Urinary tract infection: Difference between revisions

Line 179:

|volume=100

|page=580 (supplement)

}}</ref><ref>Saez-Llorens X. ~~et al~~. [http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/UTI/llorens/ Bacterial contamination rates for non-clean-catch and clean-catch midstream urine collections in uncircumcised boys~~]. From the~~ Department of Pediatrics. Hospital Nacional de Ninos, San Jose, Costa Rica, and ~~the~~ Department of Pediatrics, the Children's Medical Center of the University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA.</ref> McCracken recommends investigation with radiographic and/or sonography.<ref name="ginsburg uti"/>

}}</ref><ref name="Saez-Llorens 1989">{{REFjournal

|last=Saez-Llorens

|init=X

|last2=Umana

|first2=Maria A.

|ini2=MA

|last3=Odio

|first3=Carla M.

|init3=CM

|init4=Lohr

|first4=Jacob A.

|init4=JA

|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/UTI/llorens/

|title=Bacterial contamination rates for non-clean-catch and clean-catch midstream urine collections in uncircumcised boys

|publisher=Department of Pediatrics. Hospital Nacional de Ninos, San Jose, Costa Rica, and Department of Pediatrics, the Children's Medical Center of the {{UNI|University of Virginia|UVA}}, Charlottesville, {{USSC|VA}}

|journal=J Pediatr

|date=1989

|volume=114

|issue=1

|pages=93-5

}}</ref> McCracken recommends investigation with radiographic and/or sonography.<ref name="ginsburg uti"/>

A recent study of mice indicates that p-fimbriated ''Escherichia Col''i, the organism responsible for about 85% of UTI, is capable of burrowing into the deeper tissue of the bladder<ref>{{REFjournal

Line 488:

Line 508:

|volume=149

|pages=170-173

}}</ref> There is a significant false-positive rate in diagnosing UTI when urine cultures alone are used.<ref name="Mueller 1997"/><ref>Saez-Llorens ~~X. et al. [http:~~//www.cirp.org/library/disease/UTI/llorens/ Bacterial contamination rates for non-clean-catch and clean-catch midstream urine collections in uncircumcised boys]. From the Department of Pediatrics. Hospital Nacional de Ninos, San Jose, Costa Rica, and the Department of Pediatrics, the Children's Medical Center of the University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA.</ref> This criticism was addressed to some extent in Wiswell's second review.<ref name="Wiswell 1986"/>

}}</ref> There is a significant false-positive rate in diagnosing UTI when urine cultures alone are used.<ref name="Mueller 1997"/><ref name="Saez-Llorens 1989"/> This criticism was addressed to some extent in Wiswell's second review.<ref name="Wiswell 1986"/>

* The hospital chart data used in the retrospective studies are unreliable. Hospitals frequently omit to record a circumcision on a baby's chart. In Atlanta, O'Brien found that circumcision was recorded only 84.3% of the time for circumcised boys.<ref>{{REFjournal

@@ Line 179: / Line 179: @@
   |volume=100
   |page=580 (supplement)
-}}</ref><ref>Saez-Llorens X. et al. [http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/UTI/llorens/ Bacterial contamination rates for non-clean-catch and clean-catch midstream urine collections in uncircumcised boys]. From the Department of Pediatrics. Hospital Nacional de Ninos, San Jose, Costa Rica, and the Department of Pediatrics, the Children's Medical Center of the University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA.</ref> McCracken recommends investigation with radiographic and/or sonography.<ref name="ginsburg uti"/>
+}}</ref><ref name="Saez-Llorens 1989">{{REFjournal
+ |last=Saez-Llorens
+ |init=X
+ |last2=Umana
+ |first2=Maria A.
+ |ini2=MA
+ |last3=Odio
+ |first3=Carla M.
+ |init3=CM
+ |init4=Lohr
+ |first4=Jacob A.
+ |init4=JA
+ |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/UTI/llorens/
+ |title=Bacterial contamination rates for non-clean-catch and clean-catch midstream urine collections in uncircumcised boys
+ |publisher=Department of Pediatrics. Hospital Nacional de Ninos, San Jose, Costa Rica, and Department of Pediatrics, the Children's Medical Center of the {{UNI|University of Virginia|UVA}}, Charlottesville, {{USSC|VA}}
+ |journal=J Pediatr
+ |date=1989
+ |volume=114
+ |issue=1
+ |pages=93-5
+}}</ref> McCracken recommends investigation with radiographic and/or sonography.<ref name="ginsburg uti"/>
 A recent study of mice indicates that p-fimbriated ''Escherichia Col''i, the organism responsible for about 85% of UTI, is capable of burrowing into the deeper tissue of the bladder<ref>{{REFjournal
@@ Line 488: / Line 508: @@
   |volume=149
   |pages=170-173
-}}</ref> There is a significant false-positive rate in diagnosing UTI when urine cultures alone are used.<ref name="Mueller 1997"/><ref>Saez-Llorens X. et al. [http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/UTI/llorens/ Bacterial contamination rates for non-clean-catch and clean-catch midstream urine collections in uncircumcised boys]. From the Department of Pediatrics. Hospital Nacional de Ninos, San Jose, Costa Rica, and the Department of Pediatrics, the Children's Medical Center of the University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA.</ref> This criticism was addressed to some extent in Wiswell's second review.<ref name="Wiswell 1986"/>
+}}</ref> There is a significant false-positive rate in diagnosing UTI when urine cultures alone are used.<ref name="Mueller 1997"/><ref name="Saez-Llorens 1989"/> This criticism was addressed to some extent in Wiswell's second review.<ref name="Wiswell 1986"/>
 * The hospital chart data used in the retrospective studies are unreliable. Hospitals frequently omit to record a circumcision on a baby's chart. In Atlanta, O'Brien found that circumcision was recorded only 84.3% of the time for circumcised boys.<ref>{{REFjournal