Difference between revisions of "PrePex"
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[[File:Prepex-parts.jpg|thumb|Single-use PrePex Device.]] [[File:Prepex-sizing.jpg|thumb|Single-use Sizing Plate.]] | [[File:Prepex-parts.jpg|thumb|Single-use PrePex Device.]] [[File:Prepex-sizing.jpg|thumb|Single-use Sizing Plate.]] | ||
| − | The '''PrePex''' is a circumcision device which | + | The '''PrePex''' is a circumcision device which was marketed by Circ MedTech, Ltd., exploiting the [[WHO]]'s endorsement of circumcision as an [[HIV]] prevention method.<ref>{{REFweb |
| − | | last=Scientific American | + | |last=Scientific American |
| − | | first= | + | |first= |
| − | | | + | |datde= |
| − | | title=Rwanda Investigating Adult Male Circumcision sans Anesthesia | + | |title=Rwanda Investigating Adult Male Circumcision sans Anesthesia |
| − | | url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=rwanda-investigating-adult-male-circumcision-without-anesthesia | + | |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=rwanda-investigating-adult-male-circumcision-without-anesthesia |
| − | | publisher=Nature America, Inc. | + | |publisher=Nature America, Inc. |
| − | | accessdate=2011-08-30 | + | |accessdate=2011-08-30 |
| − | }}</ref> It works by effecting ischemic necrosis, forcing the foreskin tissue to die and fall off. This is marketed as an "advantage" over other circumcision devices and techniques, because it makes circumcision "bloodless, simple," and the manufacturing of easily-mass-produced parts allows for "scalable male circumcision programs in resource limited settings."<ref>{{REFweb | + | }}</ref> It works by effecting ischemic [[necrosis]], forcing the foreskin tissue to die and fall off. This is marketed as an "advantage" over other circumcision devices and techniques, because it makes circumcision "bloodless, simple," and the manufacturing of easily-mass-produced parts allows for "scalable male circumcision programs in resource limited settings."<ref>{{REFweb |
| − | | last= | + | |last= |
| − | | first= | + | |first= |
| − | | | + | |date= |
| − | | title=Safety and efficacy validated. Device approved for use in Rwanda | + | |title=Safety and efficacy validated. Device approved for use in Rwanda |
| − | | url=http://www.prepex.com/Scientific.aspx | + | |url=http://www.prepex.com/Scientific.aspx |
| − | | publisher=PrePex | + | |publisher=PrePex |
| − | | accessdate=2011-08-30 | + | |accessdate=2011-08-30 |
| − | }}</ref> In actuality, the concept of cutting off circulation to the foreskin in order to effect ischemic necrosis is found in other devices, such as the [[ | + | }}</ref> In actuality, the concept of cutting off circulation to the [[foreskin]] in order to effect ischemic [[necrosis]] is found in other devices, such as the [[Circumplast]], [[Plastibell]], [[TARA KLamp]] and [[Sunathrone]] devices. |
== Inventors == | == Inventors == | ||
'''PrePex''' was invented by Israeli researchers Oren Fuerst, Ido Kilemnick, and Shaul Shohat. PrePex's CEO is [[Tzameret Fuerst]]. The '''PrePex''' patent application, "Circumcision Device and Method for Mass Circumcision," WIPO Patent Application WO/2011/007358, was submitted by Circ MedTech, Ltd, the company that currently markets the '''PrePex''' System.<ref>{{REFweb | '''PrePex''' was invented by Israeli researchers Oren Fuerst, Ido Kilemnick, and Shaul Shohat. PrePex's CEO is [[Tzameret Fuerst]]. The '''PrePex''' patent application, "Circumcision Device and Method for Mass Circumcision," WIPO Patent Application WO/2011/007358, was submitted by Circ MedTech, Ltd, the company that currently markets the '''PrePex''' System.<ref>{{REFweb | ||
| − | | last= | + | |last= |
| − | | first= | + | |first= |
| − | | | + | |date= |
| − | | title=Circumcision device and method for mass circumcision | + | |title=Circumcision device and method for mass circumcision |
| − | | url=http://www.wipo.int/patentscope/search/en/WO2011007358 | + | |url=http://www.wipo.int/patentscope/search/en/WO2011007358 |
| − | | publisher=WIPO | + | |publisher=WIPO |
| − | | accessdate=2011-08-30 | + | |accessdate=2011-08-30 |
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | == Promotion of | + | == Promotion of male circumcision for HIV prevention == |
PrePex was set to be introduced to Zimbabwe to aid their mass circumcision campaign.<ref>{{REFweb | PrePex was set to be introduced to Zimbabwe to aid their mass circumcision campaign.<ref>{{REFweb | ||
| − | | last= | + | |last= |
| − | | first= | + | |first= |
| − | | | + | |date= |
| − | | title= Controversial UN program brings circumcision device to Zimbabwe | + | |title= Controversial UN program brings circumcision device to Zimbabwe |
| − | | url=http://www.zimeye.org/?p=51308 | + | |url=http://www.zimeye.org/?p=51308 |
| − | | publisher= | + | |publisher= |
| − | | accessdate=2012-06-21 | + | |accessdate=2012-06-21 |
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
PlusNews reported on a study of the PrePex device, saying "a study of 40 men in Rwanda found one adverse event at removal of the device and a healing time of 17 days".<ref>{{REFweb | PlusNews reported on a study of the PrePex device, saying "a study of 40 men in Rwanda found one adverse event at removal of the device and a healing time of 17 days".<ref>{{REFweb | ||
| − | | last= | + | |last= |
| − | | first= | + | |first= |
| − | | | + | |date= |
| − | | title=HIV/AIDS: Adult male circumcision – new developments | + | |title=HIV/AIDS: Adult male circumcision – new developments |
| − | | url=http://www.plusnews.org/Report/93311/HIV-AIDS-Adult-male-circumcision-new-developments | + | |url=http://www.plusnews.org/Report/93311/HIV-AIDS-Adult-male-circumcision-new-developments |
| − | | publisher= | + | |publisher= |
| − | | accessdate=2012-06-20 | + | |accessdate=2012-06-20 |
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
| − | Circ MedTech promotes the '''PrePex''' System as a means to "to dramatically reduce the HIV infection rate." Built in to the patent application is a statement touting male circumcision as an HIV prevention method.<ref>{{REFweb | + | Circ MedTech promotes the '''PrePex''' System as a means to "to dramatically reduce the [[HIV]] infection rate." Built in to the patent application is a statement touting male circumcision as an [[HIV]] prevention method.<ref>{{REFweb |
| − | | last= | + | |last= |
| − | | first= | + | |first= |
| − | | | + | |date= |
| − | | title=Why Male Circumcision? | + | |title=Why Male Circumcision? |
| − | | url=http://www.prepex.com/Why.aspx | + | |url=http://www.prepex.com/Why.aspx |
| − | | publisher=PrePex | + | |publisher=PrePex |
| − | | accessdate=2011-08-30 | + | |accessdate=2011-08-30 |
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
== Use in Africa == | == Use in Africa == | ||
| − | The PrePex device | + | The PrePex device has been tested in Africa starting 2013. The [[President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief]] poid for PrePex circumcisions for about 2,500 men in Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania and Uganda. The [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]] will pay for similar studies in Kenya, Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe. <ref>{{REFweb |
| − | | last= | + | |last= |
| − | | first= | + | |first= |
| − | | | + | |date=2012-08-13 |
| − | | title=Africa: Nonsurgical Circumcision Device Will Be Tested to Help Curb AIDS | + | |title=Africa: Nonsurgical Circumcision Device Will Be Tested to Help Curb AIDS |
| − | | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/14/health/nonsurgical-circumcision-device-will-be-tested-to-help-curb-aids.html?_r=0 | + | |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/14/health/nonsurgical-circumcision-device-will-be-tested-to-help-curb-aids.html?_r=0 |
| − | | publisher=The New York Times | + | |publisher=The New York Times |
| − | | accessdate=2012-12-26 | + | |accessdate=2012-12-26 |
| − | }}</ref> The [[Rakai Health Sciences Program]] is currently unveiling it and testing it in Uganda, presented by Godfrey Kigozi, program chief investigator, who stated that "it was invented in the United States of America. We have so far tested it on about 50 clients but we need 250 more to confirm its acceptability but so far it has worked properly with those who used it"<ref>{{REFweb | + | }}</ref> The [[Rakai Health Sciences Program]] is currently unveiling it and testing it in Uganda, presented by Godfrey Kigozi, program chief investigator, who stated that "it was invented in the [[United States of America]]. We have so far tested it on about 50 clients but we need 250 more to confirm its acceptability but so far it has worked properly with those who used it"<ref>{{REFweb |
| − | | last= | + | |last= |
| − | | first= | + | |first= |
| − | | | + | |date=2012-12-26 |
| − | | title=New safe male circumcision method unveile | + | |title=New safe male circumcision method unveile |
| − | | url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/638450-new-safe-male-circumcision-method-unveiled.html | + | |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/638450-new-safe-male-circumcision-method-unveiled.html |
| − | | publisher=New Vision | + | |publisher=New Vision |
| − | | accessdate=2012-12-26 | + | |accessdate=2012-12-26 |
}}</ref>. The PrePex was not invented in the United States<ref>{{REFweb | }}</ref>. The PrePex was not invented in the United States<ref>{{REFweb | ||
| − | | last= | + | |last= |
| − | | first= | + | |first= |
| − | | | + | |date= |
| − | | title=Circumcision device and method for mass circumcision | + | |title=Circumcision device and method for mass circumcision |
| − | | url=http://www.wipo.int/patentscope/search/en/WO2011007358 | + | |url=http://www.wipo.int/patentscope/search/en/WO2011007358 |
| − | | publisher=WIPO | + | |publisher=WIPO |
| − | | accessdate=2011-08-30 | + | |accessdate=2011-08-30 |
}}</ref>. | }}</ref>. | ||
| + | ==Video== | ||
| + | <br> | ||
| + | <youtube>v=ftYII-Ts5MM</youtube> | ||
| + | == Project abandoned in 2019 == | ||
| + | Kenya officially adopted the device [...] in 2016 to expand safe circumcision methods. However, the uptake has been sluggish. The manufacturer says it has abandoned the project and is now offloading it to interested buyers. <q>Circ Medtech, the PrePex manufacturer, was unable to remove unreasonable [[WHO]]-imposed restrictions which have materially disadvantaged the product as compared to other circumcision methods for several years now", company CEO Eddy Horowitz said.<ref>{{REFweb | ||
| + | |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2019-07-04-bloodless-painless-circumcision-device-abandoned/ | ||
| + | |title='Bloodless painless' circumcision device abandoned | ||
| + | |date=2019-07-04 | ||
| + | |accessdate=2019-11-25 | ||
| + | }}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | The PrePex was withdrawn from the market in 2019. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Circumcision does not prevent HIV infection== | ||
| + | === Population-based studies === | ||
| + | {{Population-based studies}} | ||
| + | ===Two African surveys=== | ||
| + | The previously reported studies were from developed Western nations. Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa. | ||
| + | |||
| + | French scientist [[Michel Garenne]], Ph.D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the incidence of HIV infection in [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men. | ||
| + | |||
| + | In his first report, Garenne presented the findings from a study in Lesotho, the enclave in South Africa. He reported: | ||
| + | <blockquote> | ||
| + | In couple studies, the effect of circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant, with similar transmission from female to male and male to female. The study questions the amount of effort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.<ref name="garenne2022A">{{REFjournal | ||
| + | |last=Garenne | ||
| + | |first=Michel | ||
| + | |init=M | ||
| + | |author-link=Michel Garenne | ||
| + | |title=Changing relationships between HIV prevalence and circumcision in Lesotho | ||
| + | |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35373731/ | ||
| + | |date=2022-04-04 | ||
| + | |journal=J Biosoc Sci | ||
| + | |volume=online ahead of print | ||
| + | |pages=1-16 | ||
| + | |DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000153 | ||
| + | |pubmedID=35373731 | ||
| + | |accessdate=2022-11-05 | ||
| + | }}</ref> | ||
| + | </blockquote> | ||
| + | |||
| + | In his second report, Garenne (2022) presented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe). He reported: | ||
| + | <blockquote> | ||
| + | "Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men had similar levels of HIV infection."<ref name="garenne2022B">{{REFjournal | ||
| + | |last=Garenne | ||
| + | |first=Michael | ||
| + | |init=M | ||
| + | |author-link= | ||
| + | |etal=no | ||
| + | |title=Age-incidence and prevalence of HIV among intact and circumcised men: an analysis of PHIA surveys in Southern Africa | ||
| + | |trans-title= | ||
| + | |language= | ||
| + | |journal=J Biosoc Sci | ||
| + | |location= | ||
| + | |date=2022-10-26 | ||
| + | |season= | ||
| + | |volume= | ||
| + | |issue= | ||
| + | |article= | ||
| + | |page= | ||
| + | |pages=1-13 | ||
| + | |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-biosocial-science/article/abs/ageincidence-and-prevalence-of-hiv-among-intact-and-circumcised-men-an-analysis-of-phia-surveys-in-southern-africa/CAA7E7BD5A9844F41C6B7CC3573B9E50 | ||
| + | |archived= | ||
| + | |quote= | ||
| + | |pubmedID=36286328 | ||
| + | |pubmedCID= | ||
| + | |DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000414 | ||
| + | |accessdate=2022-11-05 | ||
| + | }}</ref></blockquote> | ||
| + | {{SEEALSO}} | ||
| + | * [[Adolescent and adult circumcision]] | ||
| + | * [[Circumcision]] | ||
| + | * [[Israel]] | ||
{{LINKS}} | {{LINKS}} | ||
* [http://PrePex.com/ PrePex™ website] | * [http://PrePex.com/ PrePex™ website] | ||
| Line 99: | Line 171: | ||
{{REF}} | {{REF}} | ||
| − | [[Category:Circumcision | + | [[Category:Circumcision in Africa]] |
| − | [[Category:Financial | + | [[Category:Circumcision product]] |
| − | [[Category: | + | [[Category:Financial gain]] |
| + | |||
| + | [[Category:Israel]] | ||
| + | [[Category:From CircLeaks]] | ||
[[Category:From IntactWiki]] | [[Category:From IntactWiki]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[de:{{FULLPAGENAME}}]] | ||
Latest revision as of 20:35, 11 April 2024
The PrePex is a circumcision device which was marketed by Circ MedTech, Ltd., exploiting the WHO's endorsement of circumcision as an HIV prevention method.[1] It works by effecting ischemic necrosis, forcing the foreskin tissue to die and fall off. This is marketed as an "advantage" over other circumcision devices and techniques, because it makes circumcision "bloodless, simple," and the manufacturing of easily-mass-produced parts allows for "scalable male circumcision programs in resource limited settings."[2] In actuality, the concept of cutting off circulation to the foreskin in order to effect ischemic necrosis is found in other devices, such as the Circumplast, Plastibell, TARA KLamp and Sunathrone devices.
Contents
Inventors
PrePex was invented by Israeli researchers Oren Fuerst, Ido Kilemnick, and Shaul Shohat. PrePex's CEO is Tzameret Fuerst. The PrePex patent application, "Circumcision Device and Method for Mass Circumcision," WIPO Patent Application WO/2011/007358, was submitted by Circ MedTech, Ltd, the company that currently markets the PrePex System.[3]
Promotion of male circumcision for HIV prevention
PrePex was set to be introduced to Zimbabwe to aid their mass circumcision campaign.[4]
PlusNews reported on a study of the PrePex device, saying "a study of 40 men in Rwanda found one adverse event at removal of the device and a healing time of 17 days".[5]
Circ MedTech promotes the PrePex System as a means to "to dramatically reduce the HIV infection rate." Built in to the patent application is a statement touting male circumcision as an HIV prevention method.[6]
Use in Africa
The PrePex device has been tested in Africa starting 2013. The President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief poid for PrePex circumcisions for about 2,500 men in Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania and Uganda. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation will pay for similar studies in Kenya, Mozambique, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe. [7] The Rakai Health Sciences Program is currently unveiling it and testing it in Uganda, presented by Godfrey Kigozi, program chief investigator, who stated that "it was invented in the United States of America. We have so far tested it on about 50 clients but we need 250 more to confirm its acceptability but so far it has worked properly with those who used it"[8]. The PrePex was not invented in the United States[9].
Video
Project abandoned in 2019
Kenya officially adopted the device [...] in 2016 to expand safe circumcision methods. However, the uptake has been sluggish. The manufacturer says it has abandoned the project and is now offloading it to interested buyers. Circ Medtech, the PrePex manufacturer, was unable to remove unreasonable WHO-imposed restrictions which have materially disadvantaged the product as compared to other circumcision methods for several years now", company CEO Eddy Horowitz said.[10]
The PrePex was withdrawn from the market in 2019.
Circumcision does not prevent HIV infection
Population-based studies
September 2021 saw the publication of two huge population studies on the relationship of circumcision and HIV infection:
- Mayan et al. (2021) carried out a massive empirical study of the male population of the province of Ontario, Canada (569,950 males), of whom 203,588 (35.7%) were circumcised between 1991 and 2017. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk of HIV infection.[11]
- Morten Frisch & Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in Denmark of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that circumcised men have a higher rate of STI and HIV infection overall than intact men.[12]
No association between lack of circumcision and risk of HIV infection was found by either study. There now is credible evidence that the massive, expensive African circumcision programs have not been effective in preventing HIV infection.
Two African surveys
The previously reported studies were from developed Western nations. Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa.
French scientist Michel Garenne, Ph.D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the incidence of HIV infection in circumcised and intact men.
In his first report, Garenne presented the findings from a study in Lesotho, the enclave in South Africa. He reported:
In couple studies, the effect of circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant, with similar transmission from female to male and male to female. The study questions the amount of effort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.[13]
In his second report, Garenne (2022) presented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe). He reported:
"Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that circumcised and intact men had similar levels of HIV infection."[14]
See also
External links
- PrePex™ website
- Circ MedTech
- PrePex patent
- AIDS Prevention inspires ways to make circumcision easier
References
- ↑
Scientific American. Rwanda Investigating Adult Male Circumcision sans Anesthesia
, Nature America, Inc.. Retrieved 30 August 2011. - ↑
Safety and efficacy validated. Device approved for use in Rwanda
, PrePex. Retrieved 30 August 2011. - ↑
Circumcision device and method for mass circumcision
, WIPO. Retrieved 30 August 2011. - ↑
Controversial UN program brings circumcision device to Zimbabwe
. Retrieved 21 June 2012. - ↑
HIV/AIDS: Adult male circumcision – new developments
. Retrieved 20 June 2012. - ↑
Why Male Circumcision?
, PrePex. Retrieved 30 August 2011. - ↑ (13 August 2012).
Africa: Nonsurgical Circumcision Device Will Be Tested to Help Curb AIDS
, The New York Times. Retrieved 26 December 2012. - ↑ (26 December 2012).
New safe male circumcision method unveile
, New Vision. Retrieved 26 December 2012. - ↑
Circumcision device and method for mass circumcision
, WIPO. Retrieved 30 August 2011. - ↑ (4 July 2019).
'Bloodless painless' circumcision device abandoned
. Retrieved 25 November 2019. - ↑
Mayan M, Hamilton RJ, Juurlink DN, Austin PC, Jarvi KA. Circumcision and Risk of HIV Among Males From Ontario, Canada. J Urol. 23 September 2021; PMID. DOI. Retrieved 21 August 2022.
Quote:We found that circumcision was not independently associated with the risk of acquiring HIV among men from Ontario, Canada.
- ↑ Frisch M, Simonsen J. Non-therapeutic male circumcision in infancy or childhood and risk of human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections: national cohort study in Denmark. Eur J Epidemiol. 26 September 2021; 37: 251–9. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
- ↑ Garenne M. Changing relationships between HIV prevalence and circumcision in Lesotho. J Biosoc Sci. 4 April 2022; online ahead of print: 1-16. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
- ↑ Garenne M. Age-incidence and prevalence of HIV among intact and circumcised men: an analysis of PHIA surveys in Southern Africa. J Biosoc Sci. 26 October 2022; : 1-13. PMID. DOI. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
