Difference between revisions of "Circumcision and violence"

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The relationship of '''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' has not been well explored. Violence is defined as "behavior or treatment in which physical force is exerted for the purpose of causing damage or injury",<ref>{{REFweb
−
The relationship of '''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' has not been well explored. Violence is defined as "behavior or treatment in which physical force is exerted for the purpose of causing damage or injury".<ref>{{REFweb
 
 
  |url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/violence
 
  |url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/violence
 
  |title=Violence
 
  |title=Violence
Line 6: Line 5:
 
  |date=2016
 
  |date=2016
 
  |accessdate=2022-11-05
 
  |accessdate=2022-11-05
−
}}</ref> We do hoewever have some information.
+
}}</ref> however there is some information available.
−
 
+
==Violence due to loss of body pleasure==
−
The human prepuce is highly innervated tissue<ref name="cold-taylor1999">{{ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999}}</ref> and has long been known for its erogenous quality.<ref name="ErogenousZones">{{WinkelmannRK 1959}}</ref> Falliers (1970) commented on the "sensory pleasure induced by tactile stimulation of the foreskin."<ref name="falliers1970">{{REFjournal
+
The human [[prepuce]] is highly innervated tissue<ref name="cold-taylor1999">{{ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999}}</ref> and has long been known for its erogenous quality.<ref name="ErogenousZones">{{WinkelmannRK 1959}}</ref> Falliers (1970) commented on the "sensory pleasure induced by tactile stimulation of the [[foreskin]]."<ref name="falliers1970">{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Falliers
 
  |last=Falliers
 
  |first=
 
  |first=
Line 34: Line 33:
 
}}</ref> Excision of the foreskin by [[circumcision]] necessarily reduces the pleasurable sensations emanating from the [[foreskin]].
 
}}</ref> Excision of the foreskin by [[circumcision]] necessarily reduces the pleasurable sensations emanating from the [[foreskin]].
  
−
[[James W. Prescott]], {{PhD}}, a developmental neuropsychologist, (1975) related loss of sensory body pleasure to increases in violent behavior.
+
Developmental neuropsychologist [[James W. Prescott]], {{PhD}}, (1975) connected loss of sensory body pleasure to increases in violent behavior. According to Dr. Prescott:
 
<blockquote>
 
<blockquote>
−
As a developmental neuropsychologist I have devoted a great deal of study to the peculiar relationship between violence and pleasure. I am now convinced that the deprivation of physical sensory pleasure is the principal root cause of violence. Laboratory experiments with animals show that pleasure and violence have a reciprocal relationship, that is, the presence of one inhibits the other. A raging, violent animal will abruptly calm down when electrodes stimulate the pleasure centers of its brain. Likewise, stimulating the violence centers in the brain can terminate the animal's sensual pleasure and peaceful behavior. When the brain's pleasure circuits are 'on,' the violence circuits are 'off,' and vice versa. Among human beings, a pleasure-prone personality rarely displays violence or aggressive behaviors, and a violent personality has little ability to tolerate, experience, or enjoy sensuously pleasing activities. As either violence or pleasure goes up, the other goes down.<ref>{{REFjournal
+
''As a developmental neuropsychologist I have devoted a great deal of study to the peculiar relationship between violence and pleasure. I am now convinced that the deprivation of physical sensory pleasure is the principal root cause of violence. Laboratory experiments with animals show that pleasure and violence have a reciprocal relationship, that is, the presence of one inhibits the other. A raging, violent animal will abruptly calm down when electrodes stimulate the pleasure centers of its brain. Likewise, stimulating the violence centers in the brain can terminate the animal's sensual pleasure and peaceful behavior. When the brain's pleasure circuits are 'on,' the violence circuits are 'off,' and vice versa. Among human beings, a pleasure-prone personality rarely displays violence or aggressive behaviors, and a violent personality has little ability to tolerate, experience, or enjoy sensuously pleasing activities. As either violence or pleasure goes up, the other goes down.''<ref>{{REFjournal
 
  |last=Prescott
 
  |last=Prescott
 
  |init=JW
 
  |init=JW
Line 50: Line 49:
 
}}</ref>  
 
}}</ref>  
 
</blockquote>
 
</blockquote>
 +
 +
==Adult reenactment==
 +
Famed trauma expert [[Bessel van der Kolk]], {{MD}} (1989) reported that traumatized persons tend to repeat the [[trauma]] on themselves or others, resulting in self-harm, harm to others, harm to self, or being re-victimized. He writes:
 +
<blockquote>
 +
''Some traumatized people remain preoccupied with the [[trauma]] at the expense of other life experiences and continue to re-create it in some form for themselves or for others.''<ref name="vanderkolk1989">{{VanderKolkBA 1989}}</ref>
 +
</blockquote>
 +
 +
Lloyd deMause (1996) argued that early childhood [[trauma]] results in aggressive adult behavior.
 +
<blockquote>
 +
''That America has arranged to have more people on welfare'' – ''Gingrich’s dreaded “underclass”'' – ''than any other industrialized country is a clue to why nations need poor people to punish for their prosperity. Since it is prosperity and threats of intolerable individuation that trigger the restaging of trauma, it makes psychohistorical sense that America today'' – ''the most prosperous and freest nation of any in history'' – ''has more women and children living in poverty than any other industrialized nation. Nor is it coincidental that the world’s wealthiest country has the highest child homicide rate and the most newborn boys [[circumcised]], both indices of society’s hostility towards children.''<ref name="demause1996">{{REFjournal
 +
|last=deMause
 +
|first=Lloyd
 +
|init=
 +
|author-link=
 +
|etal=no
 +
|title=Restaging Fetal Traumas in War and Social Violence
 +
|journal=Pre- and Perinatal Psychology Journal
 +
|location=
 +
|date=1996
 +
|volume=23
 +
|issue=4
 +
|pages=344-92
 +
|url=http://www.mattes.de/buecher/praenatale_psychologie/PP_PDF/PP_08_2_deMause.pdf
 +
|archived=
 +
|quote=
 +
|pubmedID=11609155
 +
|pubmedCID=
 +
|DOI=
 +
|accessdate=2022-11-05
 +
}}</ref></blockquote>
 +
 
==Is circumcision itself violence?==
 
==Is circumcision itself violence?==
−
The performance of a circumcision operation actually takes minimal force, but it makes up for the lack of force by the great damage to the [[penis]] and its many protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual functions,<ref>{{REFweb
+
The performance of a circumcision operation takes minimal physical force, but it makes up for the lack of force by the great damage to the [[penis]] and its many protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual functions,<ref>{{REFweb
 
  |url=http://www.intactaus.org/information/functionsoftheforeskin/
 
  |url=http://www.intactaus.org/information/functionsoftheforeskin/
 
  |title=Functions of the Foreskin
 
  |title=Functions of the Foreskin
Line 63: Line 93:
 
  |format=
 
  |format=
 
  |quote=
 
  |quote=
−
}}</ref> and also by the extreme [[Pain| pain and trauma]] that it inflicts. Ramos & Boyle (2001) studied the psychological effects of [[circumcision]] on Filipino boys. They reported that sixty-nine percent of traditionally circumcised boys and fifty-one percent of medically [[circumcised]] boys met the criteria for a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder ([[PTSD]]).<ref name="ramos-boyle2001">{{REFbook
+
}}</ref> and also by the extreme [[Pain| pain and trauma]] that it inflicts. Ramos & Boyle (2001) studied the psychological effects of [[circumcision]] on Filipino boys. They reported that sixty-nine percent of traditionally circumcised boys and fifty-one percent of medically [[circumcised]] boys subsequently met the criteria for a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder ([[PTSD]]).<ref name="ramos-boyle2001">{{REFbook
 
  |last=Ramos
 
  |last=Ramos
 
  |first=Samuel
 
  |first=Samuel
Line 87: Line 117:
 
  |accessdate=2022-11-05
 
  |accessdate=2022-11-05
 
  |note=
 
  |note=
−
}}</ref>  
+
}}</ref>
−
==Adult reenactment==
+
 
−
Famed trauma expert [https://besselvanderkolk.net/index.html Bessell van der Kolk, M. D.] (1989) reported that traumatized persons tend to repeat the trauma on themselves or others, resulting in harm to others, harm to self, or being re-victimized. He writes:
+
==Religious circumcision and violence==
−
<blockquote>
+
===Judaism===
−
Some traumatized people remain preoccupied with the trauma at the expense of other life experiences and continue to re-create it in some form for themselves or for others.<ref name="vanderkolk1989">{{REFjournal
+
It is not clear when the Jews started circumcision, but is clear that it was done in 1406 BCE at [[Gilgal]] in what must have been a highly traumatic event. Michael Glass (2003) observed that the circumcisions at Gilgal were to create warriors. He saw a connection between circumcision and violence.<ref name="glass2003">{{REFweb
−
  |last=van der Kolk
+
|url=http://www.cirp.org/pages/cultural/glass3/
−
  |first=Bessell
+
|title=What the Bible Reveals About Circumcision and Sexual Violence
−
  |init=B
+
|last=Glass
−
  |author-link=
+
|first=Michael
−
  |etal=no
+
|init=
−
  |title=The compulsion to repeat the trauma: re-enactment, revictimization, and masochism
+
|author-link=Michael Glass
−
  |journal=Psychiatr Clin North Am
+
|publisher=Circumcision Reference Library
−
  |location=
+
|date=2003-04
−
  |date=1989-06
+
|accessdate=2022-11-11
−
  |volume=12
+
}}</ref>
−
  |issue=2
+
 
−
  |pages=389-411
+
According to Professor [[Leonard Glick]], Chapter 17 (containing the alleged [[Abrahamic covenant]]) was not added to the book of Genesis until after the Babylonian captivity, which ended in 538 BCE.
−
  |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/vanderkolk/
+
 
−
  |quote=
+
The [[Brit Milah]] in which a [[circumcised]] [[mohel]] reenacts his own traumatic circumcision upon a newborn boy on the eighth day of life is a standard feature of [[Judaism]].
−
  |pubmedID=2664732
+
 
−
  |pubmedCID=
+
Jewish philosophers [[Philo]] and [[Moses Maimonides]] both believed that reduction of body pleasure was a positive attribute of circumcision.
−
  |DOI=
+
 
−
  |accessdate=2019-12-08
+
===Islam===
−
}}</ref>  
+
Although [[circumcision]] is never mentioned in the Qur'an, male circumcision is deeply rooted in the Muslim tradition. Muhammad is reported to have prescribed cutting the [[foreskin]] as a ''fitrah'', a measure of personal cleanliness. Modern Muslims see circumcision as essential to their faith, although they have also come to lean on arguments of "medical benefits." A conference of Islamic scholars in 1987 stated that modern circumcision studies “[reflect] the wisdom of the Islamic statements”.<ref>{{GollaherDL 2000}}</ref>
−
</blockquote>
+
 
 +
The Muslim code of religious law (AKA Shariah) recommends performance of [[circumcision]] at the age of seven days. In practice, however, Muslim boys are [[circumcised]] by circumcised men at varying ages before puberty,<ref>{{REFbook
 +
|last=Morgenstern
 +
|first=Julian
 +
|init=J
 +
|title=Rites of Birth, Marriage, Death and Kindred Occasions among the Semites
 +
|location=Chicago
 +
|publisher=Quadrangle Books
 +
|year=1966
 +
|pages=48-66
 +
|quote=...in modern Moslem practice the rite is performed generally between the ages of two and seven years... as late as the thirteenth year.
 +
}}</ref><ref>{{REFbook
 +
|last=Mehta
 +
|first=Depak
 +
|chapter=Circumcision, Body, Masculinity
 +
|title=Violence and Subjectivity
 +
|editors=Veena Das, Arthur Kleinman, et al.
 +
|location=Berkeley
 +
|publisher={{UNI|University of California|UCBE}} Press
 +
|year=2000
 +
|page=82
 +
|quote=...two to six years.
 +
}}</ref> however, it is no less injurious or traumatic and it still deprives the individual of body pleasure.
 +
 
 +
[[Islam]] has a long, violent tradition of using the sword to advance Islam. The ''jihad'' is a so-called "holy war" to advance Islam against "infidels".<ref>{{REFweb
 +
|url=https://probe.org/islam-and-the-sword/
 +
|title=Islam and the Sword
 +
  |last=Closson
 +
  |first=Don
 +
  |init=
 +
  |publisher=Probe Ministries
 +
|date=2002-05-27
 +
|accessdate=2022-11-05
 +
}}</ref> Beheadings (decapitations) may be carried out by (circumcised) Islamic warriors against infidels (non-Muslims).<ref>{{REFweb
 +
  |url=https://www.meforum.org/4807/beheading-infidels-how-allah-heals-the-hearts
 +
  |title=Beheading Infidels: How Allah 'Heals the Hearts of Believers'
 +
|last=Ibrahim
 +
|first=Raymond
 +
|init=
 +
|publisher=Middle East Forum
 +
|date=2014-09-11
 +
|accessdate=2022-11-07
 +
}}</ref> We should not forget that the violent attack on the [[United States]] on 11 September 2001 that caused 2,996 deaths and about 25,000 injuries was allegedly led and orchestrated by a [[circumcised]] Saudi Muslim named Osama bin Laden.<ref>{{REFweb
 +
  |url=https://military.id.me/news/exposed-hillary-email-touches-upon-osama-bin-ladens-circumcision/
 +
|title=Exposed Hillary Email Touches Upon Osama Bin Laden’s Circumcision
 +
  |last=Hall
 +
|first=Blake
 +
  |init=
 +
  |publisher=The Sit Rep
 +
  |date=2015-10-02
 +
  |accessdate=2022-11-07
 +
}}</ref> <ref>{{REFweb
 +
  |url=https://www.the-sun.com/news/3600036/how-many-people-died-9-11-attacks/
 +
  |title=How many people died in the 9-11 attacks
 +
|last=Roback
 +
  |first=Jennifer
 +
  |init=
 +
  |publisher=U.S. Sun
 +
|date=2022-09-11
 +
  |accessdate=2022-11-07
 +
}}</ref>
 +
 
 +
==A survey of nations==
 +
Independent researcher [[Michel Hervé Bertaux-Navoiseau]] divided nations by the prevalence of [[circumcision]]. He placed nations where more than 50 percent of males are [[circumcised]] in the first category. He placed nations where less than 50 percent of males are circumcised in the second category. He collected statistical data on death penalty, wars, tortures, and excisions by nation. He found a higher rate of these items in the nations where circumcision is the practice. He also reported an "almost absolute" correlation between the practice of circumcision and [[genocide]].<ref>{{REFdocument
 +
|title=Violence and Circumcision
 +
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358044554_Violence_circumcision
 +
|contribution=
 +
|last=Bertaux-Navoiseau
 +
|first=Michel H.
 +
|author-link=Michel Hervé Bertaux-Navoiseau
 +
|publisher=Research Gate
 +
|format=
 +
|date=2022-01
 +
|accessdate=2022-11-09
 +
}}</ref>
  
−
Lloyd De Mause (1996) argued that early trauma results in aggressive adult behavior.
+
{{SEEALSO}}
−
<blockquote>
+
* [[Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)]]
−
That America has arranged to have more people on welfare – Gingrich’s
+
* [[Injury]]
−
dreaded “underclass” – than any other industrialized country is a clue to why
+
* [[Physical abuse]]
−
nations need poor people to punish for their prosperity. Since it is prosperity and
+
* [[Trauma]]
−
threats of intolerable individuation that trigger the restaging of trauma, it makes
+
{{LINKS}}
−
psychohistorical sense that America today – the most prosperous and freest nation
+
* {{REFweb
−
of any in history – has more women and children living in poverty than any other
+
|url=http://www.cirp.org/pages/cultural/glass3/
−
industrialized nation. Nor is it coincidental that the world’s wealthiest country
+
|title=What the Bible Reveals About Circumcision and Sexual Violence
−
has the highest child homicide rate and the most newborn boys [[circumcised]], both indices of society’s hostility towards children.<ref name="demause1996">{{REFjournal
+
|last=Glass
−
  |last=deMause
+
|first=Michael
−
  |first=Lloyd
+
|init=
 +
|author-link=Michael Glass
 +
|publisher=Circumcision Reference Library
 +
|date=2003-04
 +
|accessdate=2022-11-08
 +
}}
 +
* {{REFconference
 +
|last=Boyle
 +
|first=G. J.
 +
|init=GJ
 +
|author-link=Gregory J. Boyle
 +
|datefrom=2000-10-06
 +
|dateto=2000-10-07
 +
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/boyle2/
 +
|title=El trastorno por estrés postraumático (PTSD) de larga duración como resultado de la cirugía genital de los menores
 +
|trans-title=Long-term post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a result of genital surgery on minors.
 +
|#=Invited Keynote Address: 
 +
|place=San Salvador, El Salvador, Central America
 +
|publisher=III Congreso Nacional de Psicología "Violencia y Salud Mental"
 +
}}
 +
* {{REFweb
 +
|url=https://intactamerica.org/what-is-making-these-guys-so-angry/
 +
|title=“What Is Making These Guys So Angry”
 +
  |last=Chapin
 +
  |first=Georganne
 
  |init=
 
  |init=
 +
|author-link=Georganne Chapin
 +
|publisher=Intact America
 +
|date=2022-06-15
 +
|quote=But we need to listen to the growing number of men speaking out about having been violated as babies when an essential (i.e., of its essence) part of their penis was forcibly severed. And we must ask ourselves whether the nearly ubiquitous violation of baby boys as a class of people and the assembly-line acts of violence carried out upon individual newborns might be responsible for at least some of the rage, pain and feelings of impotence that underlie the epidemic of mass killings we are witnessing today.
 +
|accessdate=2024-08-16
 +
}}
 +
* {{REFweb
 +
|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Intactivism/comments/qbpzqr/trained_medical_professionals_restrain_infant_to/
 +
|archived=
 +
|title=Trained medical professionals restrain infant to amputate part of its body while baby kicks and screams in pain
 +
|trans-title=
 +
|language=
 +
|last=
 +
|first=
 
  |author-link=
 
  |author-link=
−
  |etal=no
+
  |publisher=
−
  |title=Restaging Fetal Traumas in War and Social Violence
+
  |website=
−
|journal=Pre- and Perinatal Psychology Journal
+
  |date=
−
|location=
+
  |accessdate=2023-09-19
−
  |date=1996
+
  |format=
−
  |volume=23
 
−
|issue=4
 
−
|pages=344-92
 
−
|url=http://www.mattes.de/buecher/praenatale_psychologie/PP_PDF/PP_08_2_deMause.pdf
 
−
  |archived=
 
 
  |quote=
 
  |quote=
−
|pubmedID=11609155
+
}}
−
|pubmedCID=
+
 
−
|DOI=
 
−
|accessdate=2022-11-05
 
−
}}</ref></blockquote>
 
 
{{ABBR}}
 
{{ABBR}}
 
{{REF}}
 
{{REF}}
  
−
[[Category:term]]
+
[[Category:Term]]
 +
[[Category:Psychology]]
 +
[[Category:Judaism]]
 +
[[Category:Islam]]
 +
[[Category:Violence]]

Latest revision as of 18:31, 16 August 2024

The relationship of Circumcision and violence has not been well explored. Violence is defined as "behavior or treatment in which physical force is exerted for the purpose of causing damage or injury",[1] however there is some information available.

Violence due to loss of body pleasure

The human prepuce is highly innervated tissue[2] and has long been known for its erogenous quality.[3] Falliers (1970) commented on the "sensory pleasure induced by tactile stimulation of the foreskin."[4] Excision of the foreskin by circumcision necessarily reduces the pleasurable sensations emanating from the foreskin.

Developmental neuropsychologist James W. Prescott, Ph.D.[a 1], (1975) connected loss of sensory body pleasure to increases in violent behavior. According to Dr. Prescott:

As a developmental neuropsychologist I have devoted a great deal of study to the peculiar relationship between violence and pleasure. I am now convinced that the deprivation of physical sensory pleasure is the principal root cause of violence. Laboratory experiments with animals show that pleasure and violence have a reciprocal relationship, that is, the presence of one inhibits the other. A raging, violent animal will abruptly calm down when electrodes stimulate the pleasure centers of its brain. Likewise, stimulating the violence centers in the brain can terminate the animal's sensual pleasure and peaceful behavior. When the brain's pleasure circuits are 'on,' the violence circuits are 'off,' and vice versa. Among human beings, a pleasure-prone personality rarely displays violence or aggressive behaviors, and a violent personality has little ability to tolerate, experience, or enjoy sensuously pleasing activities. As either violence or pleasure goes up, the other goes down.[5]

Adult reenactment

Famed trauma expert Bessel van der Kolk, M.D.[a 2] (1989) reported that traumatized persons tend to repeat the trauma on themselves or others, resulting in self-harm, harm to others, harm to self, or being re-victimized. He writes:

Some traumatized people remain preoccupied with the trauma at the expense of other life experiences and continue to re-create it in some form for themselves or for others.[6]

Lloyd deMause (1996) argued that early childhood trauma results in aggressive adult behavior.

That America has arranged to have more people on welfare – Gingrich’s dreaded “underclass” – than any other industrialized country is a clue to why nations need poor people to punish for their prosperity. Since it is prosperity and threats of intolerable individuation that trigger the restaging of trauma, it makes psychohistorical sense that America today – the most prosperous and freest nation of any in history – has more women and children living in poverty than any other industrialized nation. Nor is it coincidental that the world’s wealthiest country has the highest child homicide rate and the most newborn boys circumcised, both indices of society’s hostility towards children.[7]

Is circumcision itself violence?

The performance of a circumcision operation takes minimal physical force, but it makes up for the lack of force by the great damage to the penis and its many protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual functions,[8] and also by the extreme pain and trauma that it inflicts. Ramos & Boyle (2001) studied the psychological effects of circumcision on Filipino boys. They reported that sixty-nine percent of traditionally circumcised boys and fifty-one percent of medically circumcised boys subsequently met the criteria for a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).[9]

Religious circumcision and violence

Judaism

It is not clear when the Jews started circumcision, but is clear that it was done in 1406 BCE at Gilgal in what must have been a highly traumatic event. Michael Glass (2003) observed that the circumcisions at Gilgal were to create warriors. He saw a connection between circumcision and violence.[10]

According to Professor Leonard Glick, Chapter 17 (containing the alleged Abrahamic covenant) was not added to the book of Genesis until after the Babylonian captivity, which ended in 538 BCE.

The Brit Milah in which a circumcised mohel reenacts his own traumatic circumcision upon a newborn boy on the eighth day of life is a standard feature of Judaism.

Jewish philosophers Philo and Moses Maimonides both believed that reduction of body pleasure was a positive attribute of circumcision.

Islam

Although circumcision is never mentioned in the Qur'an, male circumcision is deeply rooted in the Muslim tradition. Muhammad is reported to have prescribed cutting the foreskin as a fitrah, a measure of personal cleanliness. Modern Muslims see circumcision as essential to their faith, although they have also come to lean on arguments of "medical benefits." A conference of Islamic scholars in 1987 stated that modern circumcision studies “[reflect] the wisdom of the Islamic statements”.[11]

The Muslim code of religious law (AKA Shariah) recommends performance of circumcision at the age of seven days. In practice, however, Muslim boys are circumcised by circumcised men at varying ages before puberty,[12][13] however, it is no less injurious or traumatic and it still deprives the individual of body pleasure.

Islam has a long, violent tradition of using the sword to advance Islam. The jihad is a so-called "holy war" to advance Islam against "infidels".[14] Beheadings (decapitations) may be carried out by (circumcised) Islamic warriors against infidels (non-Muslims).[15] We should not forget that the violent attack on the United States on 11 September 2001 that caused 2,996 deaths and about 25,000 injuries was allegedly led and orchestrated by a circumcised Saudi Muslim named Osama bin Laden.[16] [17]

A survey of nations

Independent researcher Michel Hervé Bertaux-Navoiseau divided nations by the prevalence of circumcision. He placed nations where more than 50 percent of males are circumcised in the first category. He placed nations where less than 50 percent of males are circumcised in the second category. He collected statistical data on death penalty, wars, tortures, and excisions by nation. He found a higher rate of these items in the nations where circumcision is the practice. He also reported an "almost absolute" correlation between the practice of circumcision and genocide.[18]

See also

External links

Abbreviations

  1. ↑ REFweb Doctor of Philosophy, Wikipedia. Retrieved 16 June 2021. (Also abbreviated as D.Phil.)
  2. ↑ REFweb Doctor of Medicine, Wikipedia. Retrieved 14 June 2021. In the United Kingdom, Ireland and some Commonwealth countries, the abbreviation MD is common.

References

  1. ↑ REFweb (2016). Violence, The Free Dictionary by Farlex. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  2. ↑ REFjournal Cold CJ, Taylor JR. The prepuce. BJU Int. January 1999; 83, Suppl. 1: 34-44. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  3. ↑ REFjournal Winkelmann RK. The erogenous zones: their nerve supply and significance. Mayo Clin Proc. 21 January 1959; 34(3): 39-47. PMID. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  4. ↑ REFjournal Falliers CJ. Circumcision. JAMA. December 1970; 214(12): 2194. PMID. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  5. ↑ REFjournal Prescott JW. Body Pleasure and the Origins of Violence. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. November 1975; : 10-20. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  6. ↑ REFjournal van der Kolk BA. The compulsion to repeat the trauma: re-enactment, revictimization, and masochism. Psychiatr Clin North Am. June 1989; 12(2): 389-411. PMID. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  7. ↑ REFjournal deMause, Lloyd. Restaging Fetal Traumas in War and Social Violence. Pre- and Perinatal Psychology Journal. 1996; 23(4): 344-92. PMID. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  8. ↑ REFweb Helard, Lou (1 August 2014). Functions of the Foreskin, Intact Australia. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  9. ↑ REFbook Ramos S, Boyle GJ (2001): Ritual and medical circumcision among Filipino boys: evidence of post-traumatic stress disorder. Work: Understanding circumcision: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to a Multi-Dimensional Problem. Denniston GC, Hodges FM, Milos M (ed.). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. Pp. 253-70. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  10. ↑ REFweb Glass, Michael (April 2003). What the Bible Reveals About Circumcision and Sexual Violence, Circumcision Reference Library. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  11. ↑ REFbook Gollaher DL (2000): Circumcision: A History of the World's Most Controversial Surgery. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0465043972.
  12. ↑ REFbook Morgenstern J (1966): Rites of Birth, Marriage, Death and Kindred Occasions among the Semites. Chicago: Quadrangle Books. Pp. 48-66.
    Quote: ...in modern Moslem practice the rite is performed generally between the ages of two and seven years... as late as the thirteenth year.
  13. ↑ REFbook Mehta, Depak (2000): Circumcision, Body, Masculinity, in: Violence and Subjectivity. Veena Das, Arthur Kleinman, et al. (eds.). Berkeley: University of California Press. P. 82.
    Quote: ...two to six years.
  14. ↑ REFweb Closson, Don (27 May 2002). Islam and the Sword, Probe Ministries. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  15. ↑ REFweb Ibrahim, Raymond (11 September 2014). Beheading Infidels: How Allah 'Heals the Hearts of Believers', Middle East Forum. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  16. ↑ REFweb Hall, Blake (2 October 2015). Exposed Hillary Email Touches Upon Osama Bin Laden’s Circumcision, The Sit Rep. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  17. ↑ REFweb Roback, Jennifer (11 September 2022). How many people died in the 9-11 attacks, U.S. Sun. Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  18. ↑ REFdocument Bertaux-Navoiseau, Michel H.: Violence and Circumcision, Research Gate. (January 2022). Retrieved 9 November 2022.
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