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Rao Gupta was the former Senior Fellow of the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]]<ref>{{REFweb
'''Geeta Rao Gupta''' ({{LifeData|birth=1956|birthplace=Mumbai|birthcountry=[[India]]}}) was the former Senior Fellow of the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]]<ref>{{REFweb
  |last=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
  |last=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
  |first=
  |first=
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  |url=http://www.unicef.org/media/media_59471.html
  |url=http://www.unicef.org/media/media_59471.html
  |accessdate=2011-09-19
  |accessdate=2011-09-19
}}</ref> Gupta actively promotes male circumcision.<ref>{{REFweb
}}</ref>
 
Gupta actively promotes male [[circumcision]].<ref>{{REFweb
  |last=Global HIV Prevention Working Group
  |last=Global HIV Prevention Working Group
  |first=
  |first=
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  |url=http://www.malecircumcision.org/advocacy/documents/PWG_behavior_report_FINAL.pdf
  |url=http://www.malecircumcision.org/advocacy/documents/PWG_behavior_report_FINAL.pdf
  |accessdate=2011-09-19
  |accessdate=2011-09-19
}}</ref> Gupta also serves as co-convener of the Social Drivers Working Group of aids2031, an international initiative commissioned by [[UNAIDS]] to chart a course for a global response to AIDS over the next twenty-five years.<ref>{{REFweb
}}</ref> Gupta also serves as co-convener of the Social Drivers Working Group of aids2031, an international initiative commissioned by [[UNAIDS]] to chart a course for a global response to [[AIDS]] over the next twenty-five years.<ref>{{REFweb
  |last=aids2031.org
  |last=aids2031.org
  |first=
  |first=
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  |url=https://erecruit.unaids.org/public/hrd-cl-vac-view.asp?jobinfo_uid_c=18784&vaclng=en
  |url=https://erecruit.unaids.org/public/hrd-cl-vac-view.asp?jobinfo_uid_c=18784&vaclng=en
  |accessdate=2011-09-19
  |accessdate=2011-09-19
}}</ref><ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geeta_Rao_Gupta More Here]</ref>
}}</ref>
 
== Population-based studies ==
{{Population-based studies}}
==Two African surveys==
The previously reported studies were from developed Western nations. Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa.
 
French scientist [[Michel Garenne]], Ph.D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the incidence of HIV infection in [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men.
 
In his first report, Garenne presented the findings from a study in Lesotho, the enclave in South Africa. He reported:
<blockquote>
In couple studies, the effect of circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant, with similar transmission from female to male and male to female. The study questions the amount of effort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.<ref name="garenne2022A">{{REFjournal
|last=Garenne
|first=Michel
|init=M
|author-link=Michel Garenne
|title=Changing relationships between HIV prevalence and circumcision in Lesotho
|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35373731/
|date=2022-04-04
|journal=J Biosoc Sci
|volume=online ahead of print
|pages=1-16
|DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000153
|pubmedID=35373731
|accessdate=2022-10-31
}}</ref>
</blockquote>  


In his second report, Garenne (2022) presented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe). He reported:
<blockquote>
"Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men had similar levels of HIV infection."<ref name="garenne2022B">{{REFjournal
|last=Garenne
|first=Michael
|init=M
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Age-incidence and prevalence of HIV among intact and circumcised men: an analysis of PHIA surveys in Southern Africa
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=J Biosoc Sci
|location=
|date=2022-10-26
|season=
|volume=
|issue=
|article=
|page=
|pages=1-13
|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-biosocial-science/article/abs/ageincidence-and-prevalence-of-hiv-among-intact-and-circumcised-men-an-analysis-of-phia-surveys-in-southern-africa/CAA7E7BD5A9844F41C6B7CC3573B9E50
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=36286328
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000414
|accessdate=2022-10-31
}}</ref></blockquote>
{{SEEALSO}}
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[UNICEF]] -- Gupta is Executive Deputy Director
* [[UNICEF]] -- Gupta is Executive Deputy Director
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* [[UNAIDS]] -- Gupta serves as co-convener of the Social Drivers Working Group
* [[UNAIDS]] -- Gupta serves as co-convener of the Social Drivers Working Group
* [[Stephen H. Lewis]] -- Former Deputy Director at UNICEF
* [[Stephen H. Lewis]] -- Former Deputy Director at UNICEF
* [[United States of America]]
{{LINKS}}
* {{URLwikipedia|Geeta_Rao_Gupta|Geeta Rao Gupta|2021-11-24}}


{{REF}}
{{REF}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Rao}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Rao}}


[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Person]]
[[Category:Promoters]]
[[Category:Female]]
 
[[Category:Promoter]]
[[Category:Circumcision in Africa]]
[[Category:Circumcision in Africa]]
[[Category:India]]
[[Category:USA]]


[[Category:From CircLeaks]]
[[Category:From CircLeaks]]
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