Phimosis: Difference between revisions

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}}</ref> Moreover the tip of the [[foreskin]] at birth is usually too tight to permit any retraction.<ref name="gairdner1949"/> Thus normal, natural childhood non-retractable foreskin, which must be distinguished from pathological phimosis,<ref name="shahid2012" /> has been given the name ''physiological phimosis'' to distinguish it from ''pathological phimosis'' in adults.<ref name="shahid2012"/>

Physiological phimosis ~~can be divided into three main categories - symptom-free~~, ~~in need~~ of ~~therapy, and in need of surgery~~.

[[Physiological phimosis]] is a normal, healthy stage of development that does not require treatment.

From a medical standpoint, an otherwise symptom-free [[phimosis]], even after dissolution of preputial adhesions, does not require any treatment before the child enters [[puberty]]. The widespread notion that full retractability has to be achieved by a certain age, derives from obsolete assumptions and studies which only covered children's development until they entered school, but not beyond that point.

Even though the data from [[Jakob Øster]]'s studies have been known for more than half a century,<ref name="Øster1968">{{OesterJ 1968}}</ref> some check lists for school doctors‘ examinations still erroneously refer to physiological phimosis as an abnormality.

Even though the data from [[Jakob Øster]]'s studies have been known for more than half a century,<ref name="Øster1968">{{OesterJ 1968}}</ref> some check lists for school doctors‘ examinations still erroneously refer to [[physiological phimosis]] as an abnormality.

In most cases, only watchful waiting is necessary, not surgery or other treatment. Parental reassurance is the only treatment required.<ref name="shahid2012" />

@@ Line 91: / Line 91: @@
 }}</ref> Moreover the tip of the [[foreskin]] at birth is usually too tight to permit any retraction.<ref name="gairdner1949"/> Thus normal, natural childhood non-retractable foreskin, which must be distinguished from pathological phimosis,<ref name="shahid2012" /> has been given the name ''physiological phimosis'' to distinguish it from ''pathological phimosis'' in adults.<ref name="shahid2012"/>
-Physiological phimosis can be divided into three main categories - symptom-free, in need of therapy, and in need of surgery.
+[[Physiological phimosis]] is a normal, healthy stage of development that does not require treatment.
 From a medical standpoint, an otherwise symptom-free [[phimosis]], even after dissolution of preputial adhesions, does not require any treatment before the child enters [[puberty]]. The widespread notion that full retractability has to be achieved by a certain age, derives from obsolete assumptions and studies which only covered children's development until they entered school, but not beyond that point.
-Even though the data from [[Jakob Øster]]'s studies have been known for more than half a century,<ref name="Øster1968">{{OesterJ 1968}}</ref> some check lists for school doctors‘ examinations still erroneously refer to physiological phimosis as an abnormality.
+Even though the data from [[Jakob Øster]]'s studies have been known for more than half a century,<ref name="Øster1968">{{OesterJ 1968}}</ref> some check lists for school doctors‘ examinations still erroneously refer to [[physiological phimosis]] as an abnormality.
 In most cases, only watchful waiting is necessary, not surgery or other treatment. Parental reassurance is the only treatment required.<ref name="shahid2012" />