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The United States is unique in having a [[circumcision industry]] that aggressively promotes the practice of medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic, harmful infant [[circumcision]]. The decline of the unnecessary practice has been slowed by continual encouragement and promotion of circumcision by the [[circumcision industry]].  However, the practice of non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of boys is now in decline.
The United States is unique in having a [[circumcision industry]] that aggressively promotes the practice of medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic, harmful, infant [[circumcision]]. The decline of the unnecessary practice has been slowed by payments for unnecessary circumcision by various government heath programs and by continual encouragement and promotion of circumcision by the [[circumcision industry]].  However, the practice of non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of newborn boys has been in gradual decline for several decades.


Despite the financially self-serving promotional efforts of the [[circumcision industry]], the incidence of non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of infant boys was reported to have continued its slow decline to 52.1 percent in 2016.<ref name="jacobson2021">{{REFjournal
Despite the financially self-serving promotional efforts of the [[circumcision industry]], Jacobson et al. (2021) reported the incidence of non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of newborn infant boys was reported to have continued its slow decline to 52.1 percent in 2016.<ref name="jacobson2021">{{REFjournal
  |last=Jacobson
  |last=Jacobson
  |first=Deborah L.
  |first=Deborah L.
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  |volume=205
  |volume=205
  |issue=1
  |issue=1
|article=
  |pages=257-63
  |pages=257-63
  |url=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1097/JU.0000000000001316
  |url=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1097/JU.0000000000001316
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  |DOI=10.1097/JU.0000000000001316
  |DOI=10.1097/JU.0000000000001316
  |accessdate=2021-10-15
  |accessdate=2021-10-15
}}</ref> Yang et al. (2025) reported the incidenec of circumcision of the newborn had declined to 49.3 percent in 2022, making non-circumcision or [[intactness]] the new NORM among America's newborn boys. Yang et al. studied a ten-ear period during which the incidence of circumcision declined at a rate of 0.5% per year.<ref name="yang2025">{{REFjournal
|last=Yang
|first=
|init=P
|author-link=
|last2=Zhu
|first2=
|init2=X
|author2-link=
|last3=Patel
|first3=
|init3=EU
|author3-link=
|last4=Quin
|first4=
|init4=PC
|author4-link=
|last5=Grabowski
|first5=
|init5=MK
|author5-link=
|last6=Tobian
|first6=
|init6=AAR
|author6-link=Aaron Tobian
|etal=no
|title=Trends in Circumcision Among Newborn Males in the US
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=JAMA Pediatrics
|location=
|date=2025-09-15
|season=
|volume=
|issue=
|article=e252464
|page=
|pages=
|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2838312
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=40952753
|pubmedCID=12439174
|DOI=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2025.2464
|accessdate=2025-09-17
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
The United States is unusual among nations in that osteopathic physicians (DOs) enjoy equal standing with allopathic physicians (MDs)<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.ama-assn.org/press-center/ama-press-releases/aoa-and-ama-stand-against-misrepresentation-osteopathic-physicians#:~:text=The%20American%20Osteopathic%20Association%20%28AOA%29%20and%20the%20American,of%20osteopathic%20medicine%20by%20media%2C%20celebrities%20and%20companies.
|title=AOA and AMA stand against misrepresentation of osteopathic physicians
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=American Medical Association
|date=2020-11-04
|accessdate=2026-03-22
}}</ref> Osteopathic physicians observe four [[Tenets of Osteopathic Medicine]] in their practice.


==History==
==History==
===Colonial and early 19th century===
Jews have lived in America since before the Revolutionary War. They have always practiced [[Jewish circumcision| ritual circumcision]], ([[Brit Milah]]), of boys on the eighth day of life in accordance with the [[Abrahamic covenant]], however this was only for a very small percentage of the population.<ref name="self2016">{{REFjournal
Jews have lived in America since before the Revolutionary War. They have always practiced [[Jewish circumcision| ritual circumcision]], ([[Brit Milah]]), of boys on the eighth day of life in accordance with the [[Abrahamic covenant]], however this was only for a very small percentage of the population.<ref name="self2016">{{REFjournal
  |url=https://journals.troy.edu/index.php/test/article/view/386/302
  |url=https://journals.troy.edu/index.php/test/article/view/386/302
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One may be certain that the eighteenth century [https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/founding-fathers/ Founding Fathers of the United States] of America were men with [[intact]] [[foreskin]]s as were the [[foreskinned]] men who fought the American Civil War (1861-1865).
One may be certain that the eighteenth century [https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/founding-fathers/ Founding Fathers of the United States] of America were men with [[intact]] [[foreskin]]s as were the [[foreskinned]] men who fought the American Civil War (1861-1865).


Non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of males for non-religious reasons originated with [[Claude François Lallemand]] in 1836 in France but soon spread to the [[United Kingdom]] in the early nineteenth century, from which it eventually spread to other English-speaking nations.
Non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of males for non-religious reasons originated with [[Claude François Lallemand]] in 1836 in France but soon spread to the [[United Kingdom]] in the early nineteenth century, from which it eventually spread to other English-speaking nations.<ref name="hodges1997">[[Frederick M. Hodges| Hodges FM]]. [https://lust-for-life.org/Lust-For-Life/_Textual/GeorgeCDenniston-MarilynFayreMilos-editors_JamesDeMeo_SexualMutilations-AHumanTragedy_1997_235pp/GeorgeCDenniston-MarilynFayreMilos-editors_JamesDeMeo_SexualMutilations-AHumanTragedy_1997_235pp.pdf#page=28 A short history of the institutionalization of involuntary sexual mutilations in the United States]. in: Denniston GC, Milos MF (eds.), Sexual Mutilations: A Human Tragedy (New York: Plenum Publishing, 1997), pp. 17-40. (ISBN 0-306-45589-7)</ref>


Edward Dixon (1847) recommended circumcision to prevent the spread of syphilis.<ref name="self2016" />
Edward Dixon (1847) recommended circumcision to prevent the spread of syphilis.<ref name="self2016" />


===Late nineteenth century===
===Late nineteenth century===
The late nineteenth century was characterized by prominent medical doctors advancing all sorts of absurd reasons for the performance of non-therapeutic circumcision, including the prevention of venereal disease.<ref name="self2016" />
====First quarter====
The late nineteenth century was characterized by prominent medical doctors advancing all sorts of absurd reasons for the performance of non-therapeutic [[circumcision]], including the prevention of venereal disease.<ref name="self2016" />


The first recorded non-religious circumcision of a boy in the United States occurred in 1870 when [[Lewis Albert Sayre]], a prominent New York City doctor, [[circumcised]] a boy of five years of age for paralysis.<ref name="gollaher1994">{{GollaherDL 1994}}</ref> [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Sayre]] then continued to advocate circumcision for numerous reasons until his death in 1900. According to [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Sayre]], circumcision was recommended for paralysis, epilepsy, hernia, lunacy, curvature of the spine, and clubfoot.
The first recorded non-religious circumcision of a boy in the United States occurred in 1870 when [[Lewis Albert Sayre]], a prominent New York City doctor, [[circumcised]] a boy of five years of age for paralysis.<ref name="gollaher1994">{{GollaherDL 1994}}</ref> [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Sayre]] then continued to advocate circumcision for numerous reasons until his death in 1900. According to [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Sayre]], circumcision was recommended for paralysis, epilepsy, hernia, lunacy, curvature of the spine, and clubfoot.


[[M. J. Moses]] (1871) advocated [[circumcision]] to prevent [[masturbation]].<ref name="moses1871">{{Moses1871}}</ref>
[[M. J. Moses]] (1871) advocated [[circumcision]] to prevent [[masturbation]].<ref name="moses1871">{{Moses1871}}</ref>
 
====Second quarter====
[[H. H. Kane]] (1879) 'discovers' that [[circumcision]] cures nocturnal emissions and abdominal neuralgia.<ref>{{Kane1879}}</ref>
[[H. H. Kane]] (1879) 'discovers' that [[circumcision]] cures nocturnal emissions and abdominal neuralgia.<ref>{{Kane1879}}</ref>


Seventh-day Adventist [[John Harvey Kellogg]], {{MD}}, of Battle Creek, Michigan, was an important 19th century promoter of male circumcision. Although masturbation is never mentioned in the Bible, Dr. Kellogg believed that [[masturbation]] was immoral, sinful, and caused one to dream "impure dreams", which he believed was harmful to the mental faculties, resulting in mental disorders, such as feeblemindness.<ref name="kellogg1888">{{Kellogg1888}}</ref> He believed that the urge to masturbate could be prevented by eating bland foods, for which purpose, he and his brother invented corn flakes.<ref name="self2016" />
Seventh-day Adventist [[John Harvey Kellogg]], {{MD}}, of Battle Creek, Michigan, was an important 19th century promoter of male circumcision. Although masturbation is never mentioned in the Bible, Dr. Kellogg believed that [[masturbation]] was immoral, sinful, and caused one to dream "impure dreams", which he believed was harmful to the mental faculties, resulting in mental disorders, such as "feeblemindness".<ref name="kellogg1888">{{Kellogg1888}}</ref> He believed that the urge to masturbate could be prevented by eating bland foods, for which purpose, he and his brother invented corn flakes.<ref name="self2016" />


Dr. Kellogg (1879) also recommended [[circumcision]] in cases "in which irritation is produced by retained secretions".<ref name="kellogg1888"/>
Dr. Kellogg (1879) also recommended [[circumcision]] in cases "in which irritation is produced by retained secretions".<ref name="kellogg1888"/>
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[[H. L. Rosenberry]], {{MD}}, (1894) published a paper "proving" that circumcision cures urinary and rectal incontinence.<ref name="self2016" /> <ref name="rosenberry1894">{{Rosenberry1894}}</ref>  
[[H. L. Rosenberry]], {{MD}}, (1894) published a paper "proving" that circumcision cures urinary and rectal incontinence.<ref name="self2016" /> <ref name="rosenberry1894">{{Rosenberry1894}}</ref>  


Dr. [[E. J. Spratling]] (1895) provided information for other doctors.<ref name="self2016" /><ref>{{REFjournal
Dr. [[E. J. Spratling]] (1895) provided information for other doctors.<ref name="self2016" />He gaved a detailed explanation of how a circumcision is to be done so as to make it as difficult as possible to achieve orgasm by [[masturbation]].<ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Spratling
  |last=Spratling
  |init=EJ
  |init=EJ
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===Early twentieth century===
===Early twentieth century===
====First quarter====
The early twentieth century is characterized by advocacy of circumcision based on false claims to prevent cancer and sexually transmitted (venereal) disease; and by the involvement of the United States military services in the promotion of circumcision.
The early twentieth century is characterized by advocacy of circumcision based on false claims to prevent cancer and sexually transmitted (venereal) disease; and by the involvement of the United States military services in the promotion of circumcision.


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}}</ref>  
}}</ref>  


[[Abraham L. Wolbarst]], {{MD}}, a Jewish New York doctor, apparently considered [[L. Emmett Holt|Holt]]'s paper to be an attack on ritual circumcision or perhaps Judaism itself. He collected ''opinions'' from other doctors of the alleged value of circumcision for health and published those ''opinions'' as ''scientific fact'' in a 1914 ''JAMA'' article.<ref name="wolbarst1914">{{REFjournal
[[Abraham L. Wolbarst]], {{MD}}, a Jewish New York doctor, apparently considered [[L. Emmett Holt|Holt]]'s paper to be an attack on [[Brit Milah| ritual circumcision]] or perhaps [[Judaism]] itself. He collected ''opinions'' from other doctors of the alleged value of [[circumcision]] for health and published those ''opinions'' as ''scientific fact'' in a 1914 ''JAMA'' article.<ref name="wolbarst1914">{{REFjournal
  |last=Wolbarst
  |last=Wolbarst entitled ''Universal circumcision as as sanitary measure]].
  |first=Abraham L.
  |first=Abraham L.
  |init=AL
  |init=AL
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  |accessdate=2021-10-04
  |accessdate=2021-10-04
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
 
====Second quarter====
[[Abraham L. Wolbarst|Wolbarst]] (1926) made his claim for the first time that male circumcision prevents [[penile cancer]].<ref name="wolbarst1926!>{{REFjournal
[[Abraham L. Wolbarst|Wolbarst]] (1926) made his claim for the first time that male circumcision prevents [[penile cancer]].<ref name="wolbarst1926!>{{REFjournal
  |last=Wolbarst
  |last=Wolbarst
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===Late twentieth century===
===Late twentieth century===
The late twentieth century was characterized by increasing opposition to non-therapeutic circumcision of boys by [[intactivists]] and increasing efforts by the circumcision industry to protect [[third-party payment]] for performance of non-therapeutic circumcision of non-consenting boys; and by increasing recognition that newborn boys intensely feel [[pain]] and that non-therapeutic male [[circumcision]] is a [[trauma| horribly traumatic experience]].
====Third quarter====
The late twentieth century was characterized by increasing opposition to non-therapeutic circumcision of boys by [[intactivists]] and increasing efforts by the [[circumcision industry]] to protect [[third-party payment]] for performance of non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of non-consenting boys; and by increasing recognition that newborn boys intensely feel [[pain]] and that non-therapeutic male [[circumcision]] is a [[trauma| horribly traumatic experience]].


[[Abraham Ravich]] (1951) falsely claimed that [[circumcision]] prevents [[cervical cancer]] in women.<ref name="ravitch1951">{{Ravich1951}}</ref>
[[Abraham Ravich]] (1951) falsely claimed that [[circumcision]] prevents [[cervical cancer]] in women.<ref name="ravitch1951">{{Ravich1951}}</ref>
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[[Ernest L. Wynder]] (1954) promoted male circumcision to prevent cervical cancer in women.<ref name="wynder1954">{{Wynder1954}}</ref>
[[Ernest L. Wynder]] (1954) promoted male circumcision to prevent cervical cancer in women.<ref name="wynder1954">{{Wynder1954}}</ref>


The Congress of the United States created the [https://www.medicaid.gov/ Medicaid program] in 1965. Medicaid is a joint federal/state program that pays the medical expenses of low-income Americans. Medicaid covers about 45 percent of births in the United States. Medicaid pays for medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic circumcision in 32 states, although it appears to be a violation of law to do so.<ref name="adler2011">{{REFjournal
The Congress of the United States created the [https://www.medicaid.gov/ Medicaid program] in 1965. Medicaid is a joint federal/state program that pays the medical expenses of low-income Americans. Medicaid covers about 45 percent of births in the United States. Medicaid pays for medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic circumcision in 37 states, although it appears to be a violation of law to do so.<ref name="adler2011">{{REFjournal
  |last=Adler
  |last=Adler
  |first=Peter W.
  |first=Peter W.
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</blockquote>
</blockquote>


The statement in the 1971 manual was good medical science, then and now, but it did not sit well with the membership of the AAP because it provided no basis on which to promote non-therapeutic circumcision for profit. A four-member "ad hoc" task force was formed to produce a new statement to fit the desires of the membership, which was published in ''Pediatrics'' in 1975.<ref name="aap1975">{{REFjournal
====Fourth quarter====
The statement in the 1971 manual was good medical science, then and now, but it did not sit well with the membership of the AAP because it provided no basis on which to promote non-therapeutic circumcision for profit. A four-member "ad hoc" task force was formed to produce a new statement to 'walk-back' the earlier statement to fit the desires of the membership, which was published in ''Pediatrics'' in 1975.<ref name="aap1975">{{REFjournal
  |last=Thompson  
  |last=Thompson  
  |first=
  |first=
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  |accessdate=2021-10-11
  |accessdate=2021-10-11
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
[[BUFF| Brothers United for Future Foreskins]] (1982) revived the practice of [[epispasm]] (non-surgical [[foreskin restoration]]) that had not been praticed since antiquity.


[[Marilyn Fayre Milos]], {{RN}}, while a nursing student at [https://www.mymarinhealth.org/locations/medical-center/ Marin General Hospital], witnessed an unanesthetized circumcision of a newborn boy in 1979. Shocked by the extreme [[pain]] and horror of it, she became an opponent of infant circumcision and was forced to resign in 1985 from her nursing position at Marin General Hospital where infant non-therapeutic circumcision is a profit center and promoted to parents. She immediately created the National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers ([[NOCIRC]]) in 1985.
[[Marilyn Fayre Milos]], {{RN}}, while a nursing student at [https://www.mymarinhealth.org/locations/medical-center/ Marin General Hospital], witnessed an unanesthetized circumcision of a newborn boy in 1979. Shocked by the extreme [[pain]] and horror of it, she became an opponent of infant circumcision and was forced to resign in 1985 from her nursing position at Marin General Hospital where infant non-therapeutic circumcision is a profit center and promoted to parents. She immediately created the National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers ([[NOCIRC]]) in 1985.
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[[Geoffrey T. Falk]] created the [http://www.cirp.org/ Circumcision Information and Resources Pages] in 1996 to take advantage of the newly-available Internet.
[[Geoffrey T. Falk]] created the [http://www.cirp.org/ Circumcision Information and Resources Pages] in 1996 to take advantage of the newly-available Internet.
[[Ronald Goldman]], Ph.D., (1997) conducted a thorough review of the effect of the American practice of [[child circumcision]] on American society.<ref name="goldman1997">{{REFbook
|last=Goldman
|first=Ronald
|year=1997
|title=Circumcision: The Hidden Trauma
|url=https://circumcision.org/circumcision-the-hidden-trauma/
|chapter=7. The impact of circumcision on American society
|pages=139-75
|location=Boston
|publisher=Vanguard
|ISBN=0-9644895-3-8
|accessdate=2026-07-15
}}</ref>


Ross Povenmire (1998) questioned the authority of parents to grant consent for non-therapeutic circumcision of children.<ref name="povenmire1998">{{REFjournal
Ross Povenmire (1998) questioned the authority of parents to grant consent for non-therapeutic circumcision of children.<ref name="povenmire1998">{{REFjournal
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===Early twenty-first century===
===Early twenty-first century===
 
====First Quarter====
The twenty-first century has been characterized by greater opposition to non-therapeutic circumcision of boys in the general population, the utter failure of the circumcision industry's vaunted new circumcision policy, and much more attention to legal and ethical issues relating to non-therapeutic circumcision of boys.
The twenty-first century has been characterized by greater opposition to non-therapeutic circumcision of boys in the general population, the utter failure of the circumcision industry's vaunted new circumcision policy, and much more attention to legal and ethical issues relating to non-therapeutic circumcision of boys.


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}}</ref>
}}</ref>


Geoffrey P. Miller (2002) discussed the impact of American culture on the law of circumcision.<ref name="miller2002">{{REFjournal
[[Geoffrey P. Miller]] (2002) discussed the impact of American culture on the law of circumcision.<ref name="miller2002">{{REFjournal
  |last=Miller
  |last=Miller
  |first=Geoffrey P.
  |first=Geoffrey P.
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}}</ref>
}}</ref>
   
   
[[Georganne Chapin]] founded [[Intact America]] in 2008.
[[Georganne Chapin]] founded [[Intact America]] in 2008 with the aid of a grant from Texas philanthropist Dean Pisani.


[[Robert S. Van Howe|Van Howe]] & Svoboda (2008) said of the American practice of medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic infant circumcision:
[[Robert S. Van Howe|Van Howe]] & Svoboda (2008) said of the American practice of medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic infant circumcision:
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</blockquote>
</blockquote>


The British journal, ''The Lancet'', published reports of two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that were carried out in sub-Saharan Africa which purported to prove that male circumcision was protective against infection with [[HIV]]. The American Academy of Pediatrics consulted with the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ([[ACOG]]) and the American College of Family Physicians ([[AAFP]]) (those being the medical trade associations that represent the specialties that perform most non-therapeutic infant circumcisions and make most of the money from the performance of the non-therapeutic [[amputation]]). The three associations determined to make common cause to produce a position statement that would promote male circumcision based on its alleged protection against [[HIV]] infection. The AAP was to take the lead, but ACOG and AAFP provided representatives to the new [[AAP Circumcision Task Force 2012| AAP task force]], of which New York Jewess [[Susan Blank]], {{MD}}, {{MPH}}, was the chairwoman. This new task force did not publish a statement until 2012. The AAP declined to re-affirm the statement so it expired in August 2017.
The British journal, ''The Lancet'', published reports of two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that were carried out in sub-Saharan Africa which purported to prove that male circumcision was protective against infection with [[HIV]]. The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] consulted with the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ([[ACOG]]) and the American College of Family Physicians ([[AAFP]]) (those being the [[medical trade association| medical trade associations]] that represent the specialties that perform most non-therapeutic infant circumcisions and make most of the money from the performance of the non-therapeutic [[amputation]]). The three associations determined to make common cause to produce a position statement that would promote male circumcision based on its alleged protection against [[HIV]] infection. The [[AAP]] was to take the lead, but ACOG and AAFP provided representatives to the new [[AAP Circumcision Task Force 2012| AAP task force]], of which New York Jewess [[Susan Blank]], {{MD}}, {{MPH}}, was the chairwoman. This new task force did not publish a statement until 2012. The AAP declined to re-affirm the statement so it expired in August 2017.


[[Dan Bollinger|Bollinger]] (2010) estimated approximately 117 neonatal circumcision-related deaths occur annually in the United States.<ref name="bollinger2010">{{BollingerD 2010}}</ref>
[[Dan Bollinger|Bollinger]] (2010) estimated approximately 117 neonatal circumcision-related deaths occur annually in the United States.<ref name="bollinger2010">{{BollingerD 2010}}</ref>
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[[Brother K]] formed the [[Bloodstained Men]] in 2012.
[[Brother K]] formed the [[Bloodstained Men]] in 2012.


The AAP, lead by the [[AAP Circumcision Task Force 2012]], finally published the [[American_Academy_of_Pediatrics#Fifth_policy_.282012.29| fifth circumcision policy statement]] in the September 2012 issue of ''Pediatrics''. The [[American_Academy_of_Pediatrics#Criticism| adverse criticism]] was overwhelming.
The [[AAP]], lead by the [[AAP Circumcision Task Force 2012]], finally published the [[American_Academy_of_Pediatrics#Fifth_policy_.282012.29| fifth circumcision policy statement]] in the September 2012 issue of ''Pediatrics''. The [[American_Academy_of_Pediatrics#Criticism| adverse criticism]] was overwhelming.


[[Dan Bollinger|Bollinger]] (2012) estimated that the total cost of non-therapeutic male circumcision, including hospital costs, repair of botched circumcisions, treatment of complications, and so on is more than $3 billion per year,<ref name="bollinger2012">{{REFweb
[[Dan Bollinger|Bollinger]] (2012) estimated that the total cost of non-therapeutic male circumcision, including hospital costs, repair of botched circumcisions, treatment of complications, and so on is more than $3 billion per year,<ref name="bollinger2012">{{REFweb
Line 1,359: Line 1,436:


[[Jen Williams]] organized [[Your Whole Baby]] in 2014.
[[Jen Williams]] organized [[Your Whole Baby]] in 2014.
The infamous [[Nebus v. Hironimus]] Florida [[circumcision]] case culminated after five years of litigation with Florida Family Court Judge [[Jeffrey Dana Gillen]] arrested the mother, [[Heather Hironimus]], and forced her to sign a consent for harmful, [[pain| painful]] circumcision in open court while handcuffed.
<br><br>
<b>Heather Hironimus signs consent form for circumcision of 4 and 1/2 year old son under extreme duress</b>
<youtube>Btxl4UGBdpc</youtube>


[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]] commissioned a [https://www,doctorsopposingcircumcision.org new website] in 2016.
[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]] commissioned a [https://www,doctorsopposingcircumcision.org new website] in 2016.
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}}</ref>
}}</ref>


The ill-fated 2012 [[AAP]] Circumcision Policy Statement expired on August 31, 2017 in accordance with AAP policy, because it was not reaffirmed. The AAP has had ''no'' official circumcision policy since that time.  
The ill-fated, embarrassing 2012 [[AAP]] Circumcision Policy Statement expired on August 31, 2017 in accordance with AAP policy, because it was not reaffirmed. The AAP has had ''no'' official circumcision policy since that time.  
 
[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision]] released a special report on circumcision for the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.<ref name="doc2019">{{REFdocument
|title=Male Circumcision: A special report to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
|url=https://pool.intactiwiki.org/w/images/Male_Circumcision_DOC_2019-02-01.pdf
|contribution=
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|publisher=Doctors Opposing Circumcision
|format=PDF
|date=2019-02-01
|accessdate=2025-12-08
}}</ref>


[[Dan Bollinger|Bollinger]] (2019) discussed circumcision as an adverse childhood experience,<ref name-"bollinger2019">{{REFdocument
[[Dan Bollinger|Bollinger]] (2019) discussed circumcision as an adverse childhood experience,<ref name-"bollinger2019">{{REFdocument
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}}</ref> Infant circumcision is a profit center for many American hospitals so parents are pushed to circumcise.
}}</ref> Infant circumcision is a profit center for many American hospitals so parents are pushed to circumcise.


==Government financial support for non-therapeutic circumcision==
[[Intact America]] (2024) called child circumcision "an outdated practice in desperate need of reevaluation",<ref name="alissa2024-12-16">{{REFweb
The United States government provides [[financial incentive]] for medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] by [[third-party payment]] through numerous government health insurance programs:
|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-reevaluation/
|title=Circumcision: An Outdated Practice in Desperate Need of Re-Evaluation
|last=Alissa
|first=Kristel
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-12-16
|accessdate=2024-12-23
}}</ref> and exposed the propaganda that has promoted the harmful but profitable practice of child circumcision.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/exposing-circumcision-propaganda/
|title=The Unkindest Cut: Exposing the Propaganda That Normalized Circumcision—and How We Reclaim the Truth
|last=Alissa
|first=Kristel
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-11-19
|accessdate=2024-12-23
}}</ref>


* [https://www.medicaid.gov/ Medicaid] — About 45 percent of births are under Medicaid.
[[Intact America]] (2024) reports a rapid increase in the percentage of Americans who oppose the harmful [[circumcision]] of boys.<ref>{{REFweb
* [https://www.healthcare.gov/medicaid-chip/childrens-health-insurance-program/ Child Health Insurance Program (CHIP)] — Covers children whose family income is higher.
|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DKVZQGTRl77/?igsh=MWV1aW90MzBpd2dzdA%3D%3D
* [https://www.ihs.gov/ Indian Health Service] — Covers the indigenous population.
|title=Opposition to circumcision overtime.
* [https://www.tricare.mil/ Tricare] — Covers military dependents.
|last=Anonymous
* [https://www.benefits.gov/benefit/4440 Federal Employees Health Benefits (FEHB) Program] — Covers federal employees and families.  
|first=
* [https://www.medicare.gov/ Medicare] − Covers persons who have reached 65 years of age.
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024
|accessdate=2025-06-01
}}</ref>
[[Intact America]] (2024) is tracking the opposition to [[circumcision]] in the [[United States]]. It reports [https://www.instagram.com/p/DKVZQGTRl77/ steadily increasing opposition] to [[child circumcision]].
 
[[Eric Clopper]] organized [[Intact Global]] in 2024, which has the goal of litigating in numerous states to ensure that boys will enjoy "the equal protection of the law".


== Statistical data ==
====Second quarter====
=== Prevalence of circumcision ===
[[PEPFAR]] (2025) has scrapped its costly, ineffective, and harmful "voluntary male  medical circumcision" ([[VMMC]]) program after 15 years and at least 27,000,000 harmful and useless [[foreskin]] amputations.<ref name="gwarisa2025">{{REFnews
'''Prevalence of circumcision''' is the percentage of all males of all ages in the population who have been [[circumcised]].
|title=New PEPFAR Waiver Scraps Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Program
[[Intact America]] carried out a survey in 2022 that claims that 73 percent of all American men were [[circumcised]],<ref>{{REFweb
  |url=https://healthtimes.co.zw/2025/02/07/new-pepfar-waiver-scraps-voluntary-medical-male-circumcision-program/
  |url=https://www.intactamerica.org/newsroom-gender-equality/
  |last=Gwarisa
|title=Intact Facts
  |first=Michael
  |last=
  |first=
  |init=
  |init=
  |publisher=Intact America
|author-link=
  |date=2022
  |publisher=Healthtimes
  |accessdate=2023-03-29
|website=
}}</ref> however no documentation has been provided so it is not clear in what region it was carried out or what age groups were surveyed. The prevalence of [[circumcision]] varies by age, region, race, and religion. On another webpage, Intact America claims 78 percent are circumcised so Intact America is uncertain of its claims.
  |date=2025-02-07
  |accessdate=2025-02-15
|format=
|quote=
}}</ref> Numerous studies have demonstrated that [[adult circumcision]] is not effective in preventing [[HIV]] [[infection]]. Child [[circumcision]] had previously been discontinued.
 
President Donald J. Trump appointment of [[Robert Francis Kennedy, Jr.]] to be Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services was approved by the United States Senate was ratified by the United States Senate on 13 February 2025. Kennedy wants to reform healthcare in the United States.


Peter Moore (2015) reported that 62 percent of all American males reported being [[circumcised]],<ref name="moore2015">{{REFweb
Intact Global instituted a suit against the state of Oregon in March 2025.<ref>{{REFdocument
  |url=https://today.yougov.com/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2015/02/03/younger-americans-circumcision
|title=Hadachek et al. v. Oregon Complaint
  |title=Young Americans less supportive of circumcision at birth
  |url=https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66119b8c4d0c10f1951590fc/67e6d9785f82dc54c6513cb7_2025-03-28%20-%20Hadachek%20v.%20Oregon%20-%20Amended%20Complaint%20(Conformed).pdf
  |last=Moore
  |contribution=
  |first=Peter
  |last=Clopper
  |date=2015-02-03
  |first=Eric
  |accessdate=2022-02-07
|publisher=Intact Global
}}</ref> which increases the prevalence of [[intact]] [[foreskin]] to 38 percent of living American males of all ages. This percentage is expected to gradually but constantly decline, while the percentage of males who are [[intact]] due to the declining incidence of newborn boys receiving medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] is expected to increase. The percentage of males with [[intact]] [[foreskin]] is lowest with senior citizens and highest in the youngest age groups.
|format=PDF
  |date=2025-03-27
  |accessdate=2025-04-01
}}</ref> [[Intact Global]] also filed suit against the state of Colorado in June 2026.<ref name="rubane2026">{{REFdocument
|title=Tristan Huff and Adam Schwartz, Plaintiffs, v. The State of Colorado
|trans-title=
|language=
|url=https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/66119b8c4d0c10f195159122/6a3185315bbad632a188ed5f_2026-06-09---Huff-v.-Colorado-Complaint---Equal-Protection-Challenge-(Conformed)---For-Press.pdf
|archived=
|contribution=
|quote=
|trans-quote=
|quote-lang=
|last=RuBane
|first=Thomas F.
|author-link=
|last2=Clopper
|first2=Eric
|author2-link=
|format=PDF
|date=2026-06-09
|accessdate=2026-06-17
}}</ref>


=== Incidence of circumcision ===
Data Panda has reported the incidence of non-therapeutic circumcision by state on 24 May 2025. The incidence ranged from a low of 10 percent in Washington to a high of 91 percent in West Virginia.<ref>{{REFweb
'''Incidence of circumcision''' is the percentage of newborn boys who currently are being [[circumcised]].
|url=https://www.datapandas.org/ranking/circumcision-rate-by-state
====Long-term declining trend====
|title=Circumcision Rate by State
The incidence of non-therapeutic neonatal [[circumcision]] hit its peak at 85-90 percent in 1980. It has been slowly declining ever since.
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=Data Panda
|date=2025-05-24
|accessdate=2025-09-19
}}</ref>


Peter Moore (2015) reported that the incidence of circumcision was 55 percent.<ref name="moore2015"/>
[[Jake Tran]] has produced a [[This should be a crime| video]] about the practice of [[child circumcision]] in the United States.


Jacobsen et al. (2021) used data from 2003 through 2016 from the Kid's Inpatient Database of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality to compare [[intact]] with [[circumcised]] boys in the first 28 days of life. The authors reported a gradual declining trend in the incidence of neonatal non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] throughout the study period. The overall incidence of circumcision decreased from 57.4 percent in 2003 to 52.1 percent in 2016 over the 13 year study period or 5.3 percentage points for an average decrease of 0.4 percentage point per year. The authors noted "neonatal circumcision rates decreased significantly over time."<ref name="jacobson2021" />
In a milestone for [[intactivism]], Microsoft Network (MSN) (2025) reported that the incidence of [[child circumcision]] in the United States has declined below 50 percent, which makes non-circumcision or [[genital integrity]] the new <b>NORM</b> in the United States among newborn boys.<ref name="msn2025">{{REFnews
|title=Less Than Half of U.S. Boys Now Circumcised
|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/other/less-than-half-of-us-boys-now-circumcised/ar-AA1MBjzN
|last=Anonymous
|publisher=Microsoft Network
|website=
|date=2025-09-17
|accessdate=2025-09-29
|quote=From 2012 to 2022, the prevalence of circumcision during hospitalization of male neonates age 0 to 28 days decreased significantly by nearly 5 percentage points, from 54.1% to 49.3%,
}}</ref>


There was significant variation in the incidence of circumcision by region with the Midwest reporting an incidence of 75 percent (three out of four) for the period, while boys in the West were most likely to preserve their [[foreskin]] as the West reported an incidence of only 25.9 percent or about 1 boy in 4 being [[circumcised]].<ref name="jacobson2021" />
Max Buckler published an article on need to rethink [[child circumcision]].<ref name="buckler2025">{{REFjournal
|last=Buckler
|first=
|init=M
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=As controversies mount, circumcision policies need a rethink
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=J Med Ethics
|location=
|date=2025-11-13
|volume=
|issue=
|article=jme-2025-111357
|page=
|pages=
|url=https://www.galdef.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Buckler-Controversies-rethink-JME-2025.pdf
|archived=
|quote=f trust in the scientific community is to be sustained, scientific institutions must adhere to the highest standards for policy-making, apply ethical guidelines consistently, and demonstrate an eagerness to improve and correct ill thought-out positions.
|pubmedID=41207714
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1136/jme-2025-111357
|accessdate=2026-07-16
}}</ref>


One should also note that the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] [[medical trade association]] vacated its fraudulent 2012 Circumcision Policy Statement by allowing it to expire in 2017 without being re-affirmed.
==Government financial support for non-therapeutic circumcision==
The United States government provides [[financial incentive]] for medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] by [[third-party payment]] through numerous government health insurance programs:


====Midwest====
* [https://www.medicaid.gov/ Medicaid] — About 45 percent of births are under Medicaid.
The Midwest has been called the 'circumcision capital of America' because of its higher rates of circumcision. Nevertheless, the popularity of circumcision is declining even in the Midwest.
* [https://www.healthcare.gov/medicaid-chip/childrens-health-insurance-program/ Child Health Insurance Program (CHIP)] — Covers children whose family income is higher.
* [https://www.ihs.gov/ Indian Health Service] — Covers the indigenous population.
* [https://www.tricare.mil/ Tricare] — Covers military dependents.
* [https://www.benefits.gov/benefit/4440 Federal Employees Health Benefits (FEHB) Program] — Covers federal employees and families.
* [https://www.medicare.gov/ Medicare] − Covers persons who have reached 65 years of age.


In the Midwest, the incidence of [[circumcision]] has declined to 75 percent, which translates to a [[genital integrity]] rate increase to 25 percent or 1 in 4 boys having an [[intact]] foreskin.<ref name="jacobson2021" /> The previous report from 2010 was one boy in five being intact,<ref name="bollinger2017" /> and before that it was 1 in 10 boys being [[intact]], so this in an increase of 250 percent (0.25/0.10 X 100 = 250%) in the rate of [[Intact| intactness]] for the Midwest. The still high incidence of circumcision in the Midwest is counterbalanced by the low incidence in the West.
==The second term of President Donald J. Trump==
 
The second term of President Donald J. Trump commenced on 21 January 2025. President Trump has promised far-reaching reforms of the executive branch of the government of the United States. It is not clear at this time (9 February 2025) how this will affect the practice of male [[circumcision]] in the United States. We note that the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ([[PEPFAR]]) has been paused. The performance of ineffective [[genital mutilation]] (male circumcision) on African males may have stopped.<ref>{{REFnews
=== Intactness is the new norm ===
|title=Trump's Foreign Aid Freeze
 
  |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/trump-rubio-pepfar-prep-usaid_n_67a65f98e4b0682fe26ceb1f
Intactness had previously been shamed in the United States,<ref name="garrett2023-12-21">{{REFweb
|last=Cohn
  |url=https://intactamerica.org/foreskin-phobia-intact-penis-shamed/
|first=Jonathan
  |title=Foreskin Phobia: How The Intact Penis Has Been Shamed
  |init=
  |last=Garrett
  |author-link=
  |first=Connor
  |last2=
  |init=
  |init2=
  |author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
  |author2-link=
  |publisher=Intact America
  |publisher=Huffpost
  |date=2023-12-21
|website=
  |accessdate=2024-05-15
  |date=2025-02-07
}}</ref> but that era has ended.
|season=
  |accessdate=2025-02-09
|format=
|quote=
}}</ref>


Intact America called attention to the existence of a "tipping point", when public opinion would shift toward [[intactness]] in 2016.<ref>{{REFweb
== Statistical data ==
  |url=https://intactamerica.org/do-you-know-about-the-tipping-point/
The National Center for Health Statistics (2013) reported that the incidence of child [[circumcision]] has been declining for thirty years.<ref>{{REFweb
  |title=Do You Know: About the “Tipping Point?
  |url=https://blogs.cdc.gov/nchs/2013/08/22/1667/
  |last=Anonymous
  |title=Male Newborn Circumcision on a Three Decade Decline
  |last=
  |first=
  |first=
  |init=
  |init=
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
  |publisher=Intact America
  |publisher=National Center for Health Statistics
  |date=2016-11-01
  |date=2013-08-22
  |accessdate=2024-06-03
  |accessdate=2025-01-19
}}</ref> Public opinion in the United States in 2024 has now reached that tipping point.
}}</ref>
=== Prevalence of circumcision ===
'''Prevalence of circumcision''' is the percentage of all males of all ages in the population who have been [[circumcised]].


The percentage of American boys being [[circumcised]] has been slowly declining for a long time, while the number of boys with [[intact]] [[foreskin]] has correspondingly increased.<ref name="jacobson2021" /> The percentage of [[intact]] newborn boys now exceeds the percentage of [[circumcised]] newborn boys.
[[Intact America]] carried out a survey in 2022 that claims that 73 percent of all American men were [[circumcised]],<ref>{{REFweb
 
|url=https://www.intactamerica.org/newsroom-gender-equality/
As the present trend continues, [[intactness]] is becoming the more usual, normal, and expected condition for infant boys in America.
|title=Intact Facts
 
|last=
==American [[genital integrity]] organizations==
|first=
 
|init=
The United States of America now have numerous [[genital integrity]] ([[intactivist]]) organizations working to promote and encourage the protection of the [[physical integrity]] of American boys.
|publisher=Intact America
 
|date=2022
{{SEEALSO}}
|accessdate=2023-03-29
* [[Financial incentive]]
}}</ref> however no documentation has been provided so it is not clear in what region it was carried out or what age groups were surveyed. The prevalence of [[circumcision]] varies by age, region, race, and religion. On another webpage, [[Intact America]] claims 78 percent are circumcised so Intact America is uncertain of its claims.
* [[Intact-friendly]]
 
* [https://en.intactiwiki.org/index.php/Main_Page Home page]
Peter Moore (2015) reported that 62 percent of all American males reported being [[circumcised]],<ref name="moore2015">{{REFweb
 
|url=https://today.yougov.com/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2015/02/03/younger-americans-circumcision
{{LINKS}}
|title=Young Americans less supportive of circumcision at birth
* {{REFweb
|last=Moore
  |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/legal/USA/
|first=Peter
  |title=Legality of Circumcision: The United States of America
|date=2015-02-03
  |last=Hill
|accessdate=2022-02-07
  |first=George
}}</ref> which increases the prevalence of [[intact]] [[foreskin]] to 38 percent of living American males of all ages. This percentage is expected to gradually but constantly decline, while the percentage of males who are [[intact]] due to the declining incidence of newborn boys receiving medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] is expected to increase. The percentage of males with [[intact]] [[foreskin]] is lowest with senior citizens and highest in the youngest age groups.
  |init=
 
  |publisher=Circumcision Reference Library
=== Incidence of circumcision ===
  |date=2013-07-31
'''Incidence of circumcision''' is the percentage of newborn boys who currently are being [[circumcised]].
  |accessdate=2023-08-26
====Long-term declining trend====
}}
The incidence of non-therapeutic neonatal [[circumcision]] hit its peak at 85-90 percent in 1965.<ref name="laumann1997" /> It has been slowly declining ever since.
These documents by [[Dan Bollinger]] are included here because they contain significant information about the United States:
 
* {{REFweb
Peter Moore (2015) reported that the incidence of circumcision was 55 percent.<ref name="moore2015"/>
  |url=https://www.academia.edu/23494197/Infant_Male_Genital_Cutting_Incidence_Worldwide
 
  |title=Infant Male Genital Cutting Incidence Worldwide  
Jacobsen et al. (2021) used data from 2003 through 2016 from the Kid's Inpatient Database of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality to compare [[intact]] with [[circumcised]] boys in the first 28 days of life. The authors reported a gradual declining trend in the incidence of neonatal non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] throughout the study period. The overall incidence of circumcision decreased from 57.4 percent in 2003 to 52.1 percent in 2016 over the 13 year study period or 5.3 percentage points for an average decrease of 0.4 percentage point per year. The authors noted "neonatal circumcision rates decreased significantly over time."<ref name="jacobson2021" />
  |last=Bollinger
 
  |first=Dan
There was significant variation in the incidence of circumcision by region with the Midwest reporting an incidence of 75 percent (three out of four) for the period, while boys in the West were most likely to preserve their [[foreskin]] as the West reported an incidence of only 25.9 percent or about 1 boy in 4 being [[circumcised]].<ref name="jacobson2021" />
  |author-link=Dan Bollinger
 
  |publisher=Academia
One should also note that the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] [[medical trade association]] vacated its fraudulent 2012 Circumcision Policy Statement by allowing it to expire in 2017 without being re-affirmed.
  |date=2017-05-19
 
[https://150.jhu.edu/ Johns Hopkins University] and the Jewish-funded [https://publichealth.jhu.edu/ Bloomberg School of Public Health] have long been outlier advocates of male [[circumcision]]. However, they (2025) are now reporting that the incidence of circumcision has declined "significantly" between 2012 and 2022. The overall decline was from 54.1% to 49.3% — a decline of 4.8 percentage points or 0.048 precentage points per year. The 4.8 percentage point represents a decline of 8.8 percent (4.8/54.1 = 8.8%)<ref name="yang2025" /> Although the incidence of [[circumcision of the newborn]] has been gradually declining for decades, this is the first study to report an overall incidence of less than fifty percent. Based on this new information, we can now report that [[intactness]] is now the NORM among the newborn boys of America. We note that [[Australia]] reported a significant improvement in child health when the incidence of circumcision declined in that nation.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/children-youth/australias-children-in-brief/summary
|title=Australia’s children: in brief
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
|pubmedID=
ISBN=978-1-76054-659-5
|DOI=10.25816/5e152818d082c
|date=2019-12-17
|accessdate=2025-09-17
}}</ref> Any circumcisions performed after the newborn period would not be captured by these statistics.
 
====Midwest====
The Midwest has been called the 'circumcision capital of America' because of its higher rates of circumcision. Nevertheless, the popularity of circumcision is declining even in the Midwest.
 
In the Midwest, the incidence of [[circumcision]] has declined to 75 percent, which translates to a [[genital integrity]] rate increase to 25 percent or 1 in 4 boys having an [[intact]] foreskin.<ref name="jacobson2021" /> The previous report from 2010 was one boy in five being intact,<ref name="bollinger2017" /> and before that it was 1 in 10 boys being [[intact]], so this in an increase of 250 percent (0.25/0.10 X 100 = 250%) in the rate of [[Intact| intactness]] for the Midwest. The still high incidence of circumcision in the Midwest is counterbalanced by the low incidence in the West.
 
=== Intactness is the new norm! ===
 
[[Intactness]] had previously been shamed in the United States,<ref name="garrett2023-12-21">{{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/foreskin-phobia-intact-penis-shamed/
|title=Foreskin Phobia: How The Intact Penis Has Been Shamed
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2023-12-21
|accessdate=2024-05-15
}}</ref> but that era has ended.
 
[[Intact America]] called attention to the existence of a "tipping point",<ref>{{REFbook
|last=Gladwell
|first=Malcomb
|init=
|year=2002
|title=The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference
|url=https://www.amazon.com/Tipping-Point-Little-Things-Difference/dp/0316346624?s=books
|scope=
|location=
|publisher=Back Bay Books
|pages=301
|ISBN=SBN-10 0316346624
|accessdate=2025-12-01
}}</ref> when public opinion would shift toward [[intactness]] in 2016.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/do-you-know-about-the-tipping-point/
|title=Do You Know: About the “Tipping Point?
|last=Chapin
|first=Georganne
|init=
|author-link=Georganne Chapin
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2016-11-01
|accessdate=2024-06-03
}}</ref> Public opinion in the United States in 2024 has now reached that tipping point.
 
The percentage of American boys being [[circumcised]] has been slowly but progressively declining for a long time, while the number of boys with [[intact]] [[foreskin]] has correspondingly increased.<ref name="jacobson2021" /> The percentage of [[intact]] newborn boys has exceeded the percentage of [[circumcised]] newborn boys since 2022.<ref name="yang2025" />
 
As the present trend continues, [[intactness]] is becoming the more usual, normal, and expected condition among newborn infant boys in America. The incidence of [[circumcision]] varies geographically so some locations will report higher percentages [[circumcised]].
 
==Forecast future incidence of child circumcision==
 
The incidence of harmful, unnecessary, nontherapeutic [[circumcision]] of newborn boys declines at the rate of 0.5 of one percentage point per year or one percentage point every two years.<ref name="yang2025" />
 
Based on this historical rate of decline and assuming that it continues, we can forecast the future incidence of harmful [[child circumcision]] in the United States to be:
 
 
* 2023: 49.2%
* 2024: 48.7%
* 2025: 48.2%
* 2026: 47.7%
* 2027: 47.2%
* 2028: 46.7%
* 2029: 46.2%
* 2030: 45.7%
 
The declining incidence of [[circumcision]] correlates and coincides with the reported decline in the incidence of murder in the United States.<ref>{{REFnews
|title=U.S. murder rate approaches a record low
|url=https://www.npr.org/2026/06/30/nx-s1-5866810/us-murder-rate-record-low-crime-homicide
|last=Kaste
|first=Martin
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=National Public Radio
|website=https://www.npr.org/
|date=2026-06-30
|accessdate=2026-06-30
|format=
|quote="The United States almost certainly had the lowest murder rate ever recorded in 2025, with the FBI having data back to 1960," says crime data analyst Jeff Asher. "And the available evidence suggests that we're going to go even lower this year."
}}</ref>
 
==American [[genital integrity]] organizations==
 
The United States of America now have numerous [[genital integrity]] ([[intactivist]]) organizations working to promote and encourage the protection of the [[physical integrity]] of American boys.
 
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Financial incentive]]
* [[Intact-friendly]]
* [https://en.intactiwiki.org/index.php/Main_Page Home page]
* [[Living with a foreskin in circumcised America]]
{{LINKS}}
* {{URLwikipedia|United_States|United States}}
* {{REFweb
  |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/legal/USA/
  |title=Legality of Circumcision: The United States of America
  |last=Hill
  |first=George
  |init=
  |publisher=Circumcision Reference Library
  |date=2013-07-31
  |accessdate=2023-08-26
}}
These documents by [[Dan Bollinger]] are included here because they contain significant information about the United States:
* {{REFweb
  |url=https://www.academia.edu/23494197/Infant_Male_Genital_Cutting_Incidence_Worldwide
  |title=Infant Male Genital Cutting Incidence Worldwide  
  |last=Bollinger
  |first=Dan
  |author-link=Dan Bollinger
  |publisher=Academia
  |date=2017-05-19
  |accessdate=2021-10-21
  |accessdate=2021-10-21
  |format=PDF
  |format=PDF
Line 1,675: Line 1,998:
  |accessdate=2021-10-14
  |accessdate=2021-10-14
}}
}}
 
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-rates/
|title=Circumcision Rates by Country: Why America Is the Outlier
|last=Alissa
|first=Kristel
|init=
|author-link=Kristel Alissa
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2025-07-03
|accessdate=2025-8-03
}}
{{ABBR}}
{{ABBR}}
{{REF}}
{{REF}}


[[Category:BSM]]
[[Category:BSM]]
[[Category:English-speaking nation]]
[[Category:Circumcision]]
[[Category:Country]]
[[Category:Male circumcision]]
[[Category:Male circumcision]]
[[Category:Circumcision]]
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:History]]


Retrieved from "https://en.intactiwiki.org/wiki/United_States_of_America"