22-28-59] Hart-Cooper GD, Tao G, Stock JA, Hoover KW. Circumcision of privately insured males aged 0 to 18 years in the United States. Pediatrics. November 2014; 134(5): 950–956. PMID. DOI.

[Auto22-29-60] Introcaso CE, Xu F, Kilmarx PH, Zaidi A, Markowitz LE. Prevalence of circumcision among men and boys aged 14 to 59 years in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2005-2010. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. July 2013; 40(7): 521–525. PMC. DOI.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[Notes 1]

[Notes 2]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

Difference between revisions of "Genital cutting/List of countries"

Latest revision as of 13:36, 5 April 2024

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Construction Site}}
+In males, '''[[circumcision]]''' consists of removing the [[prepuce]] of the [[penis]] (the [[foreskin]]). Circumcision is practiced on young Muslim boys (known as [[Khitan (circumcision)|''khitan'']]) and on newborn Jewish infants (known as ''[[Brit Milah]]''), as well as on non-Jewish or Muslim infants in the [[United States]] as a hospital procedure.<ref>{{REFjournal
-In males, '''[[circumcision]]''' consists of removing the prepuce of the penis (the [[foreskin]]). Circumcision is practiced on young Muslim boys (known as [[Khitan (circumcision)|''khitan'']]) and on newborn Jewish infants (known as ''[[brit milah]]''), as well as on non-Jewish or Muslim infants in the United States as a hospital procedure.<ref>{{REFjournal
   |last=Wiswell
   |first=Thomas E.
@@ Line 32: / Line 30: @@
   |language=en-us
   |accessdate=2019-08-31
-}}</ref> It used to be, but is no longer, a common procedure in [[Australia]]<ref>{{REFweb
+}}</ref>
+Jacobsen et al. (2021) used data from 2003 through 2016 from the Kid's Inpatient Database of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality to compare [[intact]] with [[circumcised]] boys in the first 28 days of life. The authors reported a gradual declining trend in the incidence of neonatal non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] throughout the study period. The overall incidence of circumcision decreased from 57.4 percent in 2003 to 52.1 percent in 2016 over the 13 year study period or 5.3 percentage points for an average decrease of 0.4 percentage point per year. The author noted "neonatal circumcision rates decreased significantly over time."<ref name="jacobson2021">{{REFjournal
+ |last=Jacobson
+ |first=Deborah L.
+ |init=
+ |author-link=
+ |last2=Balmert
+ |first2=Lauren C.
+ |init2=
+ |author2-link=
+ |last3=Holl
+ |first3=Jane L.
+ |init3=
+ |author3-link=
+ |last4=Rosoklija
+ |first4=Ilina
+ |init4=
+ |author4-link=
+ |last5=Davis
+ |first5=Matthew M.
+ |init5=
+ |author5-link=
+ |last6=Johnson
+ |first6Emilie K.
+ |init6=
+ |author6-link=
+ |etal=no
+ |title=Nationwide Circumcision Trends: 2003 to 2016
+ |trans-title=
+ |language=
+ |journal=J Urol
+ |location=
+ |date=2021-01
+ |volume=205
+ |issue=1
+ |article=
+ |pages=257-63
+ |url=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1097/JU.0000000000001316
+ |pubmedID=32716676
+ |pubmedCID=
+ |DOI=10.1097/JU.0000000000001316
+ |accessdate=2023-06-22
+}}</ref>
+It used to be, but is no longer, a common procedure in [[Australia]]<ref>{{REFweb
   |url=https://www.circinfo.org/statistics.html
   |title=Australian circumcision statistics {{!}} Circinfo.org
@@ Line 125: / Line 167: @@
 == Table ==
-{{Rank |rows={{TRC|tableno=2|ignore=2}} |header-lines=2 |caption='''Prevalence of genital cutting by sex, age and country'''<ref group="Notes">Mostly all international data, including that republished by the other two most cited sources here, Morris et al. (2016)<!--<ref name=":3"/>--> and [[UNICEF]],<!--<ref name=":8"/>--> for circumcision and FGM respectively, is from [[USAID]]'s [[Demographic and Health Surveys]]. Wherever possible, the primary, rather than the secondary, source is cited. The prevalence rates reflect the most recent surveys available, and are adjusted for sample biases against age distributions. Cells aggregating data across sexes and ages are without citation and are estimated from segmented data along with each country's age distributions and [[List of countries by sex ratio|sex ratio]]. Data missing or unavailable for FGM is denoted by {{N/a}}. Data without citation for prevalence of circumcision among boys aged 0–14 is copied from sourced data for males aged 15 and older, as mostly all ritual circumcisions are done either in childhood, right before puberty (e.g. Islam) or days after birth (e.g. Islam and Judaism).</ref>}}
+{{Rank |rows={{TRC|tableno=2|ignore=2}} |header-lines=2 |caption='''Prevalence of genital cutting by sex, age and country'''<ref group="Notes">Mostly all international data, including that republished by the other two most cited sources here, Morris et al. (2016) and [[UNICEF]], for circumcision and FGM respectively, is from [[USAID]]'s [[Demographic and Health Surveys]]. Wherever possible, the primary, rather than the secondary, source is cited. The prevalence rates reflect the most recent surveys available, and are adjusted for sample biases against age distributions. Cells aggregating data across sexes and ages are without citation and are estimated from segmented data along with each country's age distributions and [[List of countries by sex ratio|sex ratio]]. Data missing or unavailable for FGM is denoted by '''N/A'''. Data without citation for prevalence of circumcision among boys aged 0–14 is copied from sourced data for males aged 15 and older, as mostly all ritual circumcisions are done either in childhood, right before puberty (e.g. Islam) or days after birth (e.g. Islam and Judaism).</ref>}}
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@@ Line 140: / Line 182: @@
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-|{{decimal cell|<ref name="Auto22-1"/> 98.1}}
+|{{decimal cell|<ref name="Auto22-1">{{REFjournal
-|{{decimal cell|<ref name=":0"/> 99.1}}
+ |last=ICF
+ |last2=Health/Afghanistan
+ |first2=Ministry of Public
+ |last3=Organization/Afghanistan
+ |first3=Central Statistics
+ |date=2017-01-01
+ |title=Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey 2015
+ |url=https://www.dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-FR323-DHS-Final-Reports.cfm
+ |language=en
+}}</ref> 98.1}}
+|{{decimal cell|<ref name=":0">{{REFweb
+ |url=https://www.dhsprogram.com/data/available-datasets.cfm
+ |title=The DHS Program - Data
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-|{{decimal cell|<ref name=":0" /> 31.5}}
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@@ Line 157: / Line 214: @@
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-|{{decimal cell|<ref name=":3"/> 97.9}}
+|{{decimal cell|<ref name=":3">{{REFjournal
-|{{no}}
+ |last=Morris
-|{{decimal cell|<ref name="auto1">{{REFweb |url=http://archive.ipu.org/wmn-e/fgm-prov-a.htm |title=Female genital mutilation: Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan |website=Archive.ipu.org |accessdate=2019-08-28}}</ref> 0}}
+ |first=Brian J.
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+ |init=BJ
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-|-
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+ |first2=Richard G.
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-|{{decimal cell|<ref name=":3" /> 95}}
+ |last3=Henebeng
+ |first3=Esther B.
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+ |first4=Aaron A. R.
+ |init4=AAR
+ |author4-link=Aaron Tobian
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+ |first5=Jeffrey D.
+ |init5=JD
+ |last6=Banerjee
+ |first6=Joya
+ |init6=J
+ |last7=Hankins
+ |first7=Catherine A.
+ |init7=CA
+ |date=2016-04-04
+ |title=Erratum to: Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision
+ |journal=Population Health Metrics
+ |volume=14
+ |pages=11
+ |DOI=10.1186/s12963-016-0080-6
+ |ISSN=1478-7954
+ |pubmedCID=4820865
+ |pubmedID=27051352
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+|{{no}}
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@@ Line 173: / Line 263: @@
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 |{{decimal cell|1.1}}
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-|{{decimal cell|<ref name=":0" /> 96.1}}
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@@ Line 205: / Line 295: @@
 |align=left|{{Flag|Argentina}}
 |{{decimal cell|2.9}}
-|{{decimal cell|<ref name=":3" /> 2.9}}
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@@ Line 213: / Line 303: @@
 |align=left|{{Flag|Armenia}}
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+|{{decimal cell|<ref name="Auto22-2">{{REFweb
-|{{decimal cell|<ref name="Auto22-4"/> 40}}
+ |url=http://medicarestatistics.humanservices.gov.au/statistics/do.jsp?_PROGRAM=%2Fstatistics%2Fmbs_item_standard_report&DRILL=ag&group=30653%2C30654%2C30656%2C30658%2C30659%2C30660%09%09%09%09&VAR=services&STAT=count&RPT_FMT=by+time+period+and+state&PTYPE=calyear&START_DT=199401&END_DT=202012
-|{{no}}
+ |title=Medicare Australia - Statistics - Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) Item Statistics
-|colspan="2" {{N/a}}
+ |website=medicarestatistics.humanservices.gov.au
-|colspan="2" {{N/a}}
+ |accessdate=2019-05-30
-|{{yes}}
+}}</ref><ref name="Auto22-3">{{REFweb
-|-
+ |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/Population
-|align=left|{{Flag|Austria}}
+ |title=Population
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+ |date=2019-05-31
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+ |website=www.abs.gov.au
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+ |init2=J
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+ |init3=MK
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+ |init4=JM
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+ |init5=JM
+ |last6=Ryall
+ |first6=Richard
+ |init6=R
+ |last7=Smith
+ |first7=Anthony M. A.
+ |init7=AMA
+ |date=2010-04
+ |title=Circumcision in Australia: further evidence on its effects on sexual health and wellbeing
+ |journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health
+ |volume=34
+ |issue=2
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-|-
+ |last7=Baqui
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+ |init7=AH
-|{{decimal cell|<ref name=":0" /> 95.5}}
+ |date=2003-09
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+ |title=Sexually transmitted infections prevalence rates in slum communities of Dhaka, Bangladesh
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+ |volume=14
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+ |last=Bronselaer
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+ |last4=T'Sjoen
+ |first4=Guy
+ |last5=Vlietinck
+ |first5=Robert
+ |last6=Hoebeke
+ |first6=Piet B.
+ |date=2013-05
+ |title=Male circumcision decreases penile sensitivity as measured in a large cohort
+ |journal=BJU Int
+ |volume=111
+ |issue=5
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+ |DOI=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11761.x
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-|colspan="2" {{N/a}}
+ |url=https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/female-genital-mutilation/
+ |title=Female genital mutilation
+ |website=[[UNICEF]] DATA
+ |language=en-US
+ |accessdate=2019-05-22
+}}</ref> 0.2}}
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+ |title=Tinderbox: how the West sparked the AIDS epidemic and how the world can finally overcome it
+ |last=Timberg
+ |first=Craig
+ |init=C
+ |last2=Halperin
+ |first2=Daniel T.
+ |init2=DT
+ |author2-link=Daniel T. Halperin
+ |date=2013
+ |publisher=Penguin Books
+ |ISBN=9780143123002
+ |location=New York
+ |language=English
+ |oclc=828769264
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+ |title=[Foreskin surgery]
+ |journal=Duodecim; Laaketieteellinen Aikakauskirja
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+ |date=2013-04
-|{{no}}
+ |title=[Male circumcision is not associated with an increased prevalence of erectile dysfunction: results of the Cottbus 10,000-men survey]
-|colspan="2" {{N/a}}
+ |journal=Der Urologe. Ausg. A
-|colspan="2" {{N/a}}
+ |volume=52
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+ |last=Kamtsiuris
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+ |title=[Use of medical services. Results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS)]
+ |journal=Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz
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+ |init=Z
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+ |last3=Gu
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+ |init3=J
+ |date=2012-10
+ |title=Acceptability of circumcision among clients of female sex worker in Hong Kong
+ |journal=AIDS and Behavior
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+ |last=Fergusson
+ |first=David M.
+ |init=DM
+ |last2=Boden
+ |first2=Joseph M.
+ |init2=JM
+ |last3=Horwood
+ |first3=L. John
+ |init3=LJ
+ |date=2006-11
+ |title=Circumcision status and risk of sexually transmitted infection in young adult males: an analysis of a longitudinal birth cohort
+ |journal=Pediatrics
+ |volume=118
+ |issue=5
+ |pages=1971–1977
+ |DOI=10.1542/peds.2006-1175
+ |ISSN=1098-4275
+ |pubmedID=17079568
+}}</ref> 33.0}}
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+ |last=Klavs
+ |init=I
+ |last2=Hamers
+ |init2=FF
+ |date=2008-02
+ |title=Male circumcision in Slovenia: results from a national probability sample survey
+ |journal=Sexually Transmitted Infections
+ |volume=84
+ |issue=1
+ |pages=49–50
+ |DOI=10.1136/sti.2007.027524
+ |ISSN=1472-3263
+ |pubmedID=17881413
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+ |url=https://www.unhcr.org/protection/health/441fcc062/behavioural-surveillance-surveys-among-refugees-surrounding-host-population.html
+ |title=Behavioural Surveillance Surveys Among Refugees and Surrounding Host Population, Kakuma, Kenya
+ |last=Refugees
+ |first=United Nations High Commissioner for
+ |website=UNHCR
+ |language=en
+ |accessdate=2019-05-29
+}}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{REFweb
+ |url=https://www.unhcr.org/protection/health/4d231ca09/hiv-behavioural-surveillance-survey-dadaab-refugee-camps-kenya.html
+ |title=HIV Behavioural Surveillance Survey in Dadaab Refugee Camps, Kenya
+ |last=Refugees
+ |first=United Nations High Commissioner for
+ |website=UNHCR
+ |language=en
+ |accessdate=2019-05-29
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+==Notes==
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+{{SEEALSO}}
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+* [[Global Circumcision Statistics and Estimates]]
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-}}</ref>
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Genital cutting, list of countries}}
-{{ABBR}}
-{{REF}}
 [[Category:Genital modification and mutilation]]