Circumcision study flaws: Difference between revisions

(4 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)

Line 95:

Bossio et al. made three recommendations:

# That more ~~rigours~~ and consistent methodology be used.

# That more rigorous and consistent methodology be used.

# Empirically rigorous studies of the physiological effects of neonatal circumcision are needed.

# Empirically rigorous studies of the physiological effects of neonatal [[circumcision]] are needed.

# Psychosocial factors, including [[Sexual effects of circumcision| sexual correlates of circumcision]], should be studied.<ref name="bossio2014" />

Line 102:

== Statements from medical trade associations ==

[[Medical trade associations]] exist to protect and advance the professional financial, business, and legal interests of their fellows (members). A few medical trade associations, whose members perform non-therapeutic circumcision, have issued statements regarding non-therapeutic circumcision of children. Circumcision policy statements frequently exclude discussions of sexual, psychological, [[human rights]], ethical, and legal issues, and the anatomy and functions of the foreskin.<ref name="goldman2004">{{REFjournal

[[Medical trade association| Medical trade associations]] exist to protect and advance the professional, financial, business, and legal interests of their fellows (members). A few medical trade associations, whose members perform non-therapeutic circumcision, have issued statements regarding non-therapeutic circumcision of children. Circumcision policy statements frequently exclude discussions of [[Sexual effects of circumcision| sexual]], [[Psychological issues of male circumcision| psychological]], [[human rights]], ethical, and [[Circumcision legal commentary| legal]] issues, and the [[Foreskin| anatomy and functions of the foreskin]].<ref name="goldman2004">{{REFjournal

|last=Goldman

|first=Ronald

Line 306:

[[File:Flag_of_USA.svg|thumb|150px|Flag of the United States of America (USA)]]

The United States are unique because the American medical industry has been promoting the practice of non-therapeutic circumcision since the late 19th Century.<ref>{{GollaherDL 1994}}</ref> As a result of the centuries-old promotion almost all American males were circumcised soon after birth from the 1930s through the 1980s.<ref name="laumann1996">{{REFjournal

The [[United States]] are unique because the American medical industry has been promoting the practice of non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] since the late 19th Century.<ref>{{GollaherDL 1994}}</ref> As a result of the centuries-old promotion almost all American males were [[circumcised]] soon after birth from the 1930s through the 1980s.<ref name="laumann1996">{{REFjournal

|last=Laumann

|first=Edward O.

Line 328:

}}</ref> As a result, many Americans have never seen a human [[foreskin]] and most are profoundly ignorant of its anatomy, functions, and care.

With such an environment the medical industry has been able to develop its circumcision business into a colossus that exceeds an estimated $3 billion per year.<ref name="bollinger2012">{{REFweb

With such an environment the medical industry has been able to develop its [[circumcision]] business into a colossus that exceeds an estimated $3 billion per year.<ref name="bollinger2012">{{REFweb

|url=https://www.academia.edu/6442587/High_Cost_of_Circumcision_3.6_Billion_Annually

|title=High Cost of Circumcision: $3.6 Billion Annually

Line 492:

The AAP has a long-standing policy that its published policies and statements expire after five years unless re-affirmed. The AAP has ''not'' re-affirmed the statements below so they expired on 31 August 2017. The AAP now has ''no'' official position on non-therapeutic circumcision of boys.

The AAP has a long-standing policy that its published policies and statements expire after five years unless re-affirmed. The AAP has ''not'' re-affirmed the statements below so they expired on 31 August 2017. The AAP now has ''no'' official position on non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of boys.

* {{REFjournal

@@ Line 95: / Line 95: @@
 Bossio et al. made three recommendations:
-# That more rigours and consistent methodology be used.
+# That more rigorous and consistent methodology be used.
-# Empirically rigorous studies of the physiological effects of neonatal circumcision are needed.
+# Empirically rigorous studies of the physiological effects of neonatal [[circumcision]] are needed.
 # Psychosocial factors, including [[Sexual effects of circumcision| sexual correlates of circumcision]], should be studied.<ref name="bossio2014" />
@@ Line 102: / Line 102: @@
 == Statements from medical trade associations ==
-[[Medical trade associations]] exist to protect and advance the professional financial, business, and legal interests of their fellows (members). A few medical trade associations, whose members perform non-therapeutic circumcision, have issued statements regarding non-therapeutic circumcision of children. Circumcision policy statements frequently exclude discussions of sexual, psychological, [[human rights]], ethical, and legal issues, and the anatomy and functions of the foreskin.<ref name="goldman2004">{{REFjournal
+[[Medical trade association| Medical trade associations]] exist to protect and advance the professional, financial, business, and legal interests of their fellows (members). A few medical trade associations, whose members perform non-therapeutic circumcision, have issued statements regarding non-therapeutic circumcision of children. Circumcision policy statements frequently exclude discussions of [[Sexual effects of circumcision| sexual]], [[Psychological issues of male circumcision| psychological]], [[human rights]], ethical, and [[Circumcision legal commentary| legal]] issues, and the [[Foreskin| anatomy and functions of the foreskin]].<ref name="goldman2004">{{REFjournal
   |last=Goldman
   |first=Ronald
@@ Line 306: / Line 306: @@
 {{AAP Policy expired}}
 [[File:Flag_of_USA.svg|thumb|150px|Flag of the United States of America (USA)]]
-The United States are unique because the American medical industry has been promoting the practice of non-therapeutic circumcision since the late 19th Century.<ref>{{GollaherDL 1994}}</ref> As a result of the centuries-old promotion almost all American males were circumcised soon after birth from the 1930s through the 1980s.<ref name="laumann1996">{{REFjournal
+The [[United States]] are unique because the American medical industry has been promoting the practice of non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] since the late 19th Century.<ref>{{GollaherDL 1994}}</ref> As a result of the centuries-old promotion almost all American males were [[circumcised]] soon after birth from the 1930s through the 1980s.<ref name="laumann1996">{{REFjournal
   |last=Laumann
   |first=Edward O.
@@ Line 328: / Line 328: @@
 }}</ref> As a result, many Americans have never seen a human [[foreskin]] and most are profoundly ignorant of its anatomy, functions, and care.
-With such an environment the medical industry has been able to develop its circumcision business into a colossus that exceeds an estimated $3 billion per year.<ref name="bollinger2012">{{REFweb
+With such an environment the medical industry has been able to develop its [[circumcision]] business into a colossus that exceeds an estimated $3 billion per year.<ref name="bollinger2012">{{REFweb
   |url=https://www.academia.edu/6442587/High_Cost_of_Circumcision_3.6_Billion_Annually
   |title=High Cost of Circumcision: $3.6 Billion Annually
@@ Line 492: / Line 492: @@
-The AAP has a long-standing policy that its published policies and statements expire after five years unless re-affirmed. The AAP has ''not'' re-affirmed the statements below so they expired on 31 August 2017. The AAP now has ''no'' official position on non-therapeutic circumcision of boys.
+The AAP has a long-standing policy that its published policies and statements expire after five years unless re-affirmed. The AAP has ''not'' re-affirmed the statements below so they expired on 31 August 2017. The AAP now has ''no'' official position on non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of boys.
 * {{REFjournal