USAID: Difference between revisions
WikiModEn2 (talk | contribs) Revive text and add citations. |
m wikify HIV |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
[[Image:USAID.png|right|thumb|USAID]] | [[Image:USAID.png|right|thumb|USAID]] | ||
In a February 2009 report produced by '''USAID''', a U.S. government agency, researchers found that circumcised men were more likely to have HIV in 10 of 18 (African) countries with data available.<ref name='CR22'>{{REFnews | In a February 2009 report produced by '''USAID''', a U.S. government agency, researchers found that circumcised men were more likely to have [[HIV]] in 10 of 18 (African) countries with data available.<ref name='CR22'>{{REFnews | ||
|last=USAID | |last=USAID | ||
|first= | |first= | ||
| Line 19: | Line 19: | ||
|quote=Levels and spread of HIV seroprevalence and associated factors: Evidence from national household surveys | |quote=Levels and spread of HIV seroprevalence and associated factors: Evidence from national household surveys | ||
|accessdate=2011-03-24 | |accessdate=2011-03-24 | ||
}}</ref> The report found condom use, not circumcision, to be correlated with HIV status. Despite this report, USAID is listed as a contributing partner and a sponsor for the "[[Clearinghouse on Male Circumcision]] for HIV Prevention."<ref>{{REFweb | }}</ref> The report found condom use, not circumcision, to be correlated with [[HIV]] status. Despite this report, USAID is listed as a contributing partner and a sponsor for the "[[Clearinghouse on Male Circumcision]] for [[HIV]] Prevention."<ref>{{REFweb | ||
|last= | |last= | ||
|first= | |first= | ||
| Line 80: | Line 80: | ||
== Accelerated Saturation Initiative == | == Accelerated Saturation Initiative == | ||
In November 2010, USAID issued a "technical brief" on male circumcision as HIV prevention. In the report, USAID states that it is supporting Swaziland's "Accelerated Saturation Initiative" for circumcision by providing "implementation support together with the <small>[U.S.]</small> Department of Defense, the Peace Corps, and the U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]] and Prevention (CDC)." The report goes on to say that USAID, along with [[UNAIDS]], is providing technical and financial assistance in the studying circumcision programs in 14 African countries.<ref>{{REFnews | In November 2010, USAID issued a "technical brief" on male circumcision as [[HIV]] prevention. In the report, USAID states that it is supporting Swaziland's "Accelerated Saturation Initiative" for circumcision by providing "implementation support together with the <small>[U.S.]</small> Department of Defense, the Peace Corps, and the U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]] and Prevention (CDC)." The report goes on to say that USAID, along with [[UNAIDS]], is providing technical and financial assistance in the studying circumcision programs in 14 African countries.<ref>{{REFnews | ||
|last= | |last= | ||
|first= | |first= | ||
| Line 134: | Line 134: | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
One issue of C-Change's publication included a study measuring media coverage of circumcision as HIV prevention and strategies for keeping media reports positive.<ref name='C-Channel 2009-12'>{{REFweb | One issue of C-Change's publication included a study measuring media coverage of circumcision as [[HIV]] prevention and strategies for keeping media reports positive.<ref name='C-Channel 2009-12'>{{REFweb | ||
|quote=Print media reporting of male circumcision for preventing HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa | |quote=Print media reporting of male circumcision for preventing HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa | ||
|last=Wang Al a; Duke W b; Schmid GP b | |last=Wang Al a; Duke W b; Schmid GP b | ||
| Line 161: | Line 161: | ||
{{Citation | {{Citation | ||
|Title=Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys | |Title=Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys | ||
|Text=There appears no clear pattern of association between male circumcision and HIV prevalence—in 8 of 18 countries with data, HIV prevalence is lower among circumcised men, while in the remaining 10 countries it is higher. | |Text=There appears no clear pattern of association between male circumcision and [[HIV]] prevalence—in 8 of 18 countries with data, [[HIV]] prevalence is lower among circumcised men, while in the remaining 10 countries it is higher. | ||
|Author= | |Author= | ||
|Source= | |Source= | ||
| Line 167: | Line 167: | ||
}} | }} | ||
Two separate very-large-scale population based studies found no relationship between circumcision status and the risk of contracting HIV infection. | Two separate very-large-scale population based studies found no relationship between circumcision status and the risk of contracting [[HIV]] infection. | ||
Mayan et al. (2021) carried out a massive empirical study of the male population of the province of Ontario, [[Canada]] (569,950 males), of whom 203,588 (35.7%) were circumcised between 1991 and 2017. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk of HIV infection.<ref name="mayan2021">{{REFjournal | Mayan et al. (2021) carried out a massive empirical study of the male population of the province of Ontario, [[Canada]] (569,950 males), of whom 203,588 (35.7%) were circumcised between 1991 and 2017. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk of [[HIV]] infection.<ref name="mayan2021">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Mayan | |last=Mayan | ||
|first=Madhur | |first=Madhur | ||
| Line 211: | Line 211: | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
[[Morten Frisch]] and Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in [[Denmark]] of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that circumcised men have a higher rate of STI and HIV infection overall than intact men.<ref name="frisch2021">{{REFjournal | [[Morten Frisch]] and Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in [[Denmark]] of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing [[HIV]] and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that circumcised men have a higher rate of STI and [[HIV]] infection overall than intact men.<ref name="frisch2021">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Frisch | |last=Frisch | ||
|first=Morten | |first=Morten | ||
| Line 241: | Line 241: | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
There now is credible evidence that the massive, expensive African circumcision programs have ''not'' been effective in preventing HIV infection. | There now is credible evidence that the massive, expensive African circumcision programs have ''not'' been effective in preventing [[HIV]] infection. | ||
==Criticism== | ==Criticism== | ||
| Line 266: | Line 266: | ||
{{LINKS}} | {{LINKS}} | ||
* {{REFweb | * {{REFweb | ||
|url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/for-professionals/alleged-medical-benefits/hivaids/ | |url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/for-professionals/alleged-medical-benefits/hivaids/ | ||