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Male [[circumcision]] is a surgical [[amputation]] of the [[foreskin]], which contains more than one-half of the erogenous epithelium of the [[penis]]. The [[amputation]] is most frequently carried out on infants and small boys who cannot and do not give consent for the loss of so much of their [[penis]]. There are many '''psychological issues of male circumcision''' that arise from the painful, traumatic, involuntary loss of the part of the [[penis]] with the erogenous tissue that provides much sexual sensation.<ref name ="uberoi2022">{{REFjournal
Male [[circumcision]] is a surgical [[amputation]] of the [[foreskin]], which contains more than one-half of the erogenous epithelium of the [[penis]]. Doctors who perform [[circumcision of the newborn]] do not advise or warn parents of these risks.
 
Andersen-Giberson advised:
<blockquote>
Links between circumcision status and mental health difficulties include significantly higherscores for circumcised men compared to intact men for alexithymia, reports of  significant psychological and emotional harm from circumcision, acute circumcision related distress, disturbed adult socio-affective traits, grief and loss, long-term psychological and psychosocial implications, and significant adverse physical, psychological and sexual consequences.<ref name="andersen2025">{{REFjournal
|last=Andersen-Giberson
|init=D
|author-link=Dale Andersen
|url=https://cdd.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/cdd/article/view/39786/36016
|title=Circumcision and forced disability: Routine male neonatal circumcision and the consequences of amputation within a critical disability studies framework
|journal=Critical Disability Discourses
|date=2025-12
|volume=10
|issue=2
|pages=1-37
|URL=https://cdd.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/cdd/article/view/39786/36016
|DOI=https://doi.org/10.25071/1918-6215.39786
|accessdate=2026-03-12
|quote=In a critical disability studies framework, it is argued that the act of amputating healthy erogenous tissue and the consequences of that amputation cause disability, particularly from a counter-hegemonic lens.
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2026-03-13
}}</ref></blockquote>
The [[amputation]] is most frequently carried out on infants and small boys who cannot and do not give consent for the loss of so much of their [[penis]].<ref name="andersen2025" /> There are many '''psychological issues of male circumcision''' that arise from the [[pain| painful]], [[trauma| traumatic]], involuntary loss of the part of the [[penis]] with the erogenous tissue that provides much sexual sensation.<ref name="andersen2025" /><ref name ="uberoi2022">{{REFjournal
  |last=Uberoi
  |last=Uberoi
  |first=
  |first=
Line 70: Line 92:
  |pages=
  |pages=
  |accessdate=2023-03-01
  |accessdate=2023-03-01
}}</ref> [[Foreskinned]] men derive comfort from their [[foreskin]] that is not available to [[circumcised]] men.
}}</ref> [[Foreskinned]] men derive comfort from their [[foreskin]] that is not available to [[circumcised]] men.<ref name="andersen2025" /> <ref name="prescott1975">{{REFjournal
|last=Prescott
|init=JW
|author-link=James W. Prescott
|url=http://www.violence.de/prescott/bulletin/article.html
|title=Body Pleasure and the Origins of Violence
|journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
|date=1975-11
|volume=
|issue=
|pages=10-20
|accessdate=2022-11-05
}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
[[Circumcision]] has long been used to effect behavior change.


[[Moses Maimonides]] wrote in the 12th century:
[[Moses Maimonides]] wrote in the 12th century:
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}}</ref>  
}}</ref>  
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
So we see that [[circumcision]] has long been used to effect behavior change.


== Profound lack of understanding of psychological issues ==
== Profound lack of understanding of psychological issues ==


There was little awareness of emotional and/or psychological issues when child [[circumcision]] was being promoted in the late 19th century and early 20th century. For example, [[Douglas Gairdner]] (1949) made no mention at all of [[pain]], [[trauma]] behavior changes, or psychological issues in his landmark 1949 paper.<ref name="fate1949">{{GairdnerDM 1949}}</ref>
There was little awareness of emotional and/or psychological issues when child [[circumcision]] was being promoted in the late 19th century and early 20th century. For example, [[Douglas Gairdner]] (1949) made no mention at all of [[pain]], [[trauma]], behavior changes, or psychological issues in his landmark 1949 paper.<ref name="fate1949">{{GairdnerDM 1949}}</ref>


Intact America (2023) reported that [[intact]] males were shamed.<ref>{{REFweb
[[Intact America]] (2023) reported that [[intact]] males were shamed.<ref>{{REFweb
  |url=https://intactamerica.org/foreskin-phobia-intact-penis-shamed/
  |url=https://intactamerica.org/foreskin-phobia-intact-penis-shamed/
  |title=Foreskin Phobia: How The Intact Penis Has Been Shamed
  |title=Foreskin Phobia: How The Intact Penis Has Been Shamed
Line 300: Line 333:
}}</ref> so they blamed the observed effects on "stress", not pain.
}}</ref> so they blamed the observed effects on "stress", not pain.


Luther, Kraybill & Potter (1976) tested cortisol and cortisone in the blood of newborn infants before and after circumcision. Dramatic increases in cortisol and a lesser increase in cortisone was recorded.<ref name="luther1976">{{REFjournal
Luther, Kraybill & Potter (1976) tested cortisol and cortisone in the blood of newborn infants before and after [[circumcision]]. Dramatic increases in cortisol and a lesser increase in cortisone was recorded.<ref name="luther1976">{{REFjournal
  |last=Talbot
  |last=Talbot
  |init=LM
  |init=LM
Line 326: Line 359:
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


Rawlins, Miller & Engel (1980) investigated the blood oxygen content after [https://www.thefreedictionary.com/unanesthetized unanesthetized] non-therapeutic circumcision. They reported that blood oxygen content decreased during non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision, although it returned to baseline or above later.<ref name="rawlins-miller-engel1980">{{REFjournal
Rawlins, Miller & Engel (1980) investigated the blood oxygen content after [https://www.thefreedictionary.com/unanesthetized unanesthetized] non-therapeutic [[circumcision]]. They reported that blood oxygen content decreased during non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision, although it returned to baseline or above later.<ref name="rawlins-miller-engel1980">{{REFjournal
  |last=Rawlins
  |last=Rawlins
  |init=DJ
  |init=DJ
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  |author3-link=
  |author3-link=
  |etal=yes
  |etal=yes
  |title=Circumcision I: effects upon newborn behavior
  |title=Circumcision I: Effects upon newborn behavior
  |journal=Infant Behavior and Development  
  |journal=Infant Behavior and Development  
  |location=
  |location=
Line 446: Line 479:
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


Gunnar et al. (1984) tested the effects of a pacifier during circumcision. They reported:
Gunnar et al. (1984) tested the effects of a pacifier during [[circumcision]]. They reported:
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
The results showed that stimulating the newborn with the pacifier reduced crying by about 40%. Reducing crying, however, had no significant effect on adrenocortical response. Elevations of serum cortisol predicted average behavioral state following circumcision, whereas crying during circumcision did not. Furthermore, there was evidence that the neonatal adrenocortical system was sensitive in variations in surgical procedures. The results indicate the importance of obtaining data on both behavioral and hormonal systems in studies of stress and coping in human newborns.<ref name="gunnar1984">{{REFjournal
The results showed that stimulating the newborn with the pacifier reduced crying by about 40%. Reducing crying, however, had no significant effect on adrenocortical response. Elevations of serum cortisol predicted average behavioral state following circumcision, whereas crying during circumcision did not. Furthermore, there was evidence that the neonatal adrenocortical system was sensitive in variations in surgical procedures. The results indicate the importance of obtaining data on both behavioral and hormonal systems in studies of stress and coping in human newborns.<ref name="gunnar1984">{{REFjournal
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}}</ref></blockquote>
}}</ref></blockquote>


Porter et al. (1986) recorded the pain cries of boys undergoing circumcision. They reported that "Subjective judgments and objective quantitative data converge to demonstrate that infants' cries are perceived as varying and objectively, do systematically vary with respect to the the intensity of the painful stimuli."<ref name="porter1986">{{REFjournal
Porter et al. (1986) recorded the [[pain]] cries of boys undergoing [[circumcision]]. They reported that "Subjective judgments and objective quantitative data converge to demonstrate that infants' cries are perceived as varying and objectively, do systematically vary with respect to the the intensity of the painful stimuli."<ref name="porter1986">{{REFjournal
  |last=Porter
  |last=Porter
  |first=Fran Lang
  |first=Fran Lang
Line 503: Line 536:
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


Porter et al. (1988) recorded the cries of boys undergoing non-therapeutic child circumcision. They found that the pitch of the cries increased as stress ([[euphemism]] for [[pain]]) increases.<ref name="porter1988">{{REFjournal
Porter et al. (1988) recorded the cries of boys undergoing non-therapeutic child [[circumcision]]. They found that the pitch of the cries increased as stress ([[euphemism]] for [[pain]]) increases.<ref name="porter1988">{{REFjournal
  |last=Porter
  |last=Porter
  |first=Fran Lang
  |first=Fran Lang
Line 532: Line 565:
}}</ref>  
}}</ref>  


The research reported in this section clearly establish the the distress shown by male infants during unanesthetized circumcision does not come from being restrained, that infants feel extreme pain, that sucking on a pacifier does not reduce pain, although it may reduce crying, and that neonatal non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] is traumatic for the child.
The research reported in this section clearly establish the the distress shown by male infants during unanesthetized circumcision does not come from being restrained, that infants feel extreme [[pain]], that sucking on a pacifier does not reduce pain, although it may reduce crying, and that neonatal non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] is traumatic for the child.


==Trauma of circumcision==
==Trauma of circumcision==
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}}</ref>
}}</ref>


Male circumcision is part of the culture of the Philippine Islands. Boys usually are not neonatally circumcised. Instead, [[Tuli| circumcision]] is done when they are somewhat older. Some are medically circumcised while others are [[circumcised]] in a traditional manner. Ramos & Boyle (2001) studied the psychological effects of [[circumcision]] on Philippine boys. They reported that sixty-nine percent of traditionally circumcised boys and fifty-one percent of medically circumcised boys met the criteria for a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder ([[PTSD]]).<ref name="ramos-boyle2001">{{REFbook
Male circumcision (called ''[[tuli]]'') is part of the culture of the Philippine Islands. Boys usually are not neonatally circumcised. Instead, [[Tuli| circumcision]] is done when they are somewhat older. Some are medically circumcised while others are [[circumcised]] in a traditional manner. Ramos & Boyle (2001) studied the psychological effects of [[circumcision]] on Philippine boys. They reported that sixty-nine percent of traditionally circumcised boys and fifty-one percent of medically circumcised boys met the criteria for a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder ([[PTSD]]).<ref name="ramos-boyle2001">{{REFbook
  |last=Ramos
  |last=Ramos
  |first=Samuel
  |first=Samuel
Line 707: Line 740:
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


Rhinehart (1999) was a practicing psychiatrist who had patients with later life problems stemming from their neonatal circumcision. He listed some possibilities:
Rhinehart (1999) was a practicing psychiatrist who had patients with later life problems stemming from their neonatal [[circumcision]]. He listed some possibilities:


* a sense of personal powerlessness
* a sense of personal powerlessness
Line 759: Line 792:


===Feelings and behavior of circumcised men===
===Feelings and behavior of circumcised men===
[[Foreskinned]] men derive comfort from their [[foreskin]] that is not available to [[circumcised]] men.
[[Foreskinned]] men [[Foreskin play| derive "body pleasure", comfort, and satisfaction]] from their [[foreskin]] that is not available to [[circumcised]] men.<ref name="prescott1975" /> <ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/FriendsOfTheFrenulum/comments/1ma5zqc/the_data_is_in_the_silence_is_broken_a_first_look/
|title=The Data is In. The Silence is Broken. A First Look at Our Survey's Staggering Results.
|last=Intactivist
|first=Accidental
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=REDDIT
|date=2025-07-26
|accessdate=2025-07-27
}}</ref> <ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/penisquestion/comments/1md58l6/touching_your_penis/
|title=Touching Your Penis
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|publisher=REDDIT
|date=2025-07-30
|accessdate=2025-08-23
}}</ref> <ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/uncircumcised_talk/comments/1n0cnh2/how_do_you_play_with_your_foreskin_not_sexually/
|title=How do you play with your foreskin? Not sexually, just casually
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=REDDIT
|date=2026-08-25
|accessdate=2025-08-26
}} </ref>


[[Intact America]] (2024) reported that [[circumcised]] men have feelings of loss, grief, and anger toward their family.<ref name="kristel2024-12-22">{{REFweb
[[Intact America]] (2024) reported that [[circumcised]] men have feelings of loss, grief, and anger toward their family.<ref name="kristel2024-12-22">{{REFweb
Line 873: Line 935:


===Circumcised medical doctors===
===Circumcised medical doctors===
Most male doctors in the United States are men who were [[circumcised]] as infants. Consequently, despite being medical doctors they have no personal knowledge of or appreciation for the human [[foreskin]]. These male doctors share the [[trauma]] and attitudes of other [[circumcised]] men and are just as likely to want to repeat the [[trauma]]. [[Eleanor LeBourdais| LeBourdais]] (1995) pointed out that the "age of the attending physician, sex and circumcision status" were important factors in determining the likelihood of a baby boy being [[circumcised]].<ref>{{REFjournal
Most male doctors in the [[United States]] are men who were [[circumcised]] as infants. Consequently, despite being medical doctors, they have no personal knowledge of or appreciation for the human [[foreskin]]. These male doctors share the [[trauma]] and attitudes of other [[circumcised]] men and are just as likely to want to repeat the [[trauma]]. [[Eleanor LeBourdais| LeBourdais]] (1995) pointed out that the "age of the attending physician, sex and circumcision status" were important factors in determining the likelihood of a baby boy being [[circumcised]].<ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=LeBourdais
  |last=LeBourdais
  |first=Eleanor
  |first=Eleanor
Line 1,179: Line 1,241:
[[15 Square]], the British charity, has established the [https://15square.org.uk/talking-therapies-circumcision-and-mental-health/ Talking Therapies – Circumcision and Mental Health]. The service is only available to persons in the [[United Kingdom]] due to legislative reasons. 15 Square advises there is an alternative available for persons outside of the United Kingdom through their Discord server.
[[15 Square]], the British charity, has established the [https://15square.org.uk/talking-therapies-circumcision-and-mental-health/ Talking Therapies – Circumcision and Mental Health]. The service is only available to persons in the [[United Kingdom]] due to legislative reasons. 15 Square advises there is an alternative available for persons outside of the United Kingdom through their Discord server.


==Autism spectrum disorder==
[[Intact America]] now has a team of therapists.<ref>{{REFweb
[[Rosemary Romberg]] (2021) observed that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the [[United States]] occurs four times more frequently in boys than in girls.<ref name="romberg2021">{{REFbook
|url=https://intactamerica.org/therapy/
  |last=Romberg
|title=Therapy Partners
  |first=Rosemary
|last=
|first=
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=Intact America
|date=
|accessdate=2025-11-20
}}</ref>
 
==Autism spectrum disorder==
[[Rosemary Romberg]] (2021) observed that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the [[United States]] occurs four times more frequently in boys than in girls.<ref name="romberg2021">{{REFbook
  |last=Romberg
  |first=Rosemary
  |init=
  |init=
  |author-link=Rosemary Romberg
  |author-link=Rosemary Romberg
Line 1,205: Line 1,279:
</blockquote>  
</blockquote>  


After the medical community belatedly learned that infants actually feel [[pain]], Howard, Howard, & Weitzman (1994) tested the use of acetaminophen (paracetamol) for post-surgical pain following neonatal non-therapeutic circumcision.<ref name="howard1994">{{REFjournal
After the medical community belatedly learned that infants actually feel [[pain]],<ref name="anand1987">{{REFjournal
|last=Anand
|init=KJS
|author-link=Kanwaljeet J. Singh Anand
|last2=Hickey
|init2=PR
|author2-link=
|etal=no
|title=Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus
|journal=N Engl J Med
|location=
|date=1987-11-19
|volume=317
|issue=21
|pages=1321-9
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/anand/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=3317037
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1056/NEJM198711193172105
|accessdate=2025-09-23
}}</ref> Howard, Howard, & Weitzman (1994) tested the use of acetaminophen (paracetamol) for post-surgical pain following neonatal non-therapeutic circumcision.<ref name="howard1994">{{REFjournal
  |last=Howard
  |last=Howard
  |first=Cynthia R.
  |first=Cynthia R.
Line 1,226: Line 1,322:
  |issue=4
  |issue=4
  |pages=641-6
  |pages=641-6
  |url=https://www.i2researchhub.org/articles/acetaminophen-analgesia-in-neonatal-circumcision/
  |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/pain/howard/
|archived=
  |quote=
  |quote=
  |pubmedID=8134222
  |pubmedID=8134222
Line 1,307: Line 1,402:
  |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2800182?guestAccessKey=ed7c3ab4-13c4-4e61-b07d-9450c0aa0221
  |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2800182?guestAccessKey=ed7c3ab4-13c4-4e61-b07d-9450c0aa0221
  |archived=
  |archived=
  |quote=
  |quote=This study confirms that circumcision of the newborn causes severe and persistent pain. Acetaminophen was not found to ameliorate either the intraoperative or the immediate postoperative pain of circumcision, although it seems that it may provide some benefit after the immediate postoperative period.
  |pubmedID=36625807
  |pubmedID=36625807
  |pubmedCID=
  |pubmedCID=
  |DOI=10.1001/jama.2022.23661
  |DOI=10.1001/jama.2022.23661
  |accessdate=2023-01-13
  |accessdate=2023-01-13
}}</ref>
Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., the US Secretary of Health and Human Services, (2025) has claimed that boys who are [[circumcised]] early have twice the rate of autism.<ref>{{REFnews
|title=Circumcised boys more likely to be autistic, RFK Jr claims
|url=https://archive.is/OKBsv#selection-2265.4-2265.65
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=The Telegraph
|website=
|date=2025-10-09
|accessdate=2025-10-10
|format=
|quote=
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


Line 1,459: Line 1,569:
To test the theory, they surveyed American men. They studied "408 men [[circumcised]] within the first month of life and 211 non-circumcised men and measured socio-affective behaviors and stress."<ref name="miani2020" />
To test the theory, they surveyed American men. They studied "408 men [[circumcised]] within the first month of life and 211 non-circumcised men and measured socio-affective behaviors and stress."<ref name="miani2020" />


The authors reported their "analysis shows differences between early [[circumcised]] and non-circumcised men in psychological measures of socio-affectivity and provides initial support for the hypothesis that this alteration stems from the most crucial neurodevelopmentally plastic period of an individual's life. They called for "replication of the current study with a larger sample size and better ability to control for socioeconomic variables."<ref name="miani2020" />
The authors reported their "analysis shows differences between early [[circumcised]] and non-circumcised men in psychological measures of socio-affectivity and provides initial support for the hypothesis that this alteration stems from the most crucial neurodevelopmentally plastic period of an individual's life." They called for "replication of the current study with a larger sample size and better ability to control for socioeconomic variables."<ref name="miani2020" />


{{SEEALSO}}
== Videos ==
* [[Adamant father syndrome]]
* [[Association of male circumcision with homosexuality]]
* [[Circumcision coma]]
* [[Circumcision and violence]]
* [[Foreskin_restoration#Emotional.2C_psychological.2C_and_psychiatric_benefits| Emotional, psychological, and psychiatric benefits]]
* [[Pain]]
* [[Psychosexual Effects of Circumcision]]
* [[Psychiatrist Discusses the Lasting Trauma of Circumcision]]
* [[Post-traumatic stress disorder]]
* [[Suicide]]
* [[Trauma]]
 
== Videos ==


=== Voices of those affected De drabbades röst ===
=== Voices of those affected De drabbades röst ===
Line 1,490: Line 1,587:
=== Men's mental health ===
=== Men's mental health ===
<youtube>3bxg5pLrbc</youtube>
<youtube>3bxg5pLrbc</youtube>
===They made the cut - The Physical and Psychological Impacts of Non-Theraputic Penile Circumcision===
<youtube>v=tY_PnvXnArA</youtube>
===WWDOGA 2024 - Leeanne Morris===
<youtube>v=StW1sDP7fQs</youtube>
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Adamant father syndrome]]
* [[Association of male circumcision with homosexuality]]
* [[Circumcision coma]]
* [[Circumcision and violence]]
* [[Foreskin_restoration#Emotional.2C_psychological.2C_and_psychiatric_benefits| Emotional, psychological, and psychiatric benefits]]
* [[Pain]]
* [[Psychosexual Effects of Circumcision]]
* [[Psychiatrist Discusses the Lasting Trauma of Circumcision]]
* [[Post-traumatic stress disorder]]
* [[Suicide]]
* [[Trauma]]


{{LINKS}}
{{LINKS}}
Line 1,635: Line 1,748:
  |accessdate=2022-02-18
  |accessdate=2022-02-18
}}
}}
* {{REFjournal
* {{REFweb
  |last=Tye
|url=https://intactamerica.org/emotional-weight-of-circumcision/
  |first=
|title=The Emotional Weight of Circumcision: Beyond the Physical Cut
  |init=MC
  |last=Alissa
  |first=Kristel
  |init=
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
  |last2=Sardi
  |publisher=Intact America
  |first2=
  |date=2024-12-22
  |init2=LM
  |accessdate=2024-12-30
  |author2-link=Lauren Sardi
}}
  |etal=no
* {{REFweb
  |title=Psychological, psychosocial, and psychosexual aspects of penile circumcision
  |url=https://docs.google.com/document/d/1WS4pmFCoHkq3UloORfSWi4VgnM11m_5-/edit
  |trans-title=
  |title=Unwarranted Presumption
  |language=
  |last=Anonymous
  |journal=Int J Impot Res
  |first=
  |date=2023-05
  |init=
  |volume=35
  |publisher=Google
|issue=3
  |date=2022-12-10
|pages=242-8
  |accessdate=2025-02-20
  |url=https://www.galdef.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Tye-Sardi-Psycho-Aspects-of-Penile-Circumcision-IJIR-2022.pdf
}}
  |archived=
* {{REFweb
  |quote=
  |url=https://intactamerica.org/mens-therapy-group-circumcision-trauma/
  |pubmedID=35347302
|title=Healing After Forced Genital Cutting: A Therapist’s Perspective on Men’s Recovery and Resistance
  |pubmedCID=
  |last=Andersen
  |DOI=10.1038/s41443-022-00553-9
  |first=Dale
  |format=PDF
  |init=
  |accessdate=2024-12-18
  |author-link=Dale Andersen
  |publisher=Intact America
  |date=2025-11-10
  |accessdate=2025-11-20
}}
}}
{{ABBR}}
{{ABBR}}
{{REF}}
{{REF}}


[[Category:Parental information]]
 
[[Category:Circumcision]]
[[Category:Circumcision]]
[[Category:Circumcision risk]]
[[Category:Circumcision risk]]
[[Category:Circumcision complication]]
[[Category:Circumcision complication]]
[[Category:Education]]
[[Category:Pain]]
[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Pain]]
[[Category:Parental information]]
[[Category:Sociology]]
[[Category:Trauma]]
[[Category:Trauma]]
[[Category:Education]]
 


[[de:Psychische Probleme aufgrund männlicher Beschneidung]]
[[de:Psychische Probleme aufgrund männlicher Beschneidung]]
Retrieved from "https://en.intactiwiki.org/wiki/Psychological_injury_of_male_circumcision"