Difference between revisions of "Arleen Leibowitz"

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[[File:Leibowitz.jpg|right|thumb|Arleen A. Leibowitz, {{PhD}}]]
 
[[File:Leibowitz.jpg|right|thumb|Arleen A. Leibowitz, {{PhD}}]]
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'''Arleen A. Leibowitz''', {{PhD}}, is an economist and Professor Emeritus in the Department of Public Policy in the UCLA School of Public Affairs and directs the Policy Core at the Center for [[HIV]] Identification, Prevention and Treatment Services (CHIPTS).<ref name="profile">{{REFweb
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'''Arleen A. Leibowitz''', {{PhD}}, is an economist and Professor Emeritus in the Department of Public Policy in the {{UNI|UCLA|UCLA}} School of Public Affairs and directs the Policy Core at the Center for [[HIV]] Identification, Prevention and Treatment Services (CHIPTS).<ref name="profile">{{REFweb
 
  |url=http://publicaffairs.ucla.edu/arleen-leibowitz
 
  |url=http://publicaffairs.ucla.edu/arleen-leibowitz
 
  |title=Profile
 
  |title=Profile
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  |date=
 
  |date=
 
  |accessdate=2022-07-01
 
  |accessdate=2022-07-01
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}}</ref> She co-authored a study which advocated that all state Medicaid plans should cover infant male circumcision.<ref name="editorial">{{REFweb
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}}</ref> She co-authored a study which advocated that all state Medicaid plans should cover infant male [[circumcision]].<ref name="editorial">{{REFweb
 
  |quote=
 
  |quote=
 
  |url=http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1352168
 
  |url=http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1352168
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  |accessdate=2012-09-01
 
  |accessdate=2012-09-01
 
}}</ref>
 
}}</ref>
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==Population-based studies==
 
  
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September 2021 saw the publication of two huge population studies on the relationship of [[circumcision]] and HIV infection:
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== Population-based studies ==
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{{Population-based studies}}
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==Two African surveys==
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The previously reported studies were from developed Western nations. Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa.
  
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# Mayan et al. (2021) carried out a massive empirical study of the male population of the province of Ontario, [[Canada]] (569,950 males), of whom 203,588 (35.7%) were [[circumcised]] between 1991 and 2017. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk of HIV infection.<ref name="mayan2021">{{REFjournal
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French scientist [[Michel Garenne]], Ph.D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the incidence of HIV infection in [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men.
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  |last=Mayan
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  |first=Madhur
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In his first report, Garenne presented the findings from a study in Lesotho, the enclave in South Africa. He reported:
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<blockquote>
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In couple studies, the effect of circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant, with similar transmission from female to male and male to female. The study questions the amount of effort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.<ref name="garenne2022A">{{REFjournal
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|last=Garenne
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|first=Michel
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|init=M
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|author-link=Michel Garenne
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|title=Changing relationships between HIV prevalence and circumcision in Lesotho
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|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35373731/
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|date=2022-04-04
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|journal=J Biosoc Sci
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|volume=online ahead of print
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|pages=1-16
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|DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000153
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|pubmedID=35373731
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|accessdate=2022-11-02
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}}</ref>
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</blockquote>
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In his second report, Garenne (2022) presented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe). He reported:
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<blockquote>
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"Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men had similar levels of HIV infection."<ref name="garenne2022B">{{REFjournal
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  |last=Garenne
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  |first=Michael
 
  |init=M
 
  |init=M
 
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|last2=Hamilton
 
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|first2=Robert J.
 
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|last3=Juurlink
 
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|last4=Austin
 
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|first4=Peter C.
 
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|last5=Jarvi
 
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|first5=Keith A.
 
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  |etal=no
 
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  |title=Circumcision and Risk of HIV Among Males From Ontario, Canada
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  |title=Age-incidence and prevalence of HIV among intact and circumcised men: an analysis of PHIA surveys in Southern Africa
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  |journal=J Urol
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|trans-title=
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  |date=2021-09-23
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|language=
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  |url=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1097/JU.0000000000002234
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  |journal=J Biosoc Sci
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  |quote=We found that circumcision was not independently associated with the risk of acquiring HIV among men from Ontario, Canada.
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|location=
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  |pubmedID=34551593
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  |date=2022-10-26
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  |DOI=10.1097/JU.0000000000002234
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# [[Morten Frisch]] & Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in [[Denmark]] of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that [[circumcised]] men have a higher rate of STI and HIV infection overall than [[intact]] men.<ref name="frisch2021">{{FrischM SimonsenJ 2021}}</ref>
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No association between lack of circumcision and risk of HIV infection was found by either study.
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|pages=1-13
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  |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-biosocial-science/article/abs/ageincidence-and-prevalence-of-hiv-among-intact-and-circumcised-men-an-analysis-of-phia-surveys-in-southern-africa/CAA7E7BD5A9844F41C6B7CC3573B9E50
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|archived=
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  |quote=
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  |pubmedID=36286328
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|pubmedCID=
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  |DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000414
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  |accessdate=2022-11-02
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}}</ref></blockquote>  
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{{SEEALSO}}
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*[[Circumcision]]
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*[[Israel]]
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*[[Judaism]]
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*[[United States of America]]
 
{{ABBR}}
 
{{ABBR}}
 
{{REF}}
 
{{REF}}
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[[Category:From CircLeaks]]

Latest revision as of 13:30, 30 April 2024

Arleen A. Leibowitz, Ph.D.[a 1]

Arleen A. Leibowitz, Ph.D.[a 1], is an economist and Professor Emeritus in the Department of Public Policy in the UCLA School of Public Affairs and directs the Policy Core at the Center for HIV Identification, Prevention and Treatment Services (CHIPTS).[1] She co-authored a study which advocated that all state Medicaid plans should cover infant male circumcision.[2]

Population-based studies

September 2021 saw the publication of two huge population studies on the relationship of circumcision and HIV infection:

  1. Mayan et al. (2021) carried out a massive empirical study of the male population of the province of Ontario, Canada (569,950 males), of whom 203,588 (35.7%) were circumcised between 1991 and 2017. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk of HIV infection.[3]
  2. Morten Frisch & Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in Denmark of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that circumcised men have a higher rate of STI and HIV infection overall than intact men.[4]

No association between lack of circumcision and risk of HIV infection was found by either study. There now is credible evidence that the massive, expensive African circumcision programs have not been effective in preventing HIV infection.

Two African surveys

The previously reported studies were from developed Western nations. Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa.

French scientist Michel Garenne, Ph.D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the incidence of HIV infection in circumcised and intact men.

In his first report, Garenne presented the findings from a study in Lesotho, the enclave in South Africa. He reported:

In couple studies, the effect of circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant, with similar transmission from female to male and male to female. The study questions the amount of effort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.[5]

In his second report, Garenne (2022) presented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe). He reported:

"Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that circumcised and intact men had similar levels of HIV infection."[6]

See also

Abbreviations

  1. ↑ a b REFweb Doctor of Philosophy, Wikipedia. Retrieved 16 June 2021. (Also abbreviated as D.Phil.)

References

  1. ↑ REFweb Profile. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  2. ↑ REFweb Leibowitz, Arleen (2012). Infant Male Circumcision and Future Health Disparities, Archive of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
  3. ↑ REFjournal Mayan M, Hamilton RJ, Juurlink DN, Austin PC, Jarvi KA. Circumcision and Risk of HIV Among Males From Ontario, Canada. J Urol. 23 September 2021; PMID. DOI. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
    Quote: We found that circumcision was not independently associated with the risk of acquiring HIV among men from Ontario, Canada.
  4. ↑ REFjournal Frisch M, Simonsen J. Non-therapeutic male circumcision in infancy or childhood and risk of human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections: national cohort study in Denmark. Eur J Epidemiol. 26 September 2021; 37: 251–9. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  5. ↑ REFjournal Garenne M. Changing relationships between HIV prevalence and circumcision in Lesotho. J Biosoc Sci. 4 April 2022; online ahead of print: 1-16. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  6. ↑ REFjournal Garenne M. Age-incidence and prevalence of HIV among intact and circumcised men: an analysis of PHIA surveys in Southern Africa. J Biosoc Sci. 26 October 2022; : 1-13. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
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