Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Difference between revisions
m wikify bleeding |
WikiModEn2 (talk | contribs) |
||
| (5 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
| Line 5: | Line 5: | ||
|trans-title= | |trans-title= | ||
|language=English | |language=English | ||
|last= | |last=Ananymous | ||
|first= | |first= | ||
|author-link= | |author-link= | ||
| Line 103: | Line 103: | ||
Elhaik lists stressors from non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision as: | Elhaik lists stressors from non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision as: | ||
* intense pain | * intense [[pain]] | ||
* [[bleeding]] | * [[bleeding]] | ||
* shock | * [[shock]] | ||
* sepsis | * sepsis | ||
* circulatory shock | * circulatory [[shock]] | ||
* hemorrhage | * hemorrhage | ||
that can result in death. He points out that post-operative circumcision pain can last for 10-14 days.<ref name="elhaick2016" /> | that can result in [[death]]. He points out that post-operative circumcision pain can last for 10-14 days.<ref name="elhaick2016" /> | ||
Elhaik lists [[skin]] breaking procedures such as heel sticks and seasonal respiratory viral infection as additional stressors.<ref name="elhaick2016" /> | Elhaik lists [[skin]] breaking procedures such as heel sticks and seasonal respiratory viral infection as additional stressors.<ref name="elhaick2016" /> | ||
| Line 117: | Line 117: | ||
==Evidence of association with circumcision== | ==Evidence of association with circumcision== | ||
Elhaik (2019) published data from | Elhaik (2019) published data from 15 countries and 40 U.S. states to provide evidence of an association between non-therapeutic neonatal [[circumcision]] and SIDS.<ref name="elhaik2019">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Elhaik | |last=Elhaik | ||
|first=Eran | |first=Eran | ||
| Line 139: | Line 139: | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
Elhaik found Anglophone countries practice significantly more non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision than non-Anglophone countries and have a significantly higher SIDS rate than non-Anglophone countries.<ref name="elhaik2019" /> | Elhaik found Anglophone countries practice significantly more non-therapeutic neonatal [[circumcision]] than non-Anglophone countries and have a significantly higher SIDS rate than non-Anglophone countries.<ref name="elhaik2019" /> | ||
Elhaik found great variation in the SIDS mortality rate. Of the 15 countries studied, The Netherlands, where the Dutch do not practice infant circumcision, was the lowest at 0.06 per 1000 births, while the United States where non-therapeutic infant circumcision is commonplace had the highest at 0.82 per 1000 births.<ref name="elhaik2019" /> | Elhaik found great variation in the SIDS mortality rate. Of the 15 countries studied, The Netherlands, where the Dutch do not practice infant circumcision, was the lowest at 0.06 per 1000 births, while the United States where non-therapeutic infant circumcision is commonplace had the highest at 0.82 per 1000 births.<ref name="elhaik2019" /> | ||
| Line 149: | Line 149: | ||
Elhaik pointed out why infant circumcision has such an effect: | Elhaik pointed out why infant circumcision has such an effect: | ||
<blockquote> | <blockquote> | ||
Our finding that MNC is associated with SIDS is not surprising. Circumcision is associated with intra-operative and postoperative risks, including [[bleeding]], shock, sepsis, circulatory shock, hemorrhage, pain, and long-term consequences – all of which contribute toward allostatic load and, thereby, SIDS through various mechanisms. For instance, during circumcision there is an increase in the blood pressure, breathing rate, and heart rate. Even with the most advanced techniques, [[bleeding]] occurs in over 15% of the cases, in which case there is a danger that a lower blood volume would result in low blood pressure and reduced amount of oxygen that reaches the tissues. Reduced blood pressure has been associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a condition where the walls of the throat relax and narrow during sleep, interrupting normal breathing. Unsurprisingly, SIDS victims experienced significantly more frequent episodes of OSA. Preterm neonates experience over twice the rate of [[bleeding]] complications than full-term neonates. MNC-related complications are unavoidable. For instance, in 1949, Gairdner reported that 16 out of 100,000 UK boys under 1-year old died due to circumcision. In tandem with the lack of evidence of a meaningful and relevant health benefits to the infant, several countries chose to opt out of the operation.<ref name="elhaik2019" /> | Our finding that MNC is associated with SIDS is not surprising. Circumcision is associated with intra-operative and postoperative risks, including [[bleeding]], [[shock]], sepsis, circulatory [[shock]], hemorrhage, pain, and long-term consequences – all of which contribute toward allostatic load and, thereby, SIDS through various mechanisms. For instance, during circumcision there is an increase in the blood pressure, breathing rate, and heart rate. Even with the most advanced techniques, [[bleeding]] occurs in over 15% of the cases, in which case there is a danger that a lower blood volume would result in low blood pressure and reduced amount of oxygen that reaches the tissues. Reduced blood pressure has been associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a condition where the walls of the throat relax and narrow during sleep, interrupting normal breathing. Unsurprisingly, SIDS victims experienced significantly more frequent episodes of OSA. Preterm neonates experience over twice the rate of [[bleeding]] complications than full-term neonates. MNC-related complications are unavoidable. For instance, in 1949, Gairdner reported that 16 out of 100,000 UK boys under 1-year old died due to circumcision. In tandem with the lack of evidence of a meaningful and relevant health benefits to the infant, several countries chose to opt out of the operation.<ref name="elhaik2019" /> | ||
</blockquote> | </blockquote> | ||
| Line 171: | Line 171: | ||
|accessdate=2021-08-02 | |accessdate=2021-08-02 | ||
|quote= | |quote= | ||
}}</ref> One source reported that the rate of crib (cot) death is .0004 in the [[United Kingdom]] and most other nations, but .0008 in Israel and the [[United States of America]] where [[circumcision]] of infant boys is the norm, producing an effective doubling of the [[death]] rate. | }}</ref> One source reported that the rate of crib (cot) death is .0004 in the [[United Kingdom]] and most other nations, but .0008 in [[Israel]] and the [[United States of America]] where [[circumcision]] of infant boys is the norm, producing an effective doubling of the [[death]] rate. | ||
{{SEEALSO}} | {{SEEALSO}} | ||
| Line 210: | Line 210: | ||
|url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/circumcision-linked-to-sids | |url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/circumcision-linked-to-sids | ||
|title=Circumcision linked to SIDS | |title=Circumcision linked to SIDS | ||
|publisher=Doctors Opposing Circumcision | |publisher=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]] | ||
|date=2019-01-11 | |date=2019-01-11 | ||
|accessdate=2020-07-04 | |accessdate=2020-07-04 | ||