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The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] reported that, as compared with formula feeding, breastfeeding reduces [[SIDS|sudden infant death syndrome]] (SIDS), infant and neonatal mortality, lower respiratory tract infection, severe or persistent diarrhea, otitis media, asthma, eczema, Crohn's disease, colitis, childhood and adult obesity, diabetes, and leukemia.<ref name="aap2022" />
The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] reported that, as compared with formula feeding, breastfeeding reduces [[SIDS|sudden infant death syndrome]] (SIDS), infant and neonatal mortality, lower respiratory tract infection, severe or persistent diarrhea, otitis media, asthma, eczema, Crohn's disease, colitis, childhood and adult obesity, diabetes, and leukemia.<ref name="aap2022" />


In infancy, simple sugars in breast milk, like antibacterial oligosaccharides, are acquired from the mother's milk and excreted in [[urine]]. University studies have shown that these substances cling to the [[mucosa]]l lining of the inner foreskin and protect against urinary tract infections,<ref>Hanson LA, Karlsson B, Jalil F, et al. Antiviral and antibacterial factors in human milk. In: Hanson LA, ed. ''Biology of Human Milk''. New York Raven Press; 1988. pp. 141-57</ref> as well as [[infection]] in other parts of the body.<ref>Coppa GV, Gabrielli O, Giorgi P, Catassi C, Montanari MP, Veraldo PE, Nichols BL. Preliminary study of breast feeding and bacterial adhesion to uroepithelial cells. ''Lancet'' 1990 Mar 10;335(8689):569-71.</ref> Babies excrete in their [[urine]] about 300-500 milligrams of oligosaccharides each day. These compounds prevent virulent strains of ''Escherichia coli'' from adhering to the [[mucosa]] lining of the entire urinary tract, including the [[foreskin]] and [[glans]]. For these reasons breast-milk is highly efficacious at preventing [[UTI]].<ref>Gothefors L, Olling S, Winberg J. Breastfeeding and biological properties of faecal ''E. coli'' strains. ''Acta Paediatr Scand'' 1975 Nov;54(6):807-12.</ref> Rigorous studies have repeatedly demonstrated that breast feeding protects against urinary tract infections.<ref>Mårild S. Breastfeeding and Urinary tract Infections. ''Lancet'' 1990;336:942.</ref> <ref>Pisacane A, et al. Breastfeeding and urinary tract infection. ''The Lancet'', July 7, 1990, p50 </ref> <ref>Pisacane A, Graziano L, Mazzarella G, et al. Breast-feeding and urinary tract infection. ''J Pediatr'' 1992;120:87-89.</ref>
In infancy, simple sugars in breast milk, like antibacterial oligosaccharides, are acquired from the mother's milk and excreted in [[urine]]. University studies have shown that these substances cling to the [[mucosa]]l lining of the inner foreskin and protect against urinary tract infections,<ref>{{REFbook
|last=Hanson
|init=LA
|last2=Karlsson
|init2=B
|last3=Jalil
|init3=F
|etal=yes
|chapter=Antiviral and antibacterial factors in human milk
|editor=Hanson LA
|title=Biology of Human Milk
|location=New York
|publisher=Raven Press
|year=1988
|pages=141-57
}}</ref> as well as [[infection]] in other parts of the body.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Coppa
|init=GV
|last2=Gabrielli
|init2=O
|last3=Giorgi
|init3=P
|last4=Catassi
|init4=C
|last5=Montanari
|init5=MP
|last6=Veraldo
|init6=PE
|last7=Nichols
|init7=BL
|title=Preliminary study of breast feeding and bacterial adhesion to uroepithelial cells
|journal=Lancet
|date=1990-03-10
|volume=335
|issue=8689
|pages=569-71
}}</ref> Babies excrete in their [[urine]] about 300-500 milligrams of oligosaccharides each day. These compounds prevent virulent strains of ''Escherichia coli'' from adhering to the [[mucosa]] lining of the entire urinary tract, including the [[foreskin]] and [[glans]]. For these reasons breast-milk is highly efficacious at preventing [[UTI]].<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Gothefors
|init=L
|last2=Olling
|init2=S
|last3=Winberg
|init3=J
|title=Breastfeeding and biological properties of faecal ''E. coli'' strains
|journal=Acta Paediatr Scand
|date=1975-11
|volume=54
|issue=6
|pages=807-12
}}</ref> Rigorous studies have repeatedly demonstrated that breast feeding protects against urinary tract infections.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Mårild
|init=S
|title=Breastfeeding and Urinary tract Infections
|journal=Lancet
|date=1990
|volume=336
|page=942
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Pisacane
|init=A
|etal=yes
|title=Breastfeeding and urinary tract infection
|journal=Lancet
|date=1990-07-07
|page=50
}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Pisacane
|init=A
|last2=Graziano
|init2=L
|last3=Mazzarella
|init3=G
|etal=yes
|title=Breast-feeding and urinary tract infection
|journal=J Pediatr
|date=1992
|volume=120
|pages=87-89
}}</ref>


== Contraindications to breastfeeding ==
== Contraindications to breastfeeding ==
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