Circumcision and HIV: Difference between revisions
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Alcena and Fink lacked a hypothesis to explain why the foreskin would be an entry point for HIV infection, but this was supplied by circumcision promoter [[Gerald N. Weiss]] and two colleagues. Weiss et al. (1993) produced the plausible but incorrect hypothesis that [[Langerhans cells]] attracted HIV. A medical journal in Israel was willing to publish the paper by Weiss et al.<ref name="weiss1993">{{REFjournal | Alcena and Fink lacked a hypothesis to explain why the foreskin would be an entry point for HIV infection, but this was supplied by circumcision promoter [[Gerald N. Weiss]] and two colleagues. Weiss et al. (1993) produced the plausible but incorrect hypothesis that [[Langerhans cells]] attracted HIV. A medical journal in [[Israel]] was willing to publish the paper by Weiss et al.<ref name="weiss1993">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Weiss | |last=Weiss | ||
|first=Gerald N. | |first=Gerald N. | ||
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== The immunological function of the foreskin == | == The immunological function of the foreskin == | ||
The foreskin's inner fold and the glans of the penis are comprised of [[Preputial mucosa|mucous membrane]] tissue. These are also present in your eyes, mouth, and all other bodily orifices including the female genitals. These are the first line of immunological defense for the body's orifices. These mucous membranes perform many immunological and hygienic functions. | The [[foreskin]]'s inner fold and the [[glans]] of the penis are comprised of [[Preputial mucosa|mucous membrane]] tissue. These are also present in your eyes, mouth, and all other bodily orifices including the female genitals. These are the first line of immunological defense for the body's orifices. These mucous membranes perform many immunological and hygienic functions. | ||
Certain components such as [[Langerhans cells]],<ref>{{REFjournal | Certain components such as [[Langerhans cells]],<ref>{{REFjournal | ||
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}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
All of these function to sequester and “digest” foreign pathogens. All these substances play an important role in protecting the penis from viral and bacterial pathogens. The immunological functions of the human prepuce have been extensively documented by respected researchers for quite some time.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998">{{FleissP HodgesF VanHoweRS 1998}}</ref> | All of these function to sequester and “digest” foreign pathogens. All these substances play an important role in protecting the [[penis]] from viral and bacterial pathogens. The immunological functions of the human [[prepuce]] have been extensively documented by respected researchers for quite some time.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998">{{FleissP HodgesF VanHoweRS 1998}}</ref> | ||
Circumcision destroys the natural [[Immunological and protective function of the foreskin| immunological protections of the foreskin]] and [[preputial sac]], so it results in increased risk of contracting [[infection]]. | Circumcision destroys the natural [[Immunological and protective function of the foreskin| immunological protections of the foreskin]] and [[preputial sac]], so it results in increased risk of contracting [[infection]]. | ||
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=== Philippines === | === Philippines === | ||
[[Tuli]] or male circumcision, a nearly compulsory cultural practice in the Philippine Islands, causes 93 percent of Filipino males to be circumcised. | [[Tuli]] or male circumcision, a nearly compulsory cultural practice in the Philippine Islands, causes 93 percent of Filipino males to be [[circumcised]]. | ||
In the 2010 Global [[AIDS]] report released by UNAIDS in late November, the Philippines was one of seven nations in the world which reported over 25 percent in new [[HIV]] infections between 2001 and 2009, whereas other countries have either stabilized or shown significant declines in the rate of new infections. Among all countries in Asia, only the Philippines and Bangladesh are reporting increases in [[HIV]] cases, with others either stable or decreasing. <ref>http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/breakingnews/view/20110102-312124/Philippines-HIVAIDS-problem-worries-UN</ref> | In the 2010 Global [[AIDS]] report released by UNAIDS in late November, the Philippines was one of seven nations in the world which reported over 25 percent in new [[HIV]] infections between 2001 and 2009, whereas other countries have either stabilized or shown significant declines in the rate of new infections. Among all countries in Asia, only the Philippines and Bangladesh are reporting increases in [[HIV]] cases, with others either stable or decreasing. <ref>http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/breakingnews/view/20110102-312124/Philippines-HIVAIDS-problem-worries-UN</ref> | ||
The statistics suggest that removal of the protective [[foreskin]] by circumcision increases the risk of contracting [[HIV]] infection. | The statistics suggest that removal of the protective [[foreskin]] by [[circumcision]] increases the risk of contracting [[HIV]] infection. | ||
=== Israel === | === [[Israel]] === | ||
Despite circumcision being near-universal, [[HIV]] is an increasing problem in Israel.<ref>{{REFweb | Despite circumcision being near-universal, [[HIV]] is an increasing problem in [[Israel]].<ref>{{REFweb | ||
|url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.4998790 | |url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.4998790 | ||
|title=Failing the AIDS Test | |title=Failing the AIDS Test | ||