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The '''Adverse Childhood Experience Study''' originated with a questionnaire mailed 13,494 adults. The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) studied included psychological, physical, or sexual abuse; violence against mother; or living with household members who were substance abusers, mentally ill or suicidal, or ever imprisoned. The study, which was carried out in the 1990s, did not include infant [[circumcision]]. The study revealed that ACEs are closely related to adult health problems. ACEs are strongly associated with high-risk health behaviors in adulthood, such as smoking, alcohol and drug abuse, promiscuity, and obesity; and with ill health, including depression, heart and lung disease, cancer, and decreased lifespan.<ref name="felitti1998">{{REFjournal
The '''Adverse Childhood Experience Study''' originated with a questionnaire mailed 13,494 adults. The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) studied included psychological, physical, or sexual abuse; violence against mother; or living with household members who were substance abusers, mentally ill or suicidal, or ever imprisoned. The study, which was carried out in the 1990s, did not include infant [[circumcision]].<ref>{{REFbook
|last=van der Kolk
|first=Bessel
|init=
|author-link=Bessel van der Kolk
|year=2015
|title=The Body Keeps the score
|url=
|chapter=Chapter Nine
|scope=
|page=
|pages=140-3
|ISBN=978-0-14-312774-1
|accessdate=2023-08-07
}}</ref> <ref>{{REFdocument
|title=Child genital cutting as an adverse childhood experience
|trans-title=
|language=
|url=http://adversechildhoodexperiences.net/CGC_as_an_ACE.pdf
|archived=
|contribution=
|quote=
|trans-quote=
|quote-lang=
|last=Bollinger
|first=Dan
|author-link=Dan Bollinger
|last2=Chapin
|first2=Georganne
|author2-link=Georganne Chapin
|publisher=Intact America
|location=Tarrytown
|format=PDF
|date=2019-08-01
|accessdate=2023-08-08
}}</ref> The study revealed that ACEs are closely related to adult health problems. ACEs are strongly associated with high-risk health behaviors in adulthood, such as smoking, alcohol and drug abuse, promiscuity, and obesity; and with ill health, including depression, heart and lung disease, cancer, and decreased lifespan.<ref name="felitti1998">{{REFjournal
  |last=Felitti
  |last=Felitti
  |first=
  |first=
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  |last3=Nordenberg
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  |init3=D
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  |author3-link=
  |last4=Williamson
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  |accessdate=2023-08-06  
  |accessdate=2023-08-06  
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
==Health risks==
ACEs have a dose-response relationship with many health problems. That is, as the number of ACEs accumulates, the greater the health risks to the individual.
ACEs come from the CDC-Kaiser Adverse Childhood Experiences Study, a groundbreaking public health study that discovered that childhood [[trauma]] leads to the adult onset of chronic diseases, depression and other mental illness, violence and being a victim of violence, as well as financial and social problems.<ref name="felitti1998" />


==Classification of genital cutting==
==Classification of genital cutting==
Involuntary childhood genital cutting—including [[female genital mutilation]], gender-norming surgery of [[intersex]] children, and male [[circumcision]] — is [[Pain| painful]] and [[Trauma| traumatic]] and has been found to permanently alter individuals' sexuality, and to have other lifelong consequences.<ref name="bollinger2023">{{REFjournal
Involuntary childhood genital cutting — including [[female genital mutilation]], gender-norming surgery of [[intersex]] children, and male [[circumcision]] — is [[Pain| painful]] and [[Trauma| traumatic]] and has been found to permanently alter individuals' sexuality, and to have other lifelong consequences.<ref name="bollinger2023">{{REFjournal
  |last=Bollinger
  |last=Bollinger
  |init=D
  |init=D
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  |author2-link=
  |url=https://kindredmedia.org/2023/02/adverse-childhood-experiences-dysfunctional-households-and-circumcision/
  |url=https://kindredmedia.org/2023/02/adverse-childhood-experiences-dysfunctional-households-and-circumcision/
  |title=Adverse Childhood Experiences, Dysfunctional Households, And Circumcision.
  |title=Adverse Childhood Experiences, Dysfunctional Households, and Circumcision.
  |journal=Kindred
  |journal=Kindred
  |date=2023-02-28
  |date=2023-02-28
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}}</ref> These early traumas are not yet included on the ACE checklist.
}}</ref> These early traumas are not yet included on the ACE checklist.


==Health risks==
[[Dan Bollinger| Bollinger]] (2023) reported a preliminary survey comparing [[intact]] and [[circumcised]] men using the ACE test. The [[circumcised]] men had higher ACE scores than the [[intact]] men. Bollinger has called for additional study to determine if male genital cutting (circumcision) should be classified as an Adverse Childhood Experience.<ref name="bollinger2023" />
ACEs have a dose-response relationship with many health problems. That is, as the number of ACEs accumulates, the greater the health risks to the individual.


ACEs come from the CDC-Kaiser Adverse Childhood Experiences Study, a groundbreaking public health study that discovered that childhood [[trauma]] leads to the adult onset of chronic diseases, depression and other mental illness, violence and being a victim of violence, as well as financial and social problems.<ref name="felitti1998" />
{{SEEALSO}}
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Circumcision and violence]]
* [[Circumcision and violence]]
* [[Depression]]
* [[Post-traumatic stress disorder]]
* [[Psychological issues of male circumcision]]
* [[Psychological issues of male circumcision]]
* [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]]
* [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]]
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{{LINKS}}
{{LINKS}}
* [http://adversechildhoodexperiences.net Adverse Childhood Experiences]
* [http://adversechildhoodexperiences.net Adverse Childhood Experiences]
 
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Intactivism/comments/qbpzqr/trained_medical_professionals_restrain_infant_to/
|archived=
|title=Trained medical professionals restrain infant to amputate part of its body while baby kicks and screams in pain
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|first=
|author-link=
|publisher=
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|accessdate=2023-09-19
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}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.verywellmind.com/what-are-aces-adverse-childhood-experiences-5219030
|title=Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
|last=Wisner
|first=Wendy
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=Verywell Mind
|date=2024-08-18
|accessdate=2025-06-27
}}
{{REF}}
{{REF}}


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[[Category:Term]]
[[Category:Term]]
[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Psychology]]
[[de:Negative Kindheitserlebnisse (ACEs)]]
Retrieved from "https://en.intactiwiki.org/wiki/Adverse_Childhood_Experiences_(ACEs)"