Circumcision and HIV: Difference between revisions

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=== Countries in Africa ===

According to demographic health studies performed in other countries in Africa, [[HIV]] transmission was prevalent in circumcised men in at least 6 different countries:

According to demographic health studies performed in other countries in Africa, [[HIV]] transmission was prevalent in [[circumcised]] men in at least 6 different countries:

==== Cameroon ====

In Cameroon, where 91% of the male population is circumcised, the ratio of circumcised men vs. intact men who contracted [[HIV]] was 4.1 vs. 1.1. <ref>{{REFbook

In Cameroon, where 91% of the male population is circumcised, the ratio of [[circumcised[[ men vs. [[intact]] men who contracted [[HIV]] was 4.1 vs. 1.1. <ref>{{REFbook

|last=Mosoko

|first=Jembia J.

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==== Lesotho ====

In Lesotho, the ratio is 22.8 vs 15.2 (23% circumcised).

''"The relationship between male circumcision and [[HIV]] levels in Lesotho does not conform to the expected pattern of higher rates among [[uncircumcised]] men than circumcised men. The [[HIV]] rate is in fact substantially higher among circumcised men (23 percent) than among men who are not circumcised (15 percent). Moreover, the pattern of higher infection rates among circumcised men compared with [[uncircumcised]] men is virtually uniform across the various subgroups for which results are shown in ~~thetable~~. This finding could be explained by the Lesotho custom to conduct male circumcision later in life, when the individuals have already been exposed to the risk of [[HIV]] infection. (Additional analysis is necessary to better understand the unexpected pattern in Table 12.9.)"''<ref>{{REFbook

''"The relationship between male circumcision and [[HIV]] levels in Lesotho does not conform to the expected pattern of higher rates among [[uncircumcised]] men than circumcised men. The [[HIV]] rate is in fact substantially higher among circumcised men (23 percent) than among men who are not circumcised (15 percent). Moreover, the pattern of higher infection rates among circumcised men compared with [[uncircumcised]] men is virtually uniform across the various subgroups for which results are shown in the table. This finding could be explained by the Lesotho custom to conduct male circumcision later in life, when the individuals have already been exposed to the risk of [[HIV]] infection. (Additional analysis is necessary to better understand the unexpected pattern in Table 12.9.)"''<ref>{{REFbook

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|first=

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}}</ref>

::''An interesting defense of male circumcision, given the fact that the latest "studies," if they can even be called that, observed [[HIV]] transmission in men circumcised as adults. Then again, this demographic health survey was conducted in 2004, BEFORE the newer "studies" in 2006. None the less, the unproven assertion that "circumcision is only effective in reducing the risk of [[HIV]] when done in infancy" persists in some circles.''

::''An interesting defense of male circumcision, given the fact that the latest "studies," if they can even be called that, observed [[HIV]] transmission in men [[circumcised]] as adults. Then again, this demographic health survey was conducted in 2004, BEFORE the newer "studies" in 2006. None the less, the unproven assertion that "circumcision is only effective in reducing the risk of [[HIV]] when done in infancy" persists in some circles.''

==== Malawi ====

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[[Michel Garenne|Garenne]] & Matthews (2019) report:

In a multivariate analysis, based on the 2013 DHS survey, circumcised men were found to have the same level of infection as [[uncircumcised]] men, after controlling for age, sexual behaviour and socioeconomic status. Lastly, circumcised men tended to have somewhat riskier sexual behaviour than [[uncircumcised]] men. This study, based on large representative samples of the Zambian population, questions the current strategy of mass circumcision campaigns in southern and eastern Africa.<ref name="garenne-matthews2019">{{REFjournal

In a multivariate analysis, based on the 2013 DHS survey, [[circumcised]] men were found to have the same level of infection as [[uncircumcised]] men, after controlling for age, sexual behaviour and socioeconomic status. Lastly, circumcised men tended to have somewhat riskier sexual behaviour than [[uncircumcised]] men. This study, based on large representative samples of the Zambian population, questions the current strategy of mass circumcision campaigns in southern and eastern Africa.<ref name="garenne-matthews2019">{{REFjournal

|last=Garenne

|init=M

@@ Line 687: / Line 687: @@
 === Countries in Africa ===
-According to demographic health studies performed in other countries in Africa, [[HIV]] transmission was prevalent in circumcised men in at least 6 different countries:
+According to demographic health studies performed in other countries in Africa, [[HIV]] transmission was prevalent in [[circumcised]] men in at least 6 different countries:
 ==== Cameroon ====
-In Cameroon, where 91% of the male population is circumcised, the ratio of circumcised men vs. intact men who contracted [[HIV]] was 4.1 vs. 1.1. <ref>{{REFbook
+In Cameroon, where 91% of the male population is circumcised, the ratio of [[circumcised[[ men vs. [[intact]] men who contracted [[HIV]] was 4.1 vs. 1.1. <ref>{{REFbook
   |last=Mosoko
   |first=Jembia J.
@@ Line 743: / Line 743: @@
 ==== Lesotho ====
 In Lesotho, the ratio is 22.8 vs 15.2 (23% circumcised).
-''"The relationship between male circumcision and [[HIV]] levels in Lesotho does not conform to the expected pattern of higher rates among [[uncircumcised]] men than circumcised men. The [[HIV]] rate is in fact substantially higher among circumcised men (23 percent) than among men who are not circumcised (15 percent). Moreover, the pattern of higher infection rates among circumcised men compared with [[uncircumcised]] men is virtually uniform across the various subgroups for which results are shown in thetable. This finding could be explained by the Lesotho custom to conduct male circumcision later in life, when the individuals have already been exposed to the risk of [[HIV]] infection. (Additional analysis is necessary to better understand the unexpected pattern in Table 12.9.)"''<ref>{{REFbook
+''"The relationship between male circumcision and [[HIV]] levels in Lesotho does not conform to the expected pattern of higher rates among [[uncircumcised]] men than circumcised men. The [[HIV]] rate is in fact substantially higher among circumcised men (23 percent) than among men who are not circumcised (15 percent). Moreover, the pattern of higher infection rates among circumcised men compared with [[uncircumcised]] men is virtually uniform across the various subgroups for which results are shown in the table. This finding could be explained by the Lesotho custom to conduct male circumcision later in life, when the individuals have already been exposed to the risk of [[HIV]] infection. (Additional analysis is necessary to better understand the unexpected pattern in Table 12.9.)"''<ref>{{REFbook
   |last=
   |first=
@@ Line 763: / Line 763: @@
 }}</ref>
-::''An interesting defense of male circumcision, given the fact that the latest "studies," if they can even be called that, observed [[HIV]] transmission in men circumcised as adults. Then again, this demographic health survey was conducted in 2004, BEFORE the newer "studies" in 2006. None the less, the unproven assertion that "circumcision is only effective in reducing the risk of [[HIV]] when done in infancy" persists in some circles.''
+::''An interesting defense of male circumcision, given the fact that the latest "studies," if they can even be called that, observed [[HIV]] transmission in men [[circumcised]] as adults. Then again, this demographic health survey was conducted in 2004, BEFORE the newer "studies" in 2006. None the less, the unproven assertion that "circumcision is only effective in reducing the risk of [[HIV]] when done in infancy" persists in some circles.''
 ==== Malawi ====
@@ Line 853: / Line 853: @@
 [[Michel Garenne|Garenne]] & Matthews (2019) report:
 <blockquote>
-In a multivariate analysis, based on the 2013 DHS survey, circumcised men were found to have the same level of infection as [[uncircumcised]] men, after controlling for age, sexual behaviour and socioeconomic status. Lastly, circumcised men tended to have somewhat riskier sexual behaviour than [[uncircumcised]] men. This study, based on large representative samples of the Zambian population, questions the current strategy of mass circumcision campaigns in southern and eastern Africa.<ref name="garenne-matthews2019">{{REFjournal
+In a multivariate analysis, based on the 2013 DHS survey, [[circumcised]] men were found to have the same level of infection as [[uncircumcised]] men, after controlling for age, sexual behaviour and socioeconomic status. Lastly, circumcised men tended to have somewhat riskier sexual behaviour than [[uncircumcised]] men. This study, based on large representative samples of the Zambian population, questions the current strategy of mass circumcision campaigns in southern and eastern Africa.<ref name="garenne-matthews2019">{{REFjournal
   |last=Garenne
   |init=M