Pain: Difference between revisions
WikiModEn2 (talk | contribs) →History: Add text and citation. |
WikiModEn2 (talk | contribs) →History: Add text and citation. |
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Flechsig's opinion was not questioned until the 1970s. Several lines of research carried out in the 1970s suggested that infants do feel pain. | Flechsig's opinion was not questioned until the 1970s. Several lines of research carried out in the 1970s suggested that infants do feel pain. | ||
Anders ''et al''. (1970) showed that measurement of serum cortisol is useful for psychological investigation in infancy.<ref name="anders1970">{{REFjournal | * Anders ''et al''. (1970) showed that measurement of serum cortisol is useful for psychological investigation in infancy.<ref name="anders1970">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Anders | |last=Anders | ||
|first=Thomas F. | |first=Thomas F. | ||
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}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
Emde ''et al''. (1971) showed that the "stress" of circumcision caused an increase in the amount of non-REM sleep.<ref name="emde1971">{{REFjournal | * Emde ''et al''. (1971) showed that the "stress" of circumcision caused an increase in the amount of non-REM sleep.<ref name="emde1971">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Emde | |last=Emde | ||
|first=Robert N | |first=Robert N | ||
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}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
Richards, Bernal | * Richards, Bernal & Brackbill (1976) discovered behavioral differences between American boys (circumcised) and British boys (intact).<ref name="richards1976">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Richards | |last=Richards | ||
|first=M.P.M. | |first=M.P.M. | ||
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}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
Luther, Kraybill & Potter (1976) compared the level of cortisol in infants before and after circumcision. They found a substantial rise in the cortisol levels in the infants, which they said was due to the "stress" of circumcision.<ref>{{REFjournal | * Luther, Kraybill & Potter (1976) compared the level of cortisol in infants before and after circumcision. They found a substantial rise in the cortisol levels in the infants, which they said was due to the "stress" of circumcision.<ref>{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Talbert | |last=Talbert | ||
|first=Luther M. | |first=Luther M. | ||
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}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
* Rawlings, Miller & Engel showed that as pain of circumcision increased, oxygenation of the skin decreased.<ref name="rawlings1980">{{REFjournal | |||
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|etal=yes | |||
|title=The effect of circumcision on transcutaneous PO2 in term infants | |||
|trans-title= | |||
|language=English | |||
|journal=Am J Dis Child | |||
|location= | |||
|date=1980-07 | |||
|volume=134 | |||
|issue=7 | |||
|pages=676-8 | |||
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/rawlings1/ | |||
|archived= | |||
|quote= | |||
|pubmedID=7395829 | |||
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|DOI=10.1001/archpedi.1980.02130190044011 | |||
|accessdate=2020-11-13 | |||
}}</ref> | |||
Operation on infants without anesthesia continued for well over a century, at least until 1987, when the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] was forced to issue a CYA statement that called for the use of anesthesia.<ref>{{REFjournal | |||
|last=Poland | |last=Poland | ||
|first=Ronald L. | |first=Ronald L. | ||