Psychological injury of male circumcision: Difference between revisions
WikiModEn2 (talk | contribs) →Videos: Add external link. |
WikiModEn2 (talk | contribs) Relocate section; Wikify. |
||
| Line 73: | Line 73: | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
[[Circumcision]] has long been used to effect behavior change. | |||
[[Moses Maimonides]] wrote in the 12th century: | [[Moses Maimonides]] wrote in the 12th century: | ||
| Line 98: | Line 99: | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
</blockquote> | </blockquote> | ||
== Profound lack of understanding of psychological issues == | == Profound lack of understanding of psychological issues == | ||
| Line 105: | Line 104: | ||
There was little awareness of emotional and/or psychological issues when child [[circumcision]] was being promoted in the late 19th century and early 20th century. For example, [[Douglas Gairdner]] (1949) made no mention at all of [[pain]], [[trauma]] behavior changes, or psychological issues in his landmark 1949 paper.<ref name="fate1949">{{GairdnerDM 1949}}</ref> | There was little awareness of emotional and/or psychological issues when child [[circumcision]] was being promoted in the late 19th century and early 20th century. For example, [[Douglas Gairdner]] (1949) made no mention at all of [[pain]], [[trauma]] behavior changes, or psychological issues in his landmark 1949 paper.<ref name="fate1949">{{GairdnerDM 1949}}</ref> | ||
Intact America (2023) reported that [[intact]] males were shamed.<ref>{{REFweb | [[Intact America]] (2023) reported that [[intact]] males were shamed.<ref>{{REFweb | ||
|url=https://intactamerica.org/foreskin-phobia-intact-penis-shamed/ | |url=https://intactamerica.org/foreskin-phobia-intact-penis-shamed/ | ||
|title=Foreskin Phobia: How The Intact Penis Has Been Shamed | |title=Foreskin Phobia: How The Intact Penis Has Been Shamed | ||
| Line 300: | Line 299: | ||
}}</ref> so they blamed the observed effects on "stress", not pain. | }}</ref> so they blamed the observed effects on "stress", not pain. | ||
Luther, Kraybill & Potter (1976) tested cortisol and cortisone in the blood of newborn infants before and after circumcision. Dramatic increases in cortisol and a lesser increase in cortisone was recorded.<ref name="luther1976">{{REFjournal | Luther, Kraybill & Potter (1976) tested cortisol and cortisone in the blood of newborn infants before and after [[circumcision]]. Dramatic increases in cortisol and a lesser increase in cortisone was recorded.<ref name="luther1976">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Talbot | |last=Talbot | ||
|init=LM | |init=LM | ||
| Line 326: | Line 325: | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
Rawlins, Miller & Engel (1980) investigated the blood oxygen content after [https://www.thefreedictionary.com/unanesthetized unanesthetized] non-therapeutic circumcision. They reported that blood oxygen content decreased during non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision, although it returned to baseline or above later.<ref name="rawlins-miller-engel1980">{{REFjournal | Rawlins, Miller & Engel (1980) investigated the blood oxygen content after [https://www.thefreedictionary.com/unanesthetized unanesthetized] non-therapeutic [[circumcision]]. They reported that blood oxygen content decreased during non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision, although it returned to baseline or above later.<ref name="rawlins-miller-engel1980">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Rawlins | |last=Rawlins | ||
|init=DJ | |init=DJ | ||
| Line 363: | Line 362: | ||
|author3-link= | |author3-link= | ||
|etal=yes | |etal=yes | ||
|title=Circumcision I: | |title=Circumcision I: Effects upon newborn behavior | ||
|journal=Infant Behavior and Development | |journal=Infant Behavior and Development | ||
|location= | |location= | ||
| Line 446: | Line 445: | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
Gunnar et al. (1984) tested the effects of a pacifier during circumcision. They reported: | Gunnar et al. (1984) tested the effects of a pacifier during [[circumcision]]. They reported: | ||
<blockquote> | <blockquote> | ||
The results showed that stimulating the newborn with the pacifier reduced crying by about 40%. Reducing crying, however, had no significant effect on adrenocortical response. Elevations of serum cortisol predicted average behavioral state following circumcision, whereas crying during circumcision did not. Furthermore, there was evidence that the neonatal adrenocortical system was sensitive in variations in surgical procedures. The results indicate the importance of obtaining data on both behavioral and hormonal systems in studies of stress and coping in human newborns.<ref name="gunnar1984">{{REFjournal | The results showed that stimulating the newborn with the pacifier reduced crying by about 40%. Reducing crying, however, had no significant effect on adrenocortical response. Elevations of serum cortisol predicted average behavioral state following circumcision, whereas crying during circumcision did not. Furthermore, there was evidence that the neonatal adrenocortical system was sensitive in variations in surgical procedures. The results indicate the importance of obtaining data on both behavioral and hormonal systems in studies of stress and coping in human newborns.<ref name="gunnar1984">{{REFjournal | ||
| Line 474: | Line 473: | ||
}}</ref></blockquote> | }}</ref></blockquote> | ||
Porter et al. (1986) recorded the pain cries of boys undergoing circumcision. They reported that "Subjective judgments and objective quantitative data converge to demonstrate that infants' cries are perceived as varying and objectively, do systematically vary with respect to the the intensity of the painful stimuli."<ref name="porter1986">{{REFjournal | Porter et al. (1986) recorded the [[pain]] cries of boys undergoing [[circumcision]]. They reported that "Subjective judgments and objective quantitative data converge to demonstrate that infants' cries are perceived as varying and objectively, do systematically vary with respect to the the intensity of the painful stimuli."<ref name="porter1986">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Porter | |last=Porter | ||
|first=Fran Lang | |first=Fran Lang | ||
| Line 503: | Line 502: | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
Porter et al. (1988) recorded the cries of boys undergoing non-therapeutic child circumcision. They found that the pitch of the cries increased as stress ([[euphemism]] for [[pain]]) increases.<ref name="porter1988">{{REFjournal | Porter et al. (1988) recorded the cries of boys undergoing non-therapeutic child [[circumcision]]. They found that the pitch of the cries increased as stress ([[euphemism]] for [[pain]]) increases.<ref name="porter1988">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Porter | |last=Porter | ||
|first=Fran Lang | |first=Fran Lang | ||
| Line 532: | Line 531: | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
The research reported in this section clearly establish the the distress shown by male infants during unanesthetized circumcision does not come from being restrained, that infants feel extreme pain, that sucking on a pacifier does not reduce pain, although it may reduce crying, and that neonatal non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] is traumatic for the child. | The research reported in this section clearly establish the the distress shown by male infants during unanesthetized circumcision does not come from being restrained, that infants feel extreme [[pain]], that sucking on a pacifier does not reduce pain, although it may reduce crying, and that neonatal non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] is traumatic for the child. | ||
==Trauma of circumcision== | ==Trauma of circumcision== | ||
| Line 707: | Line 706: | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
Rhinehart (1999) was a practicing psychiatrist who had patients with later life problems stemming from their neonatal circumcision. He listed some possibilities: | Rhinehart (1999) was a practicing psychiatrist who had patients with later life problems stemming from their neonatal [[circumcision]]. He listed some possibilities: | ||
* a sense of personal powerlessness | * a sense of personal powerlessness | ||
| Line 899: | Line 898: | ||
===Circumcised medical doctors=== | ===Circumcised medical doctors=== | ||
Most male doctors in the United States are men who were [[circumcised]] as infants. Consequently, despite being medical doctors they have no personal knowledge of or appreciation for the human [[foreskin]]. These male doctors share the [[trauma]] and attitudes of other [[circumcised]] men and are just as likely to want to repeat the [[trauma]]. [[Eleanor LeBourdais| LeBourdais]] (1995) pointed out that the "age of the attending physician, sex and circumcision status" were important factors in determining the likelihood of a baby boy being [[circumcised]].<ref>{{REFjournal | Most male doctors in the [[United States]] are men who were [[circumcised]] as infants. Consequently, despite being medical doctors, they have no personal knowledge of or appreciation for the human [[foreskin]]. These male doctors share the [[trauma]] and attitudes of other [[circumcised]] men and are just as likely to want to repeat the [[trauma]]. [[Eleanor LeBourdais| LeBourdais]] (1995) pointed out that the "age of the attending physician, sex and circumcision status" were important factors in determining the likelihood of a baby boy being [[circumcised]].<ref>{{REFjournal | ||
|last=LeBourdais | |last=LeBourdais | ||
|first=Eleanor | |first=Eleanor | ||
| Line 1,485: | Line 1,484: | ||
The authors reported their "analysis shows differences between early [[circumcised]] and non-circumcised men in psychological measures of socio-affectivity and provides initial support for the hypothesis that this alteration stems from the most crucial neurodevelopmentally plastic period of an individual's life. They called for "replication of the current study with a larger sample size and better ability to control for socioeconomic variables."<ref name="miani2020" /> | The authors reported their "analysis shows differences between early [[circumcised]] and non-circumcised men in psychological measures of socio-affectivity and provides initial support for the hypothesis that this alteration stems from the most crucial neurodevelopmentally plastic period of an individual's life. They called for "replication of the current study with a larger sample size and better ability to control for socioeconomic variables."<ref name="miani2020" /> | ||
== Videos == | == Videos == | ||
| Line 1,515: | Line 1,501: | ||
=== Men's mental health === | === Men's mental health === | ||
<youtube>3bxg5pLrbc</youtube> | <youtube>3bxg5pLrbc</youtube> | ||
{{SEEALSO}} | |||
* [[Adamant father syndrome]] | |||
* [[Association of male circumcision with homosexuality]] | |||
* [[Circumcision coma]] | |||
* [[Circumcision and violence]] | |||
* [[Foreskin_restoration#Emotional.2C_psychological.2C_and_psychiatric_benefits| Emotional, psychological, and psychiatric benefits]] | |||
* [[Pain]] | |||
* [[Psychosexual Effects of Circumcision]] | |||
* [[Psychiatrist Discusses the Lasting Trauma of Circumcision]] | |||
* [[Post-traumatic stress disorder]] | |||
* [[Suicide]] | |||
* [[Trauma]] | |||
{{LINKS}} | {{LINKS}} | ||