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"Male '''circumcision''' (from Latin ''circumcidere'', meaning "to cut around") is the surgical removal or [[amputation]] of the [[foreskin]] (prepuce), a major part of the human [[penis]]. Circumcision amputates ''more than fifty percent'' of the epithelium of the [[penis]].<ref name="taylor1996">{{TaylorJR LockwoodAP TaylorAJ 1996}}</ref> When the "cutting around" is performed, the foreskin falls off, so [[amputation]] and [[mutilation]] is the result, leaving the delicate and sensitive mucosa of the [[glans penis]] exposed and unprotected against [[trauma]] and [[infection]]. The amputation destroys the [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions| many protective, immunological, sexual, and sensory physiological functions]] of the foreskin, so it is a very harmful and [[Pain| painful]] surgery.<ref name="garrett2023-11-10">{{REFweb
"Male '''circumcision''' (from Latin ''circumcidere'', meaning "to cut around") is the surgical removal or [[amputation]] of the [[foreskin]] (prepuce), a major part of the human [[penis]]. Circumcision amputates ''more than fifty percent'' of the epithelium of the [[penis]].<ref name="taylor1996">{{TaylorJR LockwoodAP TaylorAJ 1996}}</ref> When the "cutting around" is performed, the foreskin falls off, so [[amputation]] and [[mutilation]] is the result, leaving the delicate and sensitive mucosa of the [[glans penis]] exposed and unprotected against [[trauma]] and [[infection]]. The amputation destroys the [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions| many protective, immunological, sexual, and sensory physiological functions]] of the foreskin, so it is a very harmful and [[Pain| painful]] surgery.<ref name="garrett2023-11-10">{{REFweb
  |url=https://intactamerica.org/pros-and-cons-of-circumcision/
  |url=https://intactamerica.org/pros-and-cons-of-circumcision/
Line 12: Line 11:
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


'''Posthectomy''' is the more accurate medical term that more accurately reflects the injury and loss of functional body tissue, but the Biblical [[euphemism]], ''circumcision'', is more commonly used.
Circumcision of boys in the [[United States]] hit its high point in 1965 and has been slowly declining in popularity ever since. Less than 1/2 of the newborn boys in the United States were [[circumcised]] in 2022. Yang et al. (2025) reported the rate of decline in the incidence of infant circumcision in their study period was 5/10s of one percent per year.<ref name="yang2025">{{REFjournal
|last=Yang
|first=
|init=P
|author-link=
|last2=Zhu
|first2=
|init2=X
|author2-link=
|last3=Patel
|first3=
|init3=EU
|author3-link=
|last4=Quin
|first4=
|init4=PC
|author4-link=
|last5=Grabowski
|first5=
|init5=MK
|author5-link=
|last6=Tobian
|first6=
|init6=AAR
|author6-link=Aaron Tobian
|etal=no
|title=Trends in Circumcision Among Newborn Males in the US
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=JAMA Pediatrics
|location=
|date=2025-10-02
|season=
|volume=
|issue=
|article=e252464
|page=
|pages=
|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2838312
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=40952753
|pubmedCID=12439174
|DOI=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2025.2464
|accessdate=2025-09-17
}}</ref> That long-term declining trend is believed to have continued.
 
'''[[Posthectomy]]''' is the more accurate medical term that more accurately reflects the injury and loss of functional body tissue, but the Biblical [[euphemism]], ''circumcision'', is more commonly used.
With reference to involuntary, non-therapeutic circumcision of children, [[Child Genital Cutting (CGC)]] is a newer term that has been introduced to avoid issues associated with more traditional terms. Bollinger (2023) identifed CGC as an [[Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)| adverse childhood experience]].<ref name="bollinger2023">{{REFjournal
With reference to involuntary, non-therapeutic circumcision of children, [[Child Genital Cutting (CGC)]] is a newer term that has been introduced to avoid issues associated with more traditional terms. Bollinger (2023) identifed CGC as an [[Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)| adverse childhood experience]].<ref name="bollinger2023">{{REFjournal
  |last=Bollinger
  |last=Bollinger
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}}</ref> These findings are not surprising since the human [[foreskin]] provides both [[Immunological and protective function of the foreskin| protective and immunological functions]] against both physical [[trauma]] and [[infection]]. Obviously, [[circumcised]] boys lack these protections.
}}</ref> These findings are not surprising since the human [[foreskin]] provides both [[Immunological and protective function of the foreskin| protective and immunological functions]] against both physical [[trauma]] and [[infection]]. Obviously, [[circumcised]] boys lack these protections.


Bollinger (2025) enumerated the harms and injuries caused by medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic [[circumcision of the newborn]], its inherent violation of [[human rights]] and its degradation of health and well-being.<ref name="bollinger2025-08-27">{{REFdocument
[[Dan Bollinger]] (2025) enumerated the many harms and injuries caused by medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic [[circumcision of the newborn]], its inherent violation of [[human rights]] and its degradation of health and well-being.<ref name="bollinger2025-08-27">{{REFdocument
  |title=Policy Paper: Newborn Circumcision as a Negative Wellness Factor
  |title=Policy Paper: Newborn Circumcision as a Negative Wellness Factor
  |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/394517060_Policy_Paper_Newborn_Circumcision_as_a_Negative_Wellness_Factor
  |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/394517060_Policy_Paper_Newborn_Circumcision_as_a_Negative_Wellness_Factor
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}}</ref>
}}</ref>


Circumcision was popularized in English-speaking nations in the nineteenth century. The practice of non-therapeutic circumcision of boys now has greatly declined in [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[New Zealand]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. It has been gradually declining since 1980 in the [[United States]]. It has ''never'' been a popular practice in other western nations. Circumcision of boys is not done in the Russian Federation, Latin America, or [[China]]. In [[India]] only the minority Muslim population does circumcision of children. In Europe it is only done for religious reasons by Muslims and Jews.
[[Dale Andersen| Andersen-Giberson]] (2025) discussed the disability caused by [[amputation]] of the functional [[foreskin]].<ref name="andersen2025">{{REFjournal
|last=Andersen-Giberson
|init=D
|author-link=Dale Andersen
|url=https://cdd.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/cdd/article/view/39786/36016
|title=Circumcision and forced disability: Routine male neonatal circumcision and the consequences of amputation within a critical disability studies framework
|journal=Critical Disability Discourses
|date=2025-12
|volume=10
|issue=2
|pages=1-37
|URL=https://cdd.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/cdd/article/view/39786/36016
|DOI=https://doi.org/10.25071/1918-6215.39786
|quote=In a critical disability studies framework, it is argued that the act of amputating healthy erogenous tissue and the consequences of that amputation cause disability, particularly from a counter-hegemonic lens.
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2026-03-14
}}</ref>
==Design of circumcision procedure==
The circumcision procedure carried out by medical doctors today is essentially the same as that mandated by Jewish rabbis in about 140 C.E.


Circumcision is classified as a form of [[genital mutilation]].
The original Jewish circumcision as mandated by Joshua at [[Gilgal]] consisted only of cutting off the overhanging portion of the [[foreskin]] that protruded beyond the [[glans penis]] with the aid of a protective device to prevent cutting the glans penis.


== Rationale ==
Jewish men who wished to appear as Greeks found that they could restore their natural covered appearance of their [[penis]] by a process called [[epispasm]]. This angered the rabbis who then developed a second stage of the ritual circumcision procedure called ''periah''.


Reasons for performing circumcision range widely by culture, religion, location, and age.
[[Periah]] according to James Peron (2000):


===Cultural===
<blockquote>
Periah consists of tearing and stripping back the remaining inner mucosal lining of the foreskin from the glans and then, by use of a sharp finger nail or implement, removing all of the inner mucosal tissue, including the excising and removal of the [[frenulum]] from the underside of the [[glans]]. The objective was to insure that no part of the remaining penile skin would rest against the glans corona. If any shreds of the mucosal [[foreskin]] tissue remained, or rejoined to the underside of the glans, the child was to be re-circumcised.<ref name="peron2000">{{REFjournal
|last=Peron
|init=JE
|author-link=James Peron
|url=https://cirp.org/library/history/peron2/
|title=Circumcision: then and now
|journal=Many Blessings
|date=2000
|season=Spring
|volume=III
|issue=
|pages=41-2
|accessdate=2023-08-23
}}</ref>
</blockquote>


Many cultures perform circumcision as a rite of passage into manhood. This is common in the Middle East and amongst some indigenous African and Southeast Asian peoples.
The objective was to increase the loss of tissue and amount in harm and injury to the point where it would be impossible to recover the [[glans penis]]. This procedure, which caused maximum injury and harm, was the procedure adopted by the medical profession in the nineteenth century and is still used today by medical doctors.


The [[United States]] and [[Israel]] are the only industrialized countries in the world to have a high incidence of non-therapeutic infant male circumcision. The vast majority of infant circumcisions performed in the [[United States]] are for non-religious, non-medical reasons. See [[History of circumcision]].
==Condemnation of child circumcision==
 
[[Alfonso Cepeda-Emiliani| Cepeda-Emiliani]] et al. {2025) stated:
=== No medical indication ===
<blockquote>
There are no [[medical indication| medical indications]] for [[circumcision of the newborn]].<ref name="aap1971">{{REFbook
Our results reinforce the relevance of [https://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/cold-taylor/ Cold and Taylor’s 11 1999 conclusions] (p. 42), which now seem more pertinent than ever: “The prepuce
  |last=American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Fetus and Newborn
is a specialized, specific erogenous tissue in both males and females.
Therefore, surgical excision should be restricted to lesions that are
unresponsive to medical therapy. . . Preputial plasty should be considered in place of circumcision whenever possible, so as to preserve
the corpuscular sensory receptors, dartos muscle, penile mucosa and
complete function of the penis. . . Although a Fourcroy grade 1 female
circumcision would excise less tissue than in a male, this comparison cannot be used to justify female circumcision. Excision of normal,
erogenous genital tissue from healthy male or female children cannot
be condoned, as the histology confirms that the external genitalia are
specialized sensory tissues. . . Removal of normal genital anatomy in
children and infants should be deferred until the individual can make an
informed decision. If external genital tissue must be excised to combat
a disease process that threatens the child’s health, and is unresponsive
to medical therapy, then the amount of tissue should be limited so as to
preserve the anatomy and function of the external genitalia.”<ref name="cepeda2025">{{REFjournal
  |last=Cepeda-Emiliani
  |first=
  |first=
  |init=
  |init=A
  |year=1971
  |author-link=Alfonso Cepeda-Emiliani
  |title=Standards and Recommendation for Hospital Care of Newborn infants
|last2=Otero-Alén
  |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aap/#a1971
|first2=
  |scope=
|init2=M
  |location=Evanston
|author2-link=
  |publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics
|last3=Suárez-Quintanilla
  |ISBN=
|first3=
  |accessdate=2025-03-13
|init3=J
}}</ref> The [[circumcision industry]] offers [[circumcision of the newborn]] to the public because of the [[financial incentive]] to the doctor and to the maternity hospital.
|author3-link=
|last4=Gándara-Cortés
|first4=
|init4=M
|author4-link=
|last5=García-Caballero
|first5=
|init5=T
|author5-link=
|last6=García-Caballero
|first6=
|init6=R
|author6-link=
|last7=García-Caballero
|first7=
|init7=L
|author7-link=
|etal=no
  |title=The sensory penis: A comprehensive immunohistological and ontogenetic exploration of human penile innervation
|trans-title=
|journal=Andrology
|date=2025-09-19
|volume=
|issue=
|article=
|pages=1-41
  |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/andr.70118
  |archived=
  |quote=
  |pubmedID=40970806
|pubmedCID=
  |DOI=10.1111/andr.70118
  |accessdate=2025-10-01
}}</ref>
</blockquote>


The form of circumcision adopted by the medical community essentially was equivalent to the Jewish form with ''[[periah]]'', so it inflicts the maximum injury and physical [[trauma]].
==History==
Circumcision was popularized in English-speaking nations in the nineteenth century. The practice of non-therapeutic circumcision of boys now has greatly declined in [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[New Zealand]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. It has been gradually declining since 1980 in the [[United States]]. It has ''never'' been a popular practice in other western nations. Circumcision of boys is not done in the Russian Federation, Latin America, or [[China]]. In [[India]] only the minority Muslim population does circumcision of children. In Europe it is only done for religious reasons by Muslims and Jews.


In a few cases  with older patients, circumcision is legitimately indicated; a patient may be suffering recurring [[infection]], and other methods of treatment have failed. In other cases, a patient may be suffering from a severe case of [[phimosis]]. Overall, the actual medical necessity for circumcision is extremely rare since many conditions respond to conservative treatment. All circumcisions injure the patient by amputating the [[foreskin]] its with many protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions| functions]].
Circumcision is classified as a form of [[genital mutilation]].
<!--
== Rationale ==


# '''Deformed or malformed foreskin'''. A foreskin so deformed or malformed that it does not function properly may be excised by circumcision.
Reasons for performing circumcision range widely by culture, religion, location, and age.
-->


# '''Traumatically injured foreskin'''. A foreskin so traumatically damaged that it cannot be surgically repaired is a valid medical reason for circumcision.
===Cultural===


# '''Diseased foreskin.''' A foreskin that is diseased may be a valid indication for circumcision. Some diseases that qualify are malignancy, lichen sclerosis, [[Balanitis#Diabetic_males| yeast infection in men with diabetes]], and recurrent [[balanoposthitis]].
Many cultures perform circumcision as a rite of passage into manhood. This is common in the Middle East and amongst some indigenous African and Southeast Asian peoples.
 
The [[United States]] and [[Israel]] are the only industrialized countries in the world to have a high incidence of non-therapeutic infant male circumcision. The vast majority of infant circumcisions performed in the [[United States]] are for non-religious, non-medical reasons. See [[History of circumcision]].
 
=== No medical indication ===
There are no [[medical indication| medical indications]] for [[circumcision of the newborn]].<ref name="aap1971">{{REFbook
|last=American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Fetus and Newborn
|first=
|init=
|year=1971
|title=Standards and Recommendation for Hospital Care of Newborn infants
|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aap/#a1971
|scope=
|location=Evanston
|publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics
|ISBN=
|accessdate=2025-03-13
}}</ref> The [[circumcision industry]] promotes [[circumcision of the newborn]] to the public because of the [[financial incentive]] to the doctor and to the maternity hospital.
 
The form of circumcision adopted by the medical community essentially was equivalent to the Jewish form with ''[[periah]]'', so it inflicts the maximum injury and physical [[trauma]].
 
In a few cases  with older patients, circumcision is legitimately indicated; a patient may be suffering recurring [[infection]], and other methods of treatment have failed. In other cases, a patient may be suffering from a severe case of [[phimosis]]. Overall, the actual medical necessity for circumcision is extremely rare since many conditions respond to conservative treatment. All circumcisions injure the patient by amputating the [[foreskin]] its with many protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions| functions]]. 
 
# '''Deformed or malformed foreskin'''. A foreskin so deformed or malformed that it does not function properly may be excised by circumcision.
 
# '''Traumatically injured foreskin'''. A foreskin so traumatically damaged that it cannot be surgically repaired is a valid medical reason for circumcision.
 
# '''Diseased foreskin.''' A foreskin that is diseased may be a valid indication for circumcision. Some diseases that qualify are [[gangrene]], malignancy, lichen sclerosis, [[Balanitis#Diabetic_males| yeast infection in men with diabetes]], and recurrent [[balanoposthitis]].


In such cases, the benefit of removing the problem foreskin may exceed the maleficial harms of tissue and function destruction.
In such cases, the benefit of removing the problem foreskin may exceed the maleficial harms of tissue and function destruction.
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An ever-recurring element of initiation rites found in many different cultures is the fixation upon the genitalia.
An ever-recurring element of initiation rites found in many different cultures is the fixation upon the genitalia.


It reflects the fascination that emerges from the ability to create new life. In most cultures, fertility is seen as the most precious good, and the body parts involved frequently find themselves in the focus of ritual acts. In many parts of the world, those rites take place when the boy reaches puberty, and are meant to symbolize his transition from boy to man. The removal of the male [[foreskin]] is just one of many phenomena that developed in this context. They range from the removal of the frenulum in boys and men through partial or complete removal of the [[foreskin]] up to radical operations. Australian [[Aborigines]], as mentioned above, have their [[foreskin]]s removed. It is also usual that, a few weeks later, young men have their [[penis]]es sliced open in a [[subincision]], resulting in a partly or completely divided [[urethra]].
It reflects the fascination that emerges from the ability to create new life. In most cultures, fertility is seen as the most precious good, and the body parts involved frequently find themselves in the focus of ritual acts. In many parts of the world, those rites take place when the boy reaches [[puberty]], and are meant to symbolize his transition from boy to man. The removal of the male [[foreskin]] is just one of many phenomena that developed in this context. They range from the removal of the frenulum in boys and men through partial or complete removal of the [[foreskin]] up to radical operations. Australian [[Aborigines]], as mentioned above, have their [[foreskin]]s removed. It is also usual that, a few weeks later, young men have their [[penis]]es sliced open in a [[subincision]], resulting in a partly or completely divided [[urethra]].


Another known, particularly massive, intervention is the stripping of the entire [[skin]] off the [[penis]]. In Indonesia, boys have metal or bamboo balls inserted into their [[penis]] shaft or [[Glans penis|glans]] at the beginning of puberty, which form little "humps".
Another known, particularly massive, intervention is the stripping of the entire [[skin]] off the [[penis]]. In Indonesia, boys have metal or bamboo balls inserted into their [[penis]] shaft or [[Glans penis|glans]] at the beginning of [[puberty]], which form little "humps".


For many cultures it is also common to perform similar rituals on girls. This can range from relatively small interventions such as piercing or cutting the clitoral hood, to its complete removal and up to radical removal of clitoral hood, [[clitoris]], inner and outer labia followed by sewing up the vagina.
For many cultures it is also common to perform similar rituals on girls. This can range from relatively small interventions such as piercing or cutting the clitoral hood, to its complete removal and up to radical removal of clitoral hood, [[clitoris]], inner and outer labia followed by sewing up the vagina.
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  |date=2010-10-09
  |date=2010-10-09
  |accessdate=2011-04-08
  |accessdate=2011-04-08
}}</ref> Post-operative pain and the pain the child must endure during recovery is hardly, if ever, addressed by professionals.<ref>The use of sweets reduces crying because the infant boy cannot cry and suck at the same time. It does not reduce the pain experienced.</ref> [[Circumcised]] boys will be very uncomfortable and fussy when compared with [[intact]] boys and girls.<ref>{{REFweb
}}</ref> Post-operative pain and the pain the child must endure during recovery is hardly, if ever, addressed by professionals.<ref>The use of sweets reduces crying because the infant boy cannot cry and suck at the same time. It does not reduce the [[pain]] experienced.</ref> [[Circumcised]] boys will be very uncomfortable and fussy when compared with [[intact]] boys and girls.<ref>{{REFweb
  |url=https://thewholetruth.data.blog/2025/06/25/fussy-boys-calm-girls-how-circumcision-distorts-our-view-of-gender-behavior/
  |url=https://thewholetruth.data.blog/2025/06/25/fussy-boys-calm-girls-how-circumcision-distorts-our-view-of-gender-behavior/
  |title=Fussy Boys & Calm Girls: How Circumcision Distorts Our View of Gender Behavior
  |title=Fussy Boys & Calm Girls: How Circumcision Distorts Our View of Gender Behavior
Line 952: Line 1,110:
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


* Orgasm problems: In the wake of reduced sexual sensitivity, due to the loss of sensory tissue and gradual [[keratinization]] of the surface of the [[Glans penis|glans]], orgasm problems may develop with increasing age. In this case, the sexual arousal created by intercourse or [[masturbation]] is not enough to achieve orgasm. A preliminary stage of this late effect is the prolonged time [[circumcised]]] men need to reach an orgasm. This is often fielded as the "cut men have more endurance" argument for circumcision.
* Orgasm problems: In the wake of reduced sexual sensitivity, due to the loss of erogenous sensory tissue and gradual [[keratinization]] of the surface of the [[Glans penis|glans]], orgasm problems may develop with increasing age. In this case, the sexual arousal created by intercourse or [[masturbation]] is not enough to achieve orgasm. A preliminary stage of this late effect is the prolonged time [[circumcised]]] men need to reach an orgasm. This is often fielded as the "cut men have more endurance" argument for circumcision.
* Vaginal dryness: Due to the loss of the natural [[gliding action]], which comes from the mobility of the [[foreskin]] and [[shaft skin]], a much increased friction between [[penis]] and [[vagina]] occurs during intercourse. This can make intercourse painful for both partners and lead to abrasions<ref>{{FrischM LindholmM GroenbaekM 2011}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
* Vaginal dryness: Due to the loss of the natural [[gliding action]], which comes from the mobility of the [[foreskin]] and [[shaft skin]], a much increased friction between [[penis]] and [[vagina]] occurs during intercourse. This can make intercourse painful for both partners and lead to abrasions<ref>{{FrischM LindholmM GroenbaekM 2011}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Cortés-González
  |last=Cortés-González
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  |pubmedID=18807735
  |pubmedID=18807735
  |accessdate=
  |accessdate=
}}</ref> The prolonged time it takes [[circumcised]] men to reach orgasm, as well as the often longer and more vigorous thrusting movements - compared to [[intact]] men - play a part in this.<ref name="ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999">{{ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
}}</ref> The prolonged time it takes [[circumcised]] men to reach orgasm, as well as the often longer and more vigorous thrusting movements — compared to [[intact]] men — play a part in this.<ref name="ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999">{{ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=Fink
  |last=Fink
  |init=KS
  |init=KS
Line 1,069: Line 1,227:
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
}}
}}
===Health effects===
The [[foreskin]] provides both [[Immunological and protective function of the foreskin| physical protection and protection from infection]], so [[foreskinned]] boys and men tend to have better health than [[circumcised]] boys and men.<ref name=fendereski2024" /> <ref name="bollinger2025-08-27" /> <ref name="vanhowe2006" />


=== Sexual effects ===
=== Sexual effects ===
Line 1,156: Line 1,316:


=== Psychological effects ===
=== Psychological effects ===
[[Psychological_issues_of_male_circumcision#Circumcision_trauma_in_adults| Psychological late effects]] are also possible after a circumcision, especially if the operation was carried out in childhood.<ref name="garrett2024-01-09" /> On this occasion a variety of [[trauma]] may occur, which depend, among others, on age and circumstances of the circumcision. For example, whether the circumcision took place with or without sufficient anaesthesia, if the individual has been informed about the operation beforehand, if he was [[circumcised]] against his will or without his consent, and also, in the case of infant circumcision, if he was told about it during childhood or had to find it out coincidentally on his own.
[[Psychological_issues_of_male_circumcision#Circumcision_trauma_in_adults| Psychological late effects]] are also likely after a circumcision, especially if the operation was carried out in childhood.<ref name="garrett2024-01-09" /> On this occasion a variety of [[trauma]] may occur, which depend, among others, on age and circumstances of the circumcision. For example, whether the circumcision took place with or without sufficient anaesthesia, if the individual has been informed about the operation beforehand, if he was [[circumcised]] against his will or without his consent, and also, in the case of infant circumcision, if he was told about it during childhood or had to find it out coincidentally on his own.


The psychological late effects of circumcision are not yet fully researched, and many studies took place on rather a small scale. This situation needs to be rectified, because the available studies, as well as the histories of negatively affected men, suggest that these late effects may have more impact than previously assumed.
The psychological late effects of circumcision are not yet fully researched, and many studies took place on rather a small scale. This situation needs to be rectified, because the available studies, as well as the histories of negatively affected men, suggest that these late effects may have more impact than previously assumed.
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  |volume=38
  |volume=38
  |pages=321-31
  |pages=321-31
|pubmedID=5322308
|DOI=10.1111/j.2044-8341.1965.tb01314.x
  |accessdate=2019-10-12
  |accessdate=2019-10-12
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
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  |accessdate=2019-10-12
  |accessdate=2019-10-12
}}</ref>
}}</ref>
* Fear of doctors, clinics and also closed rooms.<ref name="Levy1945"/>
* Fear of doctors, clinics, and also closed rooms.<ref name="Levy1945"/>
* Relapse into the state of bed-wetting, even if the child was already dry before.<ref name="Levy1945"/>
* Relapse into the state of bed-wetting, even if the child was already dry before.<ref name="Levy1945"/>
* [[Circumcised]] males who become fathers frequently manifest [[adamant father syndrome]].
* [[Circumcised]] males who become fathers frequently manifest [[adamant father syndrome]].
Line 1,560: Line 1,722:
  |accessdate=2019-10-12
  |accessdate=2019-10-12
  |note=ID 10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_19
  |note=ID 10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_19
}}</ref> Parental consent is required.<ref>See, e.g., Shephard and Shephard, ''The Complete Guide'', p. 125.</ref> A statement published by the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] in 1999 claimed that "parents should determine what is in the best interest of the child... It is legitimate for parents to take into account cultural, religious, and ethnic traditions, in additions to the medical factors, when making a decision."<ref>Lannon and Bailey, "Circumcision Policy Statement," p. 691.</ref> however surrogate consent for non-therapeutic circumcision is now viewed as unethical.
}}</ref> Parental consent is required.<ref>See, e.g., Shephard and Shephard, ''The Complete Guide'', p. 125.</ref> A statement published by the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] in 1999 claimed that "parents should determine what is in the best interest of the child... It is legitimate for parents to take into account cultural, religious, and ethnic traditions, in additions to the medical factors, when making a decision."<ref>Lannon and Bailey, "Circumcision Policy Statement," p. 691.</ref> however surrogate consent for non-therapeutic circumcision is now viewed as unethical.<ref name-"myers2020">{{REFjournal
 
|last=Myers
In the [[United Kingdom]], where non-therapeutic circumcision has now become far less prevalent than in the [[United States]], the written consent of both parents is required, if a physician is to perform a non-therapeutic circumcision of a child.<ref>{{REFjournal
|first=
  |last=
|init=A
|author-link=Alex Myers
|last2=Earp
|first2=
|init2=BD
|author2-link=Brian D. Earp
|etal=no
|title=What is the best age to circumcise? A medical and ethical analysis
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Bioethics
|location=
|date=2020
|volume=34
|issue=7
|pages=645-63
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Brian-Earp-2/publication/337720859_What_Is_the_Best_Age_to_Circumcise_A_Medical_and_Ethical_Analysis/links/5f815f61a6fdccfd7b555395/What-Is-the-Best-Age-to-Circumcise-A-Medical-and-Ethical-Analysis.pdf
|archived=
|quote=Based on a careful consideration of the relevant evidence, arguments and counterarguments, we conclude that medically unnecessary penile circumcision-like other medically unnecessary genital procedures, such as 'cosmetic' labiaplasty-should not be performed on individuals who are too young (or otherwise unable) to provide meaningful consent to the procedure.
|pubmedID=32068898
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|doi=10.1111/bioe.12714
|format=PDF
|accessdate=2026-02-03
}}</ref>
 
In the [[United Kingdom]], where non-therapeutic circumcision has now become far less prevalent than in the [[United States]], the written consent of both parents is required, if a physician is to perform a non-therapeutic circumcision of a child.<ref>{{REFjournal
  |last=
  |first=
  |first=
  |title=Re J (child's religious upbringing and circumcision)
  |title=Re J (child's religious upbringing and circumcision)
Line 1,576: Line 1,766:


In recent years, legal writers in several English-speaking countries have been questioning the practice of acceding to parental wishes.<ref>See, e.g., [[Margaret A. Somerville|Somerville]], "Therapeutic and Non-Therapeutic Medical Procedures"; Poulter, ''English Criminal Law''; [[Abbie Chessler|Chessler]], "Justifying the Unjustifiable"; Smith, "Male Circumcision."</ref> For example, critics have pointed out that, in the [[United States]], more than 1.3% of male neonatal deaths are attributable to the complications of non-therapeutic circumcision surgery.<ref name="Bollinger 2010"/>
In recent years, legal writers in several English-speaking countries have been questioning the practice of acceding to parental wishes.<ref>See, e.g., [[Margaret A. Somerville|Somerville]], "Therapeutic and Non-Therapeutic Medical Procedures"; Poulter, ''English Criminal Law''; [[Abbie Chessler|Chessler]], "Justifying the Unjustifiable"; Smith, "Male Circumcision."</ref> For example, critics have pointed out that, in the [[United States]], more than 1.3% of male neonatal deaths are attributable to the complications of non-therapeutic circumcision surgery.<ref name="Bollinger 2010"/>
==Recommendations of medical authorities==
==Recommendations of medical authorities==
* [[George Hill| Hill]] (2007) said:
* [[George Hill| Hill]] (2007) said:
Line 1,856: Line 2,047:
}}</ref>  
}}</ref>  
== Tipping point ==
== Tipping point ==
[[Intact America]] (2024) points out the need for reform in the American media false portrayal of infant circumcision as a benign procedure.<ref>{{REFweb
[[Intact America]] (2024) points out the need for reform in the American media false portrayal of infant circumcision as a benign procedure.<ref>{{REFweb
  |url=https://intactamerica.org/truth-about-circumcision-media/
  |url=https://intactamerica.org/truth-about-circumcision-media/
Line 1,909: Line 2,098:
  |pubmedCID=
  |pubmedCID=
  |DOI=10.1097/JU.0000000000001316
  |DOI=10.1097/JU.0000000000001316
  |accessdate=2025-03-18
  |accessdate=2025-10-02
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


[[Intact America]] (2024) argues that public opinion regarding non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of children is approaching or at a "tipping point" at which [[intact]] genitals would be preferred over the [[circumcised]] variety.<ref>{{REFweb
Yang et al. (2025) report a "significant" decline in the incidence of circumcision over a ten-year period and that only a minority of American boys are being [[circumcised]] in the newborn period since 2022. The authors reported a decline of 1/2 of one percent per year. <ref name="yang2025" /> Although the incidence of [[circumcision of the newborn]] has been gradually declining for decades, this is the first study to report an overall incidence of less than fifty percent. Based on this new information, we can now report that [[intactness]] is now the NORM among the newborn boys of America. The decline in circumcision popularity is expected to continue.
  |url=https://intactamerica.org/public-opinion-on-circumcision/
 
  |title=Public Opinion on Circumcision: Can Intactivists Hit A Tipping Point?
[[Intact America]] is tracking the opposition to [[circumcision]] in the [[United States]]. It reports [https://www.instagram.com/p/DKVZQGTRl77/ steadily increasing opposition] to [[child circumcision]].
 
We note that [[Australia]] reported a significant improvement in child health when the incidence of circumcision declined in that nation.<ref>{{REFweb
  |url=https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/children-youth/australias-children-in-brief/summary
  |title=Australia’s children: in brief
  |last=Anonymous
  |last=Anonymous
  |first=
  |first=
  |init=
  |init=
  |publisher=Intact America
|author-link=
  |date=2024-03-23
  |publisher=Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
  |accessdate=2024-04-09
|pubmedID=
}}</ref> It is now likely that America has already passed the "tipping point".
ISBN=978-1-76054-659-5
|DOI=10.25816/5e152818d082c
  |date=2019-12-17
  |accessdate=2025-09-17
}}</ref>


==Financial and other costs==
==Video==
Infant male circumcision is an extra-cost option after birth. There are no medical indications for it. It is a medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic, non-beneficial irreversible amputation of a functional body part, so medical insurance may or may not pay for it. There are several financial costs associated with infant circumcision. There is a hospital fee, a set-up fee, pharmaceutical fees, a separate fee for the medical doctor who performs the amputation, and various possible additional costs for the treatment of complications.<ref name="garrett2023-12-21">{{REFweb
===This should be a crime.===
  |url=https://intactamerica.org/economics-of-circumcision/
<youtube>v=ob4OADNIidc</youtube>
  |title=The Economics of Circumcision: A Full Breakdown of This Penis Business
{{SEEALSO}}
  |last=Garrett
* [[Foreskin comment]]
  |first=Connor
* [[Fusions and adhesions]]
* [[Neurotomy]]
{{LINKS}}
* {{REFweb
  |url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/new-survey-parents-lack-basic-understanding-about-circumcision-dangers-skin-in-the-game-campaign-launches-to-raise-awareness-about-this-unnecessary-medical-practice-301987509.html
  |title=New Survey: Parents Lack Basic Understanding About Circumcision Dangers; 'Skin in the Game' Campaign Launches to Raise Awareness About This Unnecessary Medical Practice
  |last=Anonymous
  |first=
  |init=
  |init=
  |author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
  |author-link=
  |publisher=Intact America
  |publisher=Intact America
  |date=2023-12-21
  |date=2023-11-14
  |accessdate=2024-05-15
  |accessdate=2025-12-07
}}</ref>
}}
 
* {{REFweb
Bollinger estimated the total cost of [[circumcision]] in 2012 for Americans, when all costs are included, to be $3.6 billion annually.<ref>{{REFweb
  |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/NewBorn/comments/u9c5og/questions_for_baby_boi_do_you_circumcised_your/
  |url=https://www.academia.edu/6442587/High_Cost_of_Circumcision_3.6_Billion_Annually
  |title=Questions for baby boi do you circumcised your baby or leave it?
  |title=High Cost of Circumcision: $3.6 Billion Annually
  |last=Anonymous
  |last=Bollinger
  |publisher=REDDIT
  |first=Dan
  |date=2021
  |author-link=Dan Bollinger
  |accessdate=2025-11-22
  |publisher=Academia
}}
  |website=https://www.academia.edu
* {{REFweb
  |date=2012
  |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/self/comments/ljwpfe/why_i_hate_being_circumcised/
|accessdate=2024-06-21
  |title=Why I hate being circumcised
|format=
|quote=As the saying goes, follow the money. Now you know why neither the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]], American Medical Association, [[American Academy of Family Physicians]], or the [[American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists]] haven’t condemned this unnecessary surgery, and why their physician members are quick to recommend the procedure to expectant parents.
}}</ref> He has since updated his estimate of total annual cost in 2020 to be $5,685,000,000 or nearly six billion dollars per year.<ref>{{REFbook
  |last=Anonymous
  |last=Anonymous
  |first=
  |first=
  |init=
  |init=
|year=2024
  |author-link=
|title=Skin in the Game
  |publisher=REDDIT
|url=
  |date=2020
|scope=
  |accessdate=2025-11-01
|location=
}}
|page=28
* {{REFweb
|publisher=Intact America
  |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/foreskin_restoration/comments/1pjzoqz/circumcision_will_end_this_century/
|ISBN=
  |title=Circumcision will end this century
|quote=
  |last=Anonymous
|accessdate=2024-08-28
  |publisher=REDDIT
}}</ref>
  |date=2025-12-11
 
  |accessdate=2025-12-11
There also are additional non-financial costs, which include sexual and sensory losses that adversely impact on the sexual experience in adult life, and psychological losses such as [[PTSD]], and grieving of losses.
 
==The advantages and benefits of avoiding circumcision==
* Your newborn son will not be cruelly strapped to a [[circumstraint]].
* Your newborn son will not suffer the extreme [[pain]] of circumcision.
* Your newborn son will not suffer the physical and psychic [[trauma]]* of circumcision.
* Your newborn son will not be exposed to the surgical risks of [[bleeding]], [[infection]], and [[complication]] of non-therapeutic circumcision.
* Your newborn son will not have an open wound requiring care and subject to [[infection]] on his [[penis]].
* Your newborn son will not suffer the weeks of [[Pain#Post-surgical_pain| post-surgical pain]].
* Your newborn son will not have his [[Pain#Injury_to_the_infant_nervous_system| nervous system permanently injured]] by the extreme pain of circumcision.
* Your newborn son's [[foreskinned]] [[penis]] will be [[Immunological and protective function of the foreskin| protected]] and need no special care at home.
* Your newborn son will be more able to start [[breastfeeding]] due to the lack of [[trauma]], and enjoy the increased [[Immunological protection of breastfeeding| immunological protection]].
* Your newborn son may leave hospital earlier due to avoidance of an expensive, harmful, unnecessary, non-therapeutic circumcision.<ref name="mansfield1995">{{REFjournal
|last=Mansfield
|first=
|init=CJ
  |author-link=
  |last2=Hueston
|first2=
|init2=WJ
|author2-link=
|last3=Rudy
|first3=
|init3=M
|author3-link=
|etal=no
|title=Neonatal circumcision: associated factors and length of hospital stay
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=J Fam Pract
|location=
  |date=1995-10
|volume=41
|issue=4
|pages=370-6
|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/procedure/mansfield/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=7561711
|pubmedCID=
  |accessdate=2025-03-14
}}</ref>
* Your newborn son's [[foreskinned]] penis will fit the style of the twenty-first century.
* Your newborn son will not experience in his adult life the major loss of [[Erogenous sensation of the foreskin| erogenous sensation]] that occurs with amputation of the [[foreskin]].
* Your newborn son will not experience in his adult life the [[Psychological issues of male circumcision| psychological issues]] that frequently occur in [[circumcised]] men.
* Your newborn son will not need to undertake [[foreskin restoration]] in his adult life.
==Video==
===This should be a crime.===
<youtube>v=ob4OADNIidc</youtube>
===Part One: Circumcision, A Newborn's Nightmare===
<youtube>v=cVF97eIXIJA</youtube>
===Part Two: The Origin of Circumcision in America===
<youtube>v=oXq8FY50LsQ</youtube>
===Part Three: Can Babies Really Feel Pain?===
<youtube>v=taQ6L73IAIE</youtube>
 
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Adolescent and adult circumcision]]
* [[Bodily harm]]
* [[Breastfeeding]]
* [[Case Histories]]
* [[Circumcision bullet-points for parents]]
* [[Circumcision instruments]]
* [[Circumcision of the newborn]]
* [[Circumcision maps]]
* [[Circumcision methods]]
* [[Circumcision scar]]
* [[Circumcision video library]]
* [[Circumpendium]]
* [[Circumstraint]]
* [[Documented severe complications of circumcision]]
* [[Ethics of non-therapeutic child circumcision]]
* [[Exsanguination]]
* [[FGM]]
* [[Foreskin restoration information for circumcised teens]]
* [[History of circumcision]]
* [[Human rights]]
* [[Islamic circumcision]]
* [[Lymphoedema]]
* [[MGM]]
* [[Pain]]
* [[Psychological issues of male circumcision]]
* [[Rights situation on circumcision]]
* [[Risks and complications]]
* [[Ritual circumcision]]
* [[Sexual effects of circumcision]]
* [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]] (SIDS)
* [[Surrogate_consent]]
* [[The Accidental Intactivist Manifesto: Exposing the Monster We Agree Not to See – A Lifetime Reckoning]]
* [[Trauma]]
{{LINKS}}
 
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/garcia/
|title=What exactly is circumcision and what is it not?
|last=Garcia
|first=Francisco
|date=1995-12-11
|accessdate=2020-09-08
}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Fleiss
|first=Paul
|init=P
|author-link=Paul M. Fleiss
|title=The foreskin is necessary
|journal=Mothering
|date=1997-01
|volume=
|issue=
|pages=36-45
|url=http://www.noharmm.org/mothering.htm
|accessdate=2020-06-29
}}
*{{REFweb
|url=https://15square.org.uk/losses-from-circumcision/
|title=Losses from Circumcision
|last=Ball
|first=Peter
|publisher=15 Square
|date=2003-08-09
|accessdate=2023-02-23
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=http://members.tranquility.net/~rwinkel/MGM/primer.html
|title=Male Circumcision in the USA: A Human Rights Primer
|last=Winkel
|first=Rich
|author-link=Rich Winkel
|date=2005-05-12
|accessdate=2021-01-27
}}
* {{REFnews
|title=Circumcision circumspection: Weigh the facts before making the call
  |url=https://www.cirp.org/news/2007/2007-01-09_chicagotribune.php
|last=Peres
|first=Judy
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=Chicago Tribune
|website=
|date=2007-01-09
|accessdate=2014-07-28
|format=
|quote=Ethan, a Chicagoan who asked that his last name not be used, said he and his wife decided not to circumcise their two sons, now ages 5 and 1. "We didn't think it was a good idea to impose an operation on a baby that was not medically necessary," he said.
}}
* {{REFnews
|title=Circumcision losing favor with U.S. parents
|url=https://www.cirp.org/news/2007/2007-06-21_SFChronicle.php
|last=Guthmann
|first=Edward
|publisher=San Francisco Chronicle
|website=
|date=2007-06-21
|accessdate=2024-07-28
|format=
|quote=According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the circumcision rate in the United States dropped to 55.9 percent in 2003 — an all-time postwar low.
}}
* {{REFnews
  |title=In Last Four Decades, Circumcision Has Lost Popularity in United States
|url=https://www.cirp.org/news/2007/2007-07-08_theledger.php
|last=White
|first=Garry
|author-link=
|publisher=Lakeland Ledger
|website=
|date=2007-07-08
|accessdate=2024-07-28
|quote=Opponents of circumcision say the procedure is doubly harmful, inflicting pain at the time of surgery and reducing sexual pleasure later through the removal of the nerve-rich foreskin.
}}
* {{REFnews
|title=Making the Cut
|url=https://www.cirp.org/news/2007/2007-11-02_time.php
|last=Lee-St. John
|first=Jeninne
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=Time Magazine
|website=
|date=2007-11-02
|accessdate=2024-07-28
|format=
|quote=But [[intactivism]] is also gaining traction among educated, middle-class whites. As University of Virginia sociologist Brad Wilcox observes, "It's these new parents that are unwilling to let kids suffer."
}}
* {{REFnews
|title=Parents reconsider routine circumcision
|url=https://www.cirp.org/news/2007/2007-11-30_theenquirer.php
|last=Facciolo
|first=Christine
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=Cincinnati Enquirer
|date=2007-11-30
|season=
|accessdate=
|format=
|quote=But foes of removing the penis foreskin argue that the procedure provides minimal benefits, causes extreme pain and produces long-term psychological and sexual trauma.
}}
* {{REFdocument
|title=Genital Integrity Policy Statement
|url=https://pool.intactiwiki.org/images/2008_Genital_Integrity_Policy_Statement.pdf
|contribution=
|last=Hill
|first=George
|author-link=George Hill
|publisher=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]]
|format=PDF
|date=2008-06
|accessdate=2024-11-03
}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Testa
|first=Patrick
|init=
|author-link=
|last2=Block
|first2=Walter E.
|init2=
|author2-link=
|etal=no
|title=Libertarianism and circumcision
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Int J Health Poiicy Manag
|location=
|date=2014-05-26
|volume=3
|issue=
|article=
|page=
|pages=33-40
|url=https://www.academia.edu/7587653/Libertarianism_and_Circumcision?email_work_card=view-paper
|pubmedID=24987720
|pubmedCID=4075101
|DOI=10.15171/ijhpm.2014.51
|accessdate=
}}
 
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intaction.org/what-is-circumcision/
|title=What is circumcision?
|last=Simone
|first=Judy
|author-link=
|publisher=Intaction
|website=https://intaction.org/
|date=2020-07-26
|accessdate=2020-10-04
|format=
|quote=
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://docs.google.com/document/d/1WS4pmFCoHkq3UloORfSWi4VgnM11m_5-/edit
|title=Unwarranted Presumption
  |last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
  |publisher=Google
  |date=2022-12-10
  |accessdate=2025-02-20
}}
* {{REFjournal
|last=Deacon
|first=
|init=M
|author-link=
|last2=Muir
|first2=
|init2=G
|author2-link=
|etal=no
|title=What is the medical evidence on non-therapeutic child circumcision?
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal= Int J Impot Res
|location=
|date=2022-01-08
|volume=
|issue=
|article=
|page=
|pages=
|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41443-021-00502-y
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=34997197
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1038/s41443-021-00502-y
|accessdate=2023-04-30
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/pros-and-cons-of-circumcision/
|title=Pros and Cons of Circumcision (Spoiler: You’ve Been Lied to)
|last=Garrett
|first=
|init=CJ
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2023-11-10
|accessdate=2024-03-22
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/groups-who-pressure-you-to-circumcise/
|title=The 4 Authority Figures and Groups Who Will Pressure You to Circumcise (and What You Can Do)
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-01-24
|accessdate=2024-01-27
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/keeping-your-sons-penis-intact/
|title=Keeping Your Son’s Penis Intact: A Guide for Parents
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-01-24
|accessdate=2024-01-29
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/timeline-of-circumcision-suffering/
|title=A Timeline of Circumcision Suffering: A Detailed Look
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-02-02
|accessdate=2024-02-09
}}
}}
* {{REFweb
* {{REFweb
  |url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-anger-and-resentment/
  |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/intactinfo/comments/1qe1kkl/the_neurological_cost_of_circumcision_a_breakdown/
  |title=The Circumcision Decision: Unpackaging Anger and Resentment
  |title=The Neurological Cost of Circumcision, A Breakdown of What's Removed
  |last=Garner
  |last=Anonymous
  |first=Bryan
  |first=
  |init=
  |init=
  |author-link=
  |author-link=
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-08-26
|accessdate=2024-09-05
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-a-barbaric-practice-with-consequences/
|title=Circumcision: A Barbaric Practice with Consequences No One Talks About
|last=Garrett
|first=Connor
|init=
|author-link=Connor Judson Garrett
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2024-08-28
|accessdate=2024-10-15
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.reddit.com/user/C4Charkey/comments/1jum85t/the_accidental_intactivist_manifesto_i/
|title=Section I. Introduction: The Price of Admission – Waking from the American Dream
|last=C4Charkey
|first=
|init=
|author-link=C4Charkey
  |publisher=REDDIT
  |publisher=REDDIT
  |date=2025-04-08
  |date=2026-01-15
  |accessdate=2025-04-13
  |accessdate=2026-01-16
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-vs-eyelid-removal/
|title=Imagine Cutting Off Your Baby’s Eyelids to Prevent Pink Eye
|last=Alissa
|first=
|init=K
|author-link=Kristel Alissa
|publisher=Intact America
|date=2025-05-21
|accessdate=2025-05-22
}}
}}
* {{REFweb
* {{REFweb
  |url=https://archive.md/Au7cV#selection-98.0-707.8
  |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/uncircumcised_talk/comments/1rawx5e/my_wife_and_i_agree_to_leave_our_son_intact/
  |title=Unjustifiable reason 1: Parents are clueless about the functions of the foreskin
  |title=My wife and I agree - to leave our son intact
  |last=Anonymous
  |last=Anonymous
|first=
  |publisher=REDDIT
|init=
  |date=2026-02-21
|author-link=
  |accessdate=2026-02-21
  |publisher=REDDIT Intactivism
  |date=2025-06-17
  |accessdate=2025-06-24
}}
}}
{{REF}}
{{REF}}
Line 2,353: Line 2,189:




[[Category:Body modification]]
[[Category:Circumcision]]
[[Category:Circumcision]]
[[Category:Genital mutilation]]
[[Category:Education]]
[[Category:Body modification]]
[[Category:Foreskin anatomy]]
[[Category:Genital surgery]]
[[Category:Islam]]
[[Category:Male circumcision]]
[[Category:Parental information]]
[[Category:Parental information]]
[[Category:Penile surgery]]
[[Category:Sociology]]
[[Category:Medical term]]
[[Category:Male genital mutilation]]
 
[[Category:From Intactipedia]]
[[Category:From IntactWiki]]
 
[[de:Zirkumzision]]
Retrieved from "https://en.intactiwiki.org/wiki/Child_circumcision"