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# That more rigours rigorous and consistent methodology be used.# Empirically rigorous studies of the physiological effects of neonatal [[circumcision ]] are needed.

[[Medical trade association| Medical trade associations ]] exist to protect and advance the professional, financial , business, and business legal interests of their fellows (members). A few medical trade associations, whose members perform non-therapeutic circumcision, have issued statements regarding non-therapeutic circumcision of children. Circumcision policy statements frequently exclude discussions of [[Sexual effects of circumcision| sexual]], [[Psychological issues of male circumcision| psychological]], [[human rights]], ethical, and [[Circumcision legal commentary| legal ]] issues, and the [[Foreskin| anatomy and functions of the foreskin]].<ref name="goldman2004">{{REFjournal

The [[United States ]] are unique because the American medical industry has been promoting the practice of non-therapeutic [[circumcision ]] since the late 19th Century.<ref>{{GollaherDL 1994}}</ref> As a result of the centuries-old promotion almost all American males were [[circumcised ]] soon after birth from the 1930s through the 1980s.<ref name="laumann1996">{{REFjournal

With such an environment the medical industry has been able to develop its [[circumcision ]] business into a colossus that exceeds an estimated $3 billion per year.<ref name="bollinger2012">{{REFweb

The AAP has a long-standing policy that its published policies and statements expire after five years unless re-affirmed. The AAP has ''not'' re-affirmed the statements below so they expired on 31 August 2017. The AAP now has ''no'' official position on non-therapeutic [[circumcision ]] of boys.