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Circumcision legal commentary: Difference between revisions

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{{Incomplete}}
{{Incomplete}}
== Books ==
=== 2022 ===
* {{REFbook
|last=Adler
|first=Peter
|init=
|author-link=Peter W. Adler
|year=2022
|title=[[Circumcision Is A Fraud: And The Coming Legal Reckoning]]
|url=
|scope=282
|location=
|publisher=[[KDP]]
|ISBN=979-884445927
|pages=
|accessdate=2024-02-11
}}


==Commentaries==
==Commentaries==
Line 144: Line 161:
  |last=Poulter
  |last=Poulter
  |first=Sebastian
  |first=Sebastian
|init=S
  |year=1986
  |year=1986
  |title=English Criminal Law and Ethnic Minority Customs
  |title=English Criminal Law and Ethnic Minority Customs
Line 259: Line 277:
}}
}}


* David Richards (1996) argues that the best way to reduce the incidence of circumcision is to remove it from the medical benefits schedule.
* [[Davis Richards]] (1996) argues [https://www.globalhealthrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/HC-1992-Marions-Case.pdf Marion's Case] applies to [[circumcision]] in [[Australia]].
: {{REFjournal
: {{REFjournal
  |last=Richards
  |last=Richards
  |first=David
  |first=David
  |init=D
  |init=D
  |author-link=David Richards
  |author-link=Davis Richards
  |title=Male Circumcision: Medical or Ritual?
  |title=Male Circumcision: Medical or Ritual?
  |journal=J Law Medicine
  |journal=J Law Medicine
Line 275: Line 293:
}}
}}


* Christopher Price, M.A. (Oxon) (1996) briefed the [https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/ Law Commission of England and Wales] on issues of male circumcision.
* Christopher Price, {{MA}} (Oxon), (1996) briefed the [https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/ Law Commission of England and Wales] on issues of male circumcision.
: {{REFdocument
: {{REFdocument
  |title=Male Circumcision: A Legal Affront
  |title=Male Circumcision: A Legal Affront
|trans-title=
|language=
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/price-uklc/
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/price-uklc/
  |last=Price
  |last=Price
  |first=Christopher
  |first=Christopher
  |author-link=Christopher P Price
  |author-link=Christopher P Price
|publisher=
|location=
|format=
  |date=1996-12
  |date=1996-12
  |accessdate=2020-05-08
  |accessdate=2020-05-08
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=== 1997 ===
=== 1997 ===
* Abbie J. Chessler (1997) provides a review of legal issues of male and female non-therapeutic circumcision.
* Abbie J. Chessler (1997) provides a review of legal issues of male and female non-therapeutic circumcision.
: {{REFjournal
: {{ChesslerAJ 1997}}
|last=Chessler
|first=Abbie
|init=A
|author-link=
|title=Justifying the Unjustifable: Rite v. Wrong
|journal= Buffalo L. Rev
|date=1997
|volume=45
|issue=
|pages=555
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/chessler/
|accessdate=2020-05-10
}}


=== 1998 ===
=== 1998 ===
* Jacqueline Smith (1998), of the [https://www.uu.nl/en/research/netherlands-institute-of-human-rights-sim Netherlands Institute of Human Rights], has examined non-therapeutic circumcision of male children in the light of international human rights law.
* Jacqueline Smith (1998), of the [https://www.uu.nl/en/research/netherlands-institute-of-human-rights-sim Netherlands Institute of Human Rights], has examined non-therapeutic circumcision of male children in the light of international [[human rights]] law.
: {{REFbook
: {{REFbook
  |last=Smith  
  |last=Smith  
  |first=Jacqueline
  |first=Jacqueline
|init=J
  |author-link=Jacqueline Smith
  |author-link=Jacqueline Smith
  |year=1998
  |year=1998
Line 331: Line 332:
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/smith/
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/smith/
  |work=To Baehr in Our Minds: Essays in Human Rights from the Heart of the Netherlands
  |work=To Baehr in Our Minds: Essays in Human Rights from the Heart of the Netherlands
  |editor=Mielle Bulterman, Aart Hendriks and Jacqueline Smith (Eds.)
  |editors=Mielle Bulterman, Aart Hendriks and Jacqueline Smith
  |edition=SIM-21
  |edition=SIM-21
  |volume=
  |volume=
Line 344: Line 345:
}}
}}


* Povenmire (1998-9) discussed the lawfulness of consent for non-therapeutic circumcision of minor boys in the United States.
*[[Ross Povenmire| Povenmire]] (1998-9) discussed the lawfulness of consent for non-therapeutic circumcision of minor boys in the United States.
: {{REFjournal
: {{REFjournal
  |last=Povenmire
  |last=Povenmire
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=== 1999 ===
=== 1999 ===
* The late British solicitor Christopher P Price (1999) elucidated the difference between therapeutic and non-therapeutic procedures and discussed the state of British law relating to non-therapeutic circumcision of male children.
* The late British solicitor [[Christopher P Price]] (1999) elucidated the difference between therapeutic and non-therapeutic procedures and discussed the state of British law relating to non-therapeutic circumcision of male children.
_ {{REFbook
: {{REFbook
  |last=Price
  |last=Price
  |first=Christopher P
  |first=Christopher P.
|init=CP
  |author-link=Christopher P. Price
  |author-link=Christopher P. Price
  |year=1999
  |year=1999
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}}
}}


* Van Howe, Svoboda, Dywer, & Price (1999), a medico-legal team discuss the legal issues of non-therapeutic circumcision of boys.
* [[Robert S. Van Howe|Van Howe]], [[J. Steven Svoboda|Svoboda]], [[James G. Dwyer|Dywer]], & [[Christopher P. Price|Price]] (1999), a medico-legal team discuss the legal issues of non-therapeutic circumcision of boys.
: {{REFjournal
: {{REFjournal
  |last=Van Howe
  |last=Van Howe
Line 411: Line 413:
  |DOI=10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1063.x
  |DOI=10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1063.x
  |accessdate=2020-05-08
  |accessdate=2020-05-08
}}
* Shea Lita Bond (1999) argues that circumcision violates the right to equal protection of the law.
: {{REFjournal
|last=Bond
|first=Shea Lita
|init=SL
|title=Female Circumcision Laws and the Equal Protection Clause
|volume=32
|journal=John Marshall Law Review
|issue=353
|format=PDF
|date=1999-12
|url=https://repository.law.uic.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1579&context=lawreview
}}
}}


=== 2000 ===
=== 2000 ===
* Boyle et al. (2000) argue strongly, that in common law jurisdictions such as the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and the United States, parents lack the capacity to consent to non-therapeutic circumcision, so it constitutes criminal assault, whenever it is performed.
* Boyle et al. (2000) argue strongly, that in common law jurisdictions such as the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and the United States, parents lack the capacity to consent to non-therapeutic circumcision, so it constitutes criminal assault, whenever it is performed.
: {{REFjournal
: {{BoyleGJ SvobodaJS PriceCP TurnerJN 2000}}
|last=Boyle
|first=Gregory J.
|init=GJ
|author-link=Gregory J. Boyle
|last2=Svoboda
|first2=J. Steven
|init2=JS
|author2-link=J. Steven Svoboda
|last3=Price
|first3=Christopher P.
|init3=CP
|author3-link=Christopher P. Price
|last4=Turner
|first4=Neville
|init4=N
|author4-link=J. Neville Turner
|etal=no
|title=Circumcision of Healthy Boys: Criminal Assault?
|journal=J Law Med
|location=
|date=2000-01-01
|volume=7
|issue=
|pages=301-310
|url=https://pure.bond.edu.au/ws/portalfiles/portal/26148474/Circumcision_of_healthy_boys.pdf
|accessdate=2020-04-08
}}


* Dr. Arif Bhimji {2000) argues that non-therapeutic circumcision of boys in Canada violates the rights protected by the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
* Dr. [[Arif Bhimji]] (2000) argues that non-therapeutic circumcision of boys in Canada violates the rights protected by the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
: {{REFjournal
: {{REFjournal
  |last=Bhimji
  |last=Bhimji
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}}
}}


* Svoboda, Van Howe & Dwyer (2000) discuss legal issues inherent with consent for non-therapeutic circumcision of boys.
* [[J. Steven Svoboda|Svoboda]], [[Robert S. Van Howe|Van Howe]] & [[James G. Dwyer|Dwyer]] (2000) discuss legal issues inherent with consent for non-therapeutic circumcision of boys.
: {{REFjournal
: {{REFjournal
  |last=Svoboda
  |last=Svoboda
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  |last=Svoboda
  |last=Svoboda
  |first=J. Steven
  |first=J. Steven
|init=JS
  |author-link=J. Steven Svoboda
  |author-link=J. Steven Svoboda
  |year=2001
  |year=2001
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  |accessdate=2020-08-09
  |accessdate=2020-08-09
  |note=
  |note=
}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Davis
|first=
|init=DS
|author-link=Dena S. Davis
|etal=no
|title=Male and female genital alteration: A collision course with the law.
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Health Matrix: Journal of Law-Medicine
|location=
|date=2001
|season=Summer
|volume=11
|issue=
|article=
|page=
|pages=487-570
|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/legal/davis1/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=11683048
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2023-05-05
}}
}}


=== 2002 ===
=== 2002 ===
* Geoffrey P. Miller (2002) discussed the impact of American culture on the law of circumcision.
* [[Geoffrey P. Miller]] (2002) discussed the impact of American culture on the law of circumcision.
: {{REFjournal
: {{REFjournal
  |last=Miller
  |last=Miller
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=== 2005 ===
=== 2005 ===
* Suzanne Bouclin (2005) examined the legal status of non-therapeutic circumcision in Canada.
* [[Suzanne Bouclin]] (2005) examined the legal status of non-therapeutic circumcision in Canada.
: {{REFjournal
: {{REFjournal
  |last=Bouclin
  |last=Bouclin
  |first=Suzanne
  |first=Suzanne
  |init=B
  |init=
  |author-link=Suzanne Bouclin
  |author-link=Suzanne Bouclin
  |title=An examination of legal and ethical issues surrounding male circumcision: the Canadian context
  |title=An examination of legal and ethical issues surrounding male circumcision: the Canadian context
Line 623: Line 638:
  |DOI=10.1136/jme.2004.009340
  |DOI=10.1136/jme.2004.009340
  |accessdate=2020-05-10
  |accessdate=2020-05-10
}}
* Fox & Thomson (2005) discuss circumcision law.
: {{REFjournal
|last=Fox
|init=M
|author-link=
|last2=Thomson
|init2=M
|author2-link=
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/UKlaw/fox-ijcr-2006/
|title=Short changed? The law and ethics of male circumcision.
|journal=International Journal of Children's Rights
|date=2005
|volume=13
|issue=
|pages=161-181
|accessdate=2021-06-11
}}
}}


=== 2008 ===
=== 2008 ===
* Doctors Opposing Circumcision included this commentary on the law of circumcision of boys in their June 2008 ''Genital Integrity Statement''. It has since been later amended by another party to include a reference to Adler (2013) that was not available at the time of writing.
* [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]] included this commentary on the law of circumcision of boys in their June 2008 ''Genital Integrity Statement''.  
: {{REFbook
: {{REFbook
  |last=Hill
  |last=Hill
  |first=George
  |first=George
  |author-link=
|init=G
  |author-link=George Hill
  |year=2008
  |year=2008
  |title=Ch. 10: American Law and the Circumcision of Children  
  |title=Ch. 10: American Law and the Circumcision of Children  
  |url=https://www.i2researchhub.org/articles/ch-10-american-law-and-the-circumcision-of-children-doc-genital-integrity-statement/
  |url=https://pool.intactiwiki.org/images/2008_Genital_Integrity_Policy_Statement.pdf
  |work=Genital Integrity Policy
  |work=Genital Integrity Policy
  |editor=
  |editor=
Line 641: Line 674:
  |pages=
  |pages=
  |location=Seattle
  |location=Seattle
  |publisher=Doctors Opposing Circumcision
  |publisher=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]]
  |isbn=
  |isbn=
  |quote=
  |quote=
|format=PDF
  |accessdate=2020-05-14
  |accessdate=2020-05-14
  |note=
  |note=
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  |init2=RM
  |init2=RM
  |author2-link=
  |author2-link=
  |url=https://scholarship.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
  |url=https://scholarship.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=shlr
  |title=The Fiduciary Obligation of Physicians to “Just Say No” if an “Informed” Patient Demands Services that Are Not Medically Indicated
  |title=The Fiduciary Obligation of Physicians to “Just Say No” if an “Informed” Patient Demands Services that Are Not Medically Indicated
  |journal=Seton Hall Law Review
  |journal=Seton Hall Law Review
  |date=2009-06-04
  |date=2009-04-06
  |volume=39
  |volume=39
  |issue=
  |issue=
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  |init=PW
  |init=PW
  |author-link=Peter W. Adler
  |author-link=Peter W. Adler
  |title=It is lawful to use Medicaid to pay for circumcision?
  |title=Is it lawful to use Medicaid to pay for circumcision?
  |journal=Journal of Law and Medicine
  |journal=Journal of Law and Medicine
  |date=2011
  |date=2011
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  |url=https://www.arclaw.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/is-it-lawful-to-use-medicaid-to-pay-for-circumcision.pdf
  |url=https://www.arclaw.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/is-it-lawful-to-use-medicaid-to-pay-for-circumcision.pdf
  |quote=
  |quote=
  |pubmedID=
  |pubmedID=22320007
  |pubmedCID=
  |pubmedCID=
  |DOI=
  |DOI=
|format=PDF
  |accessdate=2020-05-08
  |accessdate=2020-05-08
}}
}}
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=== 2013 ===
=== 2013 ===
* Professor Peter W. Adler, J.D., (2013) argues that non-therapeutic circumcision of boys is unlawful.
* Professor Peter W. Adler, {{JD}}, (2013) argues that non-therapeutic circumcision of boys is unlawful.
: {{REFjournal
: {{REFjournal
  |last=Adler
  |last=Adler
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  |pages=439-86
  |pages=439-86
  |url=https://scholarship.richmond.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1265&context=jolpi
  |url=https://scholarship.richmond.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1265&context=jolpi
|format=PDF
  |accessdate=2020-05-08
  |accessdate=2020-05-08
}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Geisheker
|init=JV
|author-link=
|url=https://www.newmalestudies.com/OJS/index.php/nms/article/view/60
|title=The Completely Unregulated Practice of Male Circumcision: Human Rights’ Abuse Enshrined in Law?
|journal=New Male Studies
|date=2013
|volume=2
|issue=1
|pages=18-45
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2023-09-01
}}
===2014===
*  {{REFdocument
|title=The Cologne Judgment: a curiosity or the start sign for condemning circumcision of male children without their consent as a human rights violation?
|url=https://repository.gchumanrights.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11825/161/Bernaerts_2012%EF%80%A213.pdf
|contribution=
|last=Bernaerts
|first=Jonathan Alfons J
|publisher=European Commission
|format=PDF
|date=2014
|accessdate=2021-11-22
}}
}}


=== 2016 ===
=== 2016 ===
* Professor Paul McLaughlin (2016) discusses conflicts between non-therapeutic child circumcision practice and the international law of human rights.
* Professor Paul McLaughlin (2016) discusses conflicts between non-therapeutic child circumcision practice and the international law of [[human rights]].
: {{REFjournal
: {{REFjournal
  |last=McLaughlin Jr
  |last=McLaughlin Jr
Line 765: Line 828:
  |url=https://commons.law.famu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=library-facpub
  |url=https://commons.law.famu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=library-facpub
  |accessdate=2020-05-13
  |accessdate=2020-05-13
}}
* [[J. Steven Svoboda|Svoboda]], [[Peter W. Adler|Adler]], and [[Robert S. Van Howe|Van Howe]] point out that physicians have a legal duty to protect children from unnecessary interventions. They suggest that under existing United States law and international [[human rights]] declarations as well, circumcision already violates boys´ absolute rights to equal protection, bodily integrity, autonomy, and freedom to choose their own religion.
: {{REFjournal
|last=Svoboda
|first=J. Steven
|init=JS
|author-link=J. Steven Svoboda
|last2=Adler
|first2=Peter W.
|init2=PW
|author2-link=Peter W. Adler
|last3=Van Howe
|first3=Robert S.
|init3=RS
|author3-link=Robert S. Van Howe
|title=Circumcision is Unethical and Unlawful
|journal=The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics
|url=https://commons.wikimannia.org/images/Tim_Hammond_-_Circ_Unethical_Unlawful_JLME_2016.pdf
|format=PDF
|volume=44
|pages=263-282
|DOI=10.1177/1073110516654120
|date=2016
|accessdate=2021-06-19
}}
}}


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}}
}}


* Adler, Van Howe, Wisdom & Daase (2020) examined male non-therapeutic circumcision as fraud.
* [[Peter W. Adler|Adler]], [[Robert S. Van Howe|Van Howe]], Wisdom & Daase (2020) examined male non-therapeutic circumcision as fraud.
: {{REFjournal
: {{REFjournal
  |last=Adler
  |last=Adler
Line 898: Line 985:
  |url=https://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/6276?lang=en
  |url=https://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/6276?lang=en
  |accessdate=2021-06-19
  |accessdate=2021-06-19
}}
=== 2024 ===
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/constitutional-case-against-circumcision/
|title=Foreskins and Forefathers: A Constitutional Case Against Circumcision
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-01-24
|accessdate=2024-01-28
}}
===2025===
* {{REFjournal
|last=Svoboda
|init=JS
|author-link=J. Steven Svoboda
|url=https://www.arclaw.org/wp-content/uploads/Svoboda-Protection-of-Male-and-Female-Sexed-Children-From-Genital-Cutting-Making-Sense-of-Recent-Legal-Developments-CJERSJ-2025.pdf
|title=Protection of Male and Female Sexed Children from Genital Cutting: Making Sense of Recent Developments
|journal=Cardozo Journal of Equal Rights & Social Justice
|date=2025
|volume=31
|issue=2
|pages=307-358
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2025-06-13
}}
}}


==Briefs==
==Briefs==
 
=== Boldt v. Boldt ===
The two briefs indexed here were filed by [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision]] with the Oregon Supreme Court in the case of [[Boldt v. Boldt]], where they proved instrumental in changing the direction of that case. They have an excellent summary of American Constitutional law relevant to the non-therapeutic circumcision of male children.
The two briefs indexed here were filed by [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]] with the Oregon Supreme Court in the case of [[Boldt v. Boldt]], where they proved instrumental in changing the direction of that case. They have an excellent summary of American Constitutional law relevant to the non-therapeutic circumcision of male children.


* {{REFdocument
* {{REFdocument
Line 910: Line 1,027:
  |last=Geisheker
  |last=Geisheker
  |first=John V.
  |first=John V.
  |publisher=Doctors Opposing Circumcision
|author-link=John V. Geisheker
  |publisher=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]]
  |format=PDF
  |format=PDF
  |date=2007-04
  |date=2007-04
Line 920: Line 1,038:
  |contribution=
  |contribution=
  |last=Geisheker
  |last=Geisheker
  |first=John
  |first=John V.
  |publisher=Doctors Opposing Circumcision
|author-link=John V. Geisheker
  |publisher=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]]
  |format=PDF
  |format=PDF
  |date=2007-07
  |date=2007-07
  |accessdate=2020-05-10
  |accessdate=2020-05-10
}}</ref>
}}
=== Hironimus v. Nebus ===


* {{REFdocument
|title=Brief of Amici Curiae to the Florida Court of Appeal for the Fourth Circuit
|url=https://pool.intactiwiki.org/w/images/Hironimus_Amicus_Brief_DOC_ARC_IA.pdf
|contribution=
|last=
|first=
|publisher=
|date=
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2023-10-05
}}


==Video presentation==
==Video presentation==


London barrister [https://oldsquare.co.uk/people/james-chegwidden/ James Chegwidden] discusses the gradual progress of the English courts toward recognition of genital autonomy for boys.
=== London barrister [https://oldsquare.co.uk/people/james-chegwidden/ James Chegwidden] discusses the gradual progress of the English courts toward recognition of [[genital autonomy]] for boys. ===


* James Chegwidden. [https://www.genitalautonomy.org/category/videos/ Not drowning, paddling: the English Court’s slow row towards genital autonomy]. Fourteenth International Symposium. Keele, England, Wednesday, 14 September 2016.  
* James Chegwidden. [https://www.genitalautonomy.org/category/videos/ Not drowning, paddling: the English Court’s slow row towards genital autonomy]. Fourteenth International Symposium. Keele, England, Wednesday, 14 September 2016.  


{{SEEALSO}}
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Human rights| International Human Rights Law]]
* [[Australia]]
 
* [[Canada]]
* [[Human rights|International Human Rights Law]]
* [[United Kingdom]]
* [[United States of America]]
{{LINKS}}
{{LINKS}}
This index at ARC includes papers on medical ethics.
This index at ARC includes papers on medical ethics.
* [https://www.arclaw.org/papers Published papers authored by Executive Director Steven Svoboda and other ARC associates]
* [https://www.arclaw.org/papers Published papers authored by Executive Director Steven Svoboda and other ARC associates]


Doctors Opposing Circumcision also maintains a list of legal commentaries.
[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]] also maintains a list of legal commentaries.


* {{REFweb
* {{REFweb
Line 967: Line 1,101:
  |first=Holm
  |first=Holm
  |author-link=Holm Putzke
  |author-link=Holm Putzke
|publisher=
  |website=holmputzke.de
  |website=holmputzke.de
|date=
  |accessdate=2020-05-10
  |accessdate=2020-05-10
|format=
|quote=
}}
}}
The [[Genital Autonomy Legal Defense and Education Fund]] has provided a page with resources for attorneys.


* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.galdef.org/resources-for-attorneys/
|title=Resources for Attorneys
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|publisher=GALDEF
|date=2023
|accessdate=2023-08-10
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/can-you-sue-for-circumcision/
|title=Can You Sue for Circumcision?
|last=Alissa
|first=Kristel
|init=
|author-link=Kristel Alissa
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2025-07-03
|accessdate=2025-07-06
}}
{{ABBR}}


[[Category:Criminal circumcision]]
[[Category:Jurisprudence]]
[[Category:Jurisprudence]]
[[Category:Legal comments]]
[[Category:Legal comment]]
[[Category:Australia]]
[[Category:Australia]]
[[Category:Canada]]
[[Category:Canada]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:UK]]
[[Category:UK]]
[[Category:USA]]
[[Category:USA]]
Retrieved from "https://en.intactiwiki.org/wiki/Circumcision_legal_commentary"