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[[Image:USAID.png|right|thumb|USAID]]
[[Image:USAID.png|right|thumb|USAID]]
In a February 2009 report produced by USAID, a U.S. government agency, researchers found that circumcised men were more likely to have HIV in 10 of 18 (African) countries with data available.<ref name='CR22'>
In a February 2009 report produced by USAID, a U.S. government agency, researchers found that circumcised men were more likely to have HIV in 10 of 18 (African) countries with data available.<ref name='CR22'>{{REFnews
{{citation
| last=
  | coauthors = Mishra, Vinod, Amy Medley, Rathavuth Hong, Yuan Gu, and Bryant Robey.
| first=
  | contribution = Levels and spread of HIV seroprevalence and associated factors: Evidence from national household surveys
  | coauthors=Mishra, Vinod, Amy Medley, Rathavuth Hong, Yuan Gu, and Bryant Robey.
  | title = DHS Comparative Reports 22
  | url=http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf
  | publisher = Macro International, Inc.
  | title=DHS Comparative Reports 22
  | year = 2009
| date=2009
| id =
  | publisher=Macro International, Inc.
| contribution-url = http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf
  | quote=Levels and spread of HIV seroprevalence and associated factors: Evidence from national household surveys
  | accessdate = 2011-03-24
  | accessdate=2011-03-24
}}
}}</ref> The report found condom use, not circumcision, to be correlated with HIV status. Despite this report, USAID is listed as a contributing partner and a sponsor for the "[[Clearinghouse on Male Circumcision]] for HIV Prevention."<ref>{{REFweb
</ref> The report found condom use, not circumcision, to be correlated with HIV status. Despite this report, USAID is listed as a contributing partner and a sponsor for the "[[Clearinghouse on Male Circumcision]] for HIV Prevention."<ref>
| last=
{{cite web
| first=
  | url = http://www.malecircumcision.org/about/male_circumcision_partners.html
| year=
  | title = Male Circumcision Clearinghouse: Partners and Contributors
| title=Male Circumcision Clearinghouse: Partners and Contributors
  | accessdate = 2011-03-24
  | url=http://www.malecircumcision.org/about/male_circumcision_partners.html
| work = Clearinghouse for Male Circumcision on HIV Prevention
  | publisher=Clearinghouse for Male Circumcision on HIV Prevention
}}
  | accessdate=2011-03-24
</ref><ref name='kenya-circ-report'>
}}</ref><ref name='kenya-circ-report'>{{REFnews
{{citation
  | last=
  | contribution = Progress Report on Kenya's Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Programme
  | first=
  | title = National AIDS and STI Control Programme
  | coauthors=
  | publisher = Government of Kenya
  | url=http://www.malecircumcision.org/documents/VMMCP_Report.pdf
  | date = July 2010
| title=National AIDS and STI Control Programme
| year = 2010
| date=July 2010
| id =
| publisher=Government of Kenya
| contribution-url = http://www.malecircumcision.org/documents/VMMCP_Report.pdf
| quote=Progress Report on Kenya's Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Programme
  | accessdate = 2011-03-24
  | accessdate=2011-03-24
}}
}}</ref>
</ref>


== Circumcision Scale-Up ==
== Circumcision Scale-Up ==
USAID has studied the "scale-up" of circumcision in Africa and shows support for circumcision in numerous places on its website.<ref name='usaid-circ-hiv-factsheet'>
 
{{cite web
USAID has studied the "scale-up" of circumcision in Africa and shows support for circumcision in numerous places on its website.<ref name='usaid-circ-hiv-factsheet'>{{REFweb
  | url = http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/research/mcfactsheet.html
| last=
  | title = Research: Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention
| first=
  | accessdate = 2011-03-24
| year=
| publisher = USAID
| title=Research: Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention
}}
  | url=http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/research/mcfactsheet.html
</ref><ref name='usaid-male-circ'>
  | publisher=USAID
{{cite web
  | accessdate=2011-03-24
  | url = http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/prevention/malecircumcision.html
}}</ref><ref name='usaid-male-circ'>{{REFweb
  | title = Male Circumcision
| last=
  | accessdate = 2011-03-24
| first=
| publisher = USAID
| year=
}}
| title=Male Circumcision
</ref><ref>
  | url=http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/prevention/malecircumcision.html
{{citation
  | publisher=USAID
  | contribution = Male Circumcision: Current Epidemiological and Field Evidence
  | accessdate=2011-03-24
  | title = Program and Policy Implications for HIV Prevention and Reproductive Health
}}</ref><ref>{{REFnews
  | coeditors = S. Clark, I. Fua
| last=
  | publisher = USAID/AIDSMark
| first=
| coauthors=S. Clark, I. Fua
  | url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACS892.pdf
  | title=Program and Policy Implications for HIV Prevention and Reproductive Health
  | date=May 2003
  | publisher=USAID/AIDSMark
| quote=Male Circumcision: Current Epidemiological and Field Evidence
| accessdate=2011-03-24
  | place = Washington, D.C.
  | place = Washington, D.C.
| date = May 2003
}}</ref><ref name='usaid-hiv-circ'>{{REFweb
| year = 2003
| last=
| id =
| first=
| contribution-url = http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACS892.pdf
| year=
| accessdate = 2011-03-24
| title=Fighting HIV with Circumcision
}}
  | url=http://blog.usaid.gov/2010/12/fighting-hiv-with-circumcision/
</ref><ref name='usaid-hiv-circ'>
  | publisher=USAID
{{cite web
  | accessdate=2011-03-24
  | url = http://blog.usaid.gov/2010/12/fighting-hiv-with-circumcision/
}}</ref>
  | title = Fighting HIV with Circumcision
 
  | accessdate = 2011-03-24
| publisher = USAID
}}
</ref>


== Accelerated Saturation Initiative ==
== Accelerated Saturation Initiative ==
In November 2010, USAID issued a "technical brief" on male circumcision as HIV prevention. In the report, USAID states that it is supporting Swaziland's "Accelerated Saturation Initiative" for circumcision by providing "implementation support together with the <small>[U.S.]</small> Department of Defense, the Peace Corps, and the U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]] and Prevention (CDC)." The report goes on to say that USAID, along with [[UNAIDS]], is providing technical and financial assistance in the studying circumcision programs in 14 African countries.<ref>
 
{{citation
In November 2010, USAID issued a "technical brief" on male circumcision as HIV prevention. In the report, USAID states that it is supporting Swaziland's "Accelerated Saturation Initiative" for circumcision by providing "implementation support together with the <small>[U.S.]</small> Department of Defense, the Peace Corps, and the U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]] and Prevention (CDC)." The report goes on to say that USAID, along with [[UNAIDS]], is providing technical and financial assistance in the studying circumcision programs in 14 African countries.<ref>{{REFnews
  | contribution = Medical Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention
  | last=
  | title = Technical Issue Brief
  | first=
  | publisher = USAID
  | coauthors=
  | date = November 2010
  | url=http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/prevention/medical_male_circumcision.pdf
| id =
| title=Technical Issue Brief
| contribution-url = http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/prevention/medical_male_circumcision.pdf
| date=November 2010
  | accessdate = 2011-03-25
| publisher=USAID
}}
| quote=Medical Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention
</ref>
  | accessdate=2011-03-25
}}</ref>


== Voluntary Male Medical Circumcision ==
== Voluntary Male Medical Circumcision ==
USAID's support of what they call the "[[Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Program]]: VMMC" also focused on Kenya.<ref>
 
{{cite web
USAID's support of what they call the "[[Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Program]]: VMMC" also focused on Kenya.<ref>{{REFwebQuote
| url = http://kenya.usaid.gov/programs/health/77
  | quote=USAID/Kenya’s HIV/AIDS program is supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). PEPFAR, a five-year, $48 billion program, is led by the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator, in conjunction with USAID, the Department of Health and Human Services (including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), the Department of Defense (DOD), the U.S. Peace Corps, and the Department of State.
| title = Kenya / HIV/AIDS
| last=
  | accessdate = 2011-03-25
| first=
| work = USAID | quote = USAID/Kenya’s HIV/AIDS program is supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). PEPFAR, a five-year, $48 billion program, is led by the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator, in conjunction with USAID, the Department of Health and Human Services (including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), the Department of Defense (DOD), the U.S. Peace Corps, and the Department of State.
| publisher=USAID
}}
| year=
</ref> USAID funded a VMMC based circumcision campaign propaganda video to air on television in South Africa.<ref>
| urltitle=Kenya / HIV/AIDS
{{cite web
| url=http://kenya.usaid.gov/programs/health/77
  | url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8baq-d-Y5Q
| accessdate=2011-03-25
  | title = VMMC Soccer Videos from Kenya
}}</ref> USAID funded a VMMC based circumcision campaign propaganda video to air on television in South Africa.<ref>{{REFweb
  | accessdate = 2011-04-28
| last=
| date = December 2010
| first=
| work = VMMC.m4v
| year=December 2010
| publisher = YouTube
| title=VMMC Soccer Videos from Kenya
}} Short video vignettes with a soccer theme that was field tested in communal video houses in Nyanza, Kenya during the 2010 World Cup Soccer broadcasts.
  | url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8baq-d-Y5Q
</ref>
  | publisher=VMMC.m4v
  | accessdate=2011-04-28
}} Short video vignettes with a soccer theme that was field tested in communal video houses in Nyanza, Kenya during the 2010 World Cup Soccer broadcasts.</ref>


== No Clear Pattern of Association ==
== No Clear Pattern of Association ==


{{Quote box
{{Citation
|title = Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys
| Title=Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys
|quote = There appears no clear pattern of association between male circumcision and HIV prevalence—in 8 of 18 countries with data, HIV prevalence is lower among circumcised men, while in the remaining 10 countries it is higher.
| Text=There appears no clear pattern of association between male circumcision and HIV prevalence—in 8 of 18 countries with data, HIV prevalence is lower among circumcised men, while in the remaining 10 countries it is higher.
|source = <small>--Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys [http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf (February 2009)]</small>
| Author=
|align = left
| Source=
|width = 55%
| lang=
|quoted = yes
| before=
| after=
| Transcription=
| Translation=
| ref=<ref>Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys [http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf (February 2009)]</ref>
}}
}}


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