India: Difference between revisions

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The partition caused a mass migration with Muslims moving from India into Pakistan and non-Muslims moving from Pakistan into India. Muslims continued to conduct forced circumcisions at this time.<ref name="fcirc"/>

==The foreskin in India==

Indian men avoid [[circumcision]].<ref>{{REFweb

|url=https://www.hoshyoga.org/why-do-indians-dont-get-circumcised/

|title=Why do Indians don’t get circumcised?

|last=Anonymous

|publisher=Host Yoga

|date=2025

|accessdate=2025-11-13

}}</ref>

Ravi Kumar (2017) observed:

Circumcision is a surgical procedure that removes the foreskin in males. It is a controversial topic in many parts of the world. In India however, circumcision is viewed as a barbaric practice. If you are an Indian man, you are expected to have a foreskin. Only Indian Muslims, who constitute about 14 percent of the population, practice circumcision. It is seen as ‘mutilation’ by others, like cutting off useful parts of the body, and is often ridiculed.<ref>{{REFweb

|url=https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2017/07/the-ridicule-i-faced-for-being-a-circumcised-hindu

|title=The Ridicule I Faced For Being A Circumcised Hindu

|last=Kumar

|first=Ravi

|init=

|author-link=

|publisher=Youth Ki Awaaz

|date=2017-07-05

|accessdate=2025-06-19

}}</ref></blockquote>

Balaji et al. (2020) carried out a study of [[circumcision]] practice in South India. They found that the [[foreskin]] is a marker for cultural identity:

Also, one-third of the individuals from this community felt that circumcision is a safe operation and 20% of the parents favored compulsory circumcision of all boys as they believed that it improves penile hygiene; but, however, the rest preferred foreskin preservation as its removal would result in loss of cultural identity of the individual.<ref name="balaji2020">{{REFjournal

|last=Balaji

|first=

|init=BS

|author-link=

|last2=Tarun

|first2=

|init2=TJK

|author2-link=

|last3=Gowri

|first3=

|init3=MS

|author3-link=

|etal=no

|title=Acceptability and outcomes of foreskin preservation for phimosis: An Indian perspective

|journal=J Family Med Prim Care

|location=

|date=2020-05-31

|volume=9

|issue=5

|pages=2297-302

|url=

|quote=

|pubmedID=32754491

|pubmedCID=7380800

|DOI=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_49_20

|accessdate=2025-07-23

}}</ref>

</blockquote>

The normal variant of [[phimosis| phimosed foreskin]] in adult males is said to be more common in Indian men and more accepted, but more study is needed.

== Medical science ==

Medical science is highly advanced in India.

There are more than 600,000,000 [[foreskinned]] men in India. Studies by Indian doctors have contributed to our understanding of the intact [[penis]].

There are more than 600,000,000 [[foreskinned]] men in India. Studies by Indian doctors have contributed to our understanding of the [[intact]] [[penis]].

* Satya Parkash (1972) discussed some of the functions of the [[foreskin]], some drawbacks to circumcision, and conditions for which [[circumcision]] should <i>not</i> be performed. Parkash described a new procedure for the plastic correction of [[phimosis]] which would save the foreskin.<ref name="parkash1972">{{REFjournal

|last=Parkash

Line 188:

Line 243:

|accessdate=2024-07-05

}}</ref>

* Shahid (2012) emphasized the necessity of properly diagnosing the type of phimosis when a boy with a non-retractable [[foreskin]] is presented. He also stated that [[circumcision]] is becoming outmoded as a treatment for phimosis.<ref name="shahid2012">{{REFjournal

* Shahid (2012) emphasized the necessity of properly diagnosing the type of [[phimosis]] when a boy with a non-retractable [[foreskin]] is presented. He also stated that [[circumcision]] is becoming outmoded as a treatment for phimosis.<ref name="shahid2012">{{REFjournal

|last=Shahid

|first=

Line 214:

Line 269:

|accessdate=2025-07-05

}}</ref>

* Manekar et al. (2022) surveyed ~~paediatricans~~ across India and found that most were so poorly trained that they could not distinguish between normal physiological phimosis and pathological phimosis in boys, which may result in large numbers of unnecessary circumcisions of boys.<ref name="manetar2022">{{REFjournal

* Manekar et al. (2022) surveyed paediatricians across India and found that most were so poorly trained that they could not distinguish between normal physiological phimosis and pathological phimosis in boys, which may result in large numbers of unnecessary circumcisions of boys.<ref name="manetar2022">{{REFjournal

|last=Manetar

|first=

Line 328:

Line 383:

|DOI=10.1371/journal.pone.0091213

|accessdate=2024-07-07

}}</ref> The other religions do not circumcise. Non-therapeutic infant [[circumcision]] is not normally done in India except ~~for the~~ Muslims.

}}</ref> The other religions do not circumcise. Non-therapeutic infant [[circumcision]] is not normally done in India except by Muslims.

=== Muslim circumcision ===

Circumcision marks one as a probable member of the Muslim religious minority.<ref name="sahay2014" /> Although male circumcision is not unlawful, it is not part of the culture or religion of most Indians. In fact, it is viewed with distaste or even horror by most Indians, especially since it is associated with [[Islam| Islamic]] practice.<ref name="sahay2014" /> Sikhism prohibits cutting of the body and Jainism favors non-violence. Hindus, Sikhs, Jains, and others have no desire to appear to be Muslim. The vast majority (86.5%) of males are [[foreskinned]].

Boys born into the 14.2% Muslim minority of families are usually [[circumcised]] ritually without anaesthesia for the [[pain]] by traditional circumcisors or barbers prior to puberty.<ref name="sahay2014"/>

Boys born into the 14.2% Muslim minority of families are usually [[circumcised]] ritually without anaesthesia for the [[pain]] by traditional circumcisors or barbers prior to [[puberty]].<ref name="sahay2014"/>

=== Medical circumcision ===

Circumcision of adult male for medical indications is also practiced. There are urologists who advertise and promote their services. It is not clear that Indian urologists offer conservative prepuce-preserving treatment of [[foreskin]] conditions to [[intact]] Indian men. The Urological Society of India does not offer guidelines on the conservative prepuce-preserving treatment of [[phimosis]].<ref name="usi2024">{{REFweb

Circumcision of adult male for medical indications is also practiced. There are urologists who advertise and promote their services. It is not clear that Indian urologists offer conservative prepuce-preserving treatment of [[foreskin]] conditions to [[intact]] Indian men. The [https://www.usi.org.in/ Urological Society of India] does not offer guidelines on the conservative prepuce-preserving treatment of [[phimosis]].<ref name="usi2024">{{REFweb

|url=https://usi.org.in/index.php

|title=Urological Society of India

Line 346:

Line 401:

|date=

|accessdate=2024-07-06

}}</ref> As in other nations, [[foreskinned]] men should ~~view~~ a urologist's recommendation for [[adult circumcision]] with extreme caution.

}}</ref> As in other nations, [[foreskinned]] men should receive a urologist's recommendation for [[adult circumcision]] with extreme caution.

== Sources of information ==

Line 362:

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== The prevalence of circumcision ==

The World Population Review (2024) and [[Brian J. Morris]] (2016) both estimate that 13.5 percent of Indian males are [[circumcised]],<ref>{{REFweb

The [https://www.nfhsiips.in/nfhsuser/index.php National Family Health Survey] (2015) found that the prevalence of [[circumcision]] varies among the Indian states as shown on a map. The national average was reported to be 15.67 percent.<ref>{{REFweb

|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Kerala/comments/zoumv5/circumcision_among_indian_states/#lightbox

|title=Percentage of Males Who are Circumcised in Each State

|last=Anonymous

|first=

|init=

|author-link=

|publisher=National Family Health Survey

|date=1915

|accessdate=2025-01-19

}}</ref>

The [https://worldpopulationreview.com/ World Population Review] (2024) and [[Brian J. Morris]] (2016) both estimate that 13.5 percent of Indian males are [[circumcised]],<ref>{{REFweb

|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/circumcision-by-country

|title=Circumcision by Country 2024

Line 426:

Line 493:

* {{URLwikipedia|India|India|2019-09-15}}

* {{REFweb

|url=https://intactamerica.org/cultures-that-reject-circumcision/

|title=Cultures That Reject Circumcision—And Why They’re Right

|last=Alissa

|first=Kristel

|init=

|author-link=Kristel Alissa

|publisher=Intact America

|date=2025-02-23

|accessdate=2025-05-08

}}

[[Category:Asia]]

[[Category:Circumcision]]

[[Category:Country]]

[[Category:Education]]

~~[[Category:India]]~~

[[Category:Male circumcision]]

[[Category:Statistics]]

[[Category:India]]

[[de:Indien]]

@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 The partition caused a mass migration with Muslims moving from India into Pakistan and non-Muslims moving from Pakistan into India. Muslims continued to conduct forced circumcisions at this time.<ref name="fcirc"/>
+==The foreskin in India==
+Indian men avoid [[circumcision]].<ref>{{REFweb
+ |url=https://www.hoshyoga.org/why-do-indians-dont-get-circumcised/
+ |title=Why do Indians don’t get circumcised?
+ |last=Anonymous
+ |publisher=Host Yoga
+ |date=2025
+ |accessdate=2025-11-13
+}}</ref>
+Ravi Kumar (2017) observed:
+<blockquote>
+Circumcision is a surgical procedure that removes the foreskin in males. It is a controversial topic in many parts of the world. In India however, circumcision is viewed as a barbaric practice. If you are an Indian man, you are expected to have a foreskin. Only Indian Muslims, who constitute about 14 percent of the population, practice circumcision. It is seen as ‘mutilation’ by others, like cutting off useful parts of the body, and is often ridiculed.<ref>{{REFweb
+ |url=https://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2017/07/the-ridicule-i-faced-for-being-a-circumcised-hindu
+ |title=The Ridicule I Faced For Being A Circumcised Hindu
+ |last=Kumar
+ |first=Ravi
+ |init=
+ |author-link=
+ |publisher=Youth Ki Awaaz
+ |date=2017-07-05
+ |accessdate=2025-06-19
+}}</ref></blockquote>
+Balaji et al. (2020) carried out a study of [[circumcision]] practice in South India. They found that the [[foreskin]] is a marker for cultural identity:
+<blockquote>
+Also, one-third of the individuals from this community felt that circumcision is a safe operation and 20% of the parents favored compulsory circumcision of all boys as they believed that it improves penile hygiene; but, however, the rest preferred foreskin preservation as its removal would result in loss of cultural identity of the individual.<ref name="balaji2020">{{REFjournal
+ |last=Balaji
+ |first=
+ |init=BS
+ |author-link=
+ |last2=Tarun
+ |first2=
+ |init2=TJK
+ |author2-link=
+ |last3=Gowri
+ |first3=
+ |init3=MS
+ |author3-link=
+ |etal=no
+ |title=Acceptability and outcomes of foreskin preservation for phimosis: An Indian perspective
+ |journal=J Family Med Prim Care
+ |location=
+ |date=2020-05-31
+ |volume=9
+ |issue=5
+ |pages=2297-302
+ |url=
+ |quote=
+ |pubmedID=32754491
+ |pubmedCID=7380800
+ |DOI=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_49_20
+ |accessdate=2025-07-23
+}}</ref>
+</blockquote>
+The normal variant of [[phimosis| phimosed foreskin]] in adult males is said to be more common in Indian men and more accepted, but more study is needed.
 == Medical science ==
 Medical science is highly advanced in India.
-There are more than 600,000,000 [[foreskinned]] men in India. Studies by Indian doctors have contributed to our understanding of the intact [[penis]].
+There are more than 600,000,000 [[foreskinned]] men in India. Studies by Indian doctors have contributed to our understanding of the [[intact]] [[penis]].
 * Satya Parkash (1972) discussed some of the functions of the [[foreskin]], some drawbacks to circumcision, and conditions for which [[circumcision]] should <i>not</i> be performed. Parkash described a new procedure for the plastic correction of [[phimosis]] which would save the foreskin.<ref name="parkash1972">{{REFjournal
   |last=Parkash
@@ Line 188: / Line 243: @@
   |accessdate=2024-07-05
 }}</ref>
-* Shahid (2012) emphasized the necessity of properly diagnosing the type of phimosis when a boy with a non-retractable [[foreskin]] is presented. He also stated that [[circumcision]] is becoming outmoded as a treatment for phimosis.<ref name="shahid2012">{{REFjournal
+* Shahid (2012) emphasized the necessity of properly diagnosing the type of [[phimosis]] when a boy with a non-retractable [[foreskin]] is presented. He also stated that [[circumcision]] is becoming outmoded as a treatment for phimosis.<ref name="shahid2012">{{REFjournal
   |last=Shahid
   |first=
@@ Line 214: / Line 269: @@
   |accessdate=2025-07-05
 }}</ref>
-* Manekar et al. (2022) surveyed paediatricans across India and found that most were so poorly trained that they could not distinguish between normal physiological phimosis and pathological phimosis in boys, which may result in large numbers of unnecessary circumcisions of boys.<ref name="manetar2022">{{REFjournal
+* Manekar et al. (2022) surveyed paediatricians across India and found that most were so poorly trained that they could not distinguish between normal physiological phimosis and pathological phimosis in boys, which may result in large numbers of unnecessary circumcisions of boys.<ref name="manetar2022">{{REFjournal
   |last=Manetar
   |first=
@@ Line 328: / Line 383: @@
   |DOI=10.1371/journal.pone.0091213
   |accessdate=2024-07-07
-}}</ref> The other religions do not circumcise. Non-therapeutic infant [[circumcision]] is not normally done in India except for the Muslims.
+}}</ref> The other religions do not circumcise. Non-therapeutic infant [[circumcision]] is not normally done in India except by Muslims.
 === Muslim circumcision ===
 Circumcision marks one as a probable member of the Muslim religious minority.<ref name="sahay2014" /> Although male circumcision is not unlawful, it is not part of the culture or religion of most Indians. In fact, it is viewed with distaste or even horror by most Indians, especially since it is associated with [[Islam| Islamic]] practice.<ref name="sahay2014" /> Sikhism prohibits cutting of the body and Jainism favors non-violence. Hindus, Sikhs, Jains, and others have no desire to appear to be Muslim. The vast majority (86.5%) of males are [[foreskinned]].
-Boys born into the 14.2% Muslim minority of families are usually [[circumcised]] ritually without anaesthesia for the [[pain]]  by traditional circumcisors or barbers prior to puberty.<ref name="sahay2014"/>
+Boys born into the 14.2% Muslim minority of families are usually [[circumcised]] ritually without anaesthesia for the [[pain]]  by traditional circumcisors or barbers prior to [[puberty]].<ref name="sahay2014"/>
 === Medical circumcision ===
-Circumcision of adult male for medical indications is also practiced. There are urologists who advertise and promote their services. It is not clear that Indian urologists offer conservative prepuce-preserving treatment of [[foreskin]] conditions to [[intact]] Indian men. The Urological Society of India does not offer guidelines on the conservative prepuce-preserving treatment of [[phimosis]].<ref name="usi2024">{{REFweb
+Circumcision of adult male for medical indications is also practiced. There are urologists who advertise and promote their services. It is not clear that Indian urologists offer conservative prepuce-preserving treatment of [[foreskin]] conditions to [[intact]] Indian men. The [https://www.usi.org.in/ Urological Society of India] does not offer guidelines on the conservative prepuce-preserving treatment of [[phimosis]].<ref name="usi2024">{{REFweb
   |url=https://usi.org.in/index.php
   |title=Urological Society of India
@@ Line 346: / Line 401: @@
   |date=
   |accessdate=2024-07-06
-}}</ref> As in other nations, [[foreskinned]] men should view a urologist's recommendation for [[adult circumcision]] with extreme caution.
+}}</ref> As in other nations, [[foreskinned]] men should receive a urologist's recommendation for [[adult circumcision]] with extreme caution.
 == Sources of information ==
@@ Line 362: / Line 417: @@
 == The prevalence of circumcision ==
-The World Population Review (2024) and [[Brian J. Morris]] (2016) both estimate that 13.5 percent of Indian males are [[circumcised]],<ref>{{REFweb
+The [https://www.nfhsiips.in/nfhsuser/index.php National Family Health Survey] (2015) found that the prevalence of [[circumcision]] varies among the Indian states as shown on a map. The national average was reported to be 15.67 percent.<ref>{{REFweb
+ |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Kerala/comments/zoumv5/circumcision_among_indian_states/#lightbox
+ |title=Percentage of Males Who are Circumcised in Each State
+ |last=Anonymous
+ |first=
+ |init=
+ |author-link=
+ |publisher=National Family Health Survey
+ |date=1915
+ |accessdate=2025-01-19
+}}</ref>
+The [https://worldpopulationreview.com/ World Population Review] (2024) and [[Brian J. Morris]] (2016) both estimate that 13.5 percent of Indian males are [[circumcised]],<ref>{{REFweb
   |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/circumcision-by-country
   |title=Circumcision by Country 2024
@@ Line 426: / Line 493: @@
 {{LINKS}}
 * {{URLwikipedia|India|India|2019-09-15}}
+* {{REFweb
+ |url=https://intactamerica.org/cultures-that-reject-circumcision/
+ |title=Cultures That Reject Circumcision—And Why They’re Right
+ |last=Alissa
+ |first=Kristel
+ |init=
+ |author-link=Kristel Alissa
+ |publisher=Intact America
+ |date=2025-02-23
+ |accessdate=2025-05-08
+}}
 {{REF}}
 [[Category:Asia]]
 [[Category:Circumcision]]
+[[Category:Country]]
 [[Category:Education]]
-[[Category:India]]
 [[Category:Male circumcision]]
 [[Category:Statistics]]
+[[Category:India]]
 [[de:Indien]]