Pain: Difference between revisions

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|DOI=10.1111/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14272.x.

|accessdate=2020-11-11

}}</ref> and infants are now known to feel pain intensely,<ref>{{REFjournal

}}</ref> and infants are now known to feel pain intensely,<ref name="anand1987">{{REFjournal

|last=Anand

|first=KJS

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|accessdate=2020-11-12

}}</ref>

Anand & Hickey (1987) published a paper in the ''New England Journal of Medicine'' that demolished Flechsig's claims and conclusively proved that newborn infants feel pain. After publication of this paper, no doubt remained. The article stated:

Numerous lines of evidence suggest that even in the human fetus, pain pathways as well as cortical and subcortical centers necessary for pain perception are well developed late in gestation, and the neurochemical systems now known to be associated with pain transmission and modulation are intact and functional. <u>Physiologic responses to painful stimuli have been well documented in neonates of various gestational ages and are reflected in hormonal, metabolic, and cardiorespiratory changes similar to but greater than those observed in adult subjects.</u> Other responses in newborn infants are suggestive of integrated emotional and behavioral responses to pain and are retained in memory long enough to modify subsequent behavior patterns.<ref name="anand1987" />

</blockquote>

==Video==

@@ Line 226: / Line 226: @@
   |DOI=10.1111/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14272.x.
   |accessdate=2020-11-11
-}}</ref> and infants are now known to feel pain intensely,<ref>{{REFjournal
+}}</ref> and infants are now known to feel pain intensely,<ref name="anand1987">{{REFjournal
   |last=Anand
   |first=KJS
@@ Line 648: / Line 648: @@
   |accessdate=2020-11-12
 }}</ref>
+Anand & Hickey (1987) published a paper in the ''New England Journal of Medicine'' that demolished Flechsig's claims and conclusively proved that newborn infants feel pain. After publication of this paper, no doubt remained. The article stated:
+<blockquote>
+Numerous lines of evidence suggest that even in the human fetus, pain pathways as well as cortical and subcortical centers necessary for pain perception are well developed late in gestation, and the neurochemical systems now known to be associated with pain transmission and modulation are intact and functional. <u>Physiologic responses to painful stimuli have been well documented in neonates of various gestational ages and are reflected in hormonal, metabolic, and cardiorespiratory changes similar to but greater than those observed in adult subjects.</u> Other responses in newborn infants are suggestive of integrated emotional and behavioral responses to pain and are retained in memory long enough to modify subsequent behavior patterns.<ref name="anand1987" />
+</blockquote>
 ==Video==