Circumcision and HIV: Difference between revisions
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}}</ref> In 1986, California urologist [[cl: Aaron J. Fink| Aaron J. Fink]], (1926-1994) adopted this idea,<ref>{{REFbook | }}</ref> In 1986, California urologist [[cl: Aaron J. Fink| Aaron J. Fink]], (1926-1994) adopted this idea,<ref>{{REFbook | ||
| last=Glick | |last=Glick | ||
| first=Leonard | |first=Leonard | ||
| year=2005 | |author-link=Leonard Glick | ||
| title=Marked in Your Flesh | |year=2005 | ||
| url= | |title=Marked in Your Flesh | ||
| work= | |url= | ||
| editor= | |work= | ||
| edition= | |editor= | ||
| volume= | |edition= | ||
| chapter="This Little Operation", Jewish American Physicians and Twentieth-Century Circumcision Advocacy | |volume= | ||
| pages=206 | |chapter="This Little Operation", Jewish American Physicians and Twentieth-Century Circumcision Advocacy | ||
| location=New York, New York | |pages=206 | ||
| publisher=Oxford University Press | |location=New York, New York | ||
| isbn=0-19-517674-X | |publisher=Oxford University Press | ||
| quote=What if circumcision protected against infection with HIV... | |isbn=0-19-517674-X | ||
| accessdate=2011-02-19 | |quote=What if circumcision protected against infection with HIV... | ||
| note= | |accessdate=2011-02-19 | ||
|note= | |||
}}</ref> and vehemently promoted it,<ref>{{REFjournal | }}</ref> and vehemently promoted it,<ref>{{REFjournal | ||
| last=Weiss | | last=Weiss | ||
| Line 121: | Line 122: | ||
Fink's proposal appeared in media throughout the US and Canada. Asked about his idea by a United Press reporter, Fink replied "This is nothing I can prove."<ref>{{REFbook | Fink's proposal appeared in media throughout the US and Canada. Asked about his idea by a United Press reporter, Fink replied "This is nothing I can prove."<ref>{{REFbook | ||
| last=Glick | |last=Glick | ||
| first=Leonard | |first=Leonard | ||
| year=2005 | |author-link=Leonard Glick | ||
| title=Marked in Your Flesh | |year=2005 | ||
| url= | |title=Marked in Your Flesh | ||
| work= | |url= | ||
| editor= | |work= | ||
| edition= | |editor= | ||
| volume= | |edition= | ||
| chapter="This Little Operation", Jewish American Physicians and Twentieth-Century Circumcisoin Advocacy | |volume= | ||
| pages=207 | |chapter="This Little Operation", Jewish American Physicians and Twentieth-Century Circumcisoin Advocacy | ||
| location=New York, New York | |pages=207 | ||
| publisher=Oxford University Press | |location=New York, New York | ||
| isbn=0-19-517674-X | |publisher=Oxford University Press | ||
| quote=This is nothing I can prove. | |isbn=0-19-517674-X | ||
| accessdate=2011-02-19 | |quote=This is nothing I can prove. | ||
| note= | |accessdate=2011-02-19 | ||
|note= | |||
}}</ref> This didn't stop other physicians from conducting "research" leading to a steady stream of widely publicized articles arguing that circumcised men were less likely to contract HIV--with the result that prevention of HIV infection has now surpassed even cancer prevention as the most popular claim of circumcision advocates. | }}</ref> This didn't stop other physicians from conducting "research" leading to a steady stream of widely publicized articles arguing that circumcised men were less likely to contract HIV--with the result that prevention of HIV infection has now surpassed even cancer prevention as the most popular claim of circumcision advocates. | ||
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In Cameroon, where 91% of the male population is circumcised, the ratio of circumcised men vs. intact men who contracted HIV was 4.1 vs. 1.1.<ref>{{REFbook | In Cameroon, where 91% of the male population is circumcised, the ratio of circumcised men vs. intact men who contracted HIV was 4.1 vs. 1.1.<ref>{{REFbook | ||
| last=Mosoko | |last=Mosoko | ||
|first=Jembia J. | |||
| year=2005 | |last2=Affana | ||
| title=Prévalence du VIH et facteurs associés | |first2=Gislaine A.N. | ||
| url=http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR163/16chapitre16.pdf | |year=2005 | ||
| work=Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Cameroun | |title=Prévalence du VIH et facteurs associés | ||
| editor=Calverton, MD, USA | |url=http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR163/16chapitre16.pdf | ||
| edition= | |work=Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Cameroun | ||
| volume= | |editor=Calverton, MD, USA | ||
| chapter=16 | |edition= | ||
| pages=309 | |volume= | ||
| location=Cameroon | |chapter=16 | ||
| publisher=DHS | |pages=309 | ||
| isbn= | |location=Cameroon | ||
| quote=Contrairement aux résultats trouvés dans d’autres pays, notamment le Kenya... | |publisher=DHS | ||
| accessdate=2011-06-02 | |isbn= | ||
| note= | |quote=Contrairement aux résultats trouvés dans d’autres pays, notamment le Kenya... | ||
|accessdate=2011-06-02 | |||
|note= | |||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
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In Ghana, the ratio is 1.6 vs 1.4 (95.3% circumcised). ''"...the vast majority of Ghanaian men (95 percent) are circumcised... There is little difference in the HIV prevalence by circumcision status..."''<ref>{{REFbook | In Ghana, the ratio is 1.6 vs 1.4 (95.3% circumcised). ''"...the vast majority of Ghanaian men (95 percent) are circumcised... There is little difference in the HIV prevalence by circumcision status..."''<ref>{{REFbook | ||
| last=Marum | |last=Marum | ||
| | |first=L. | ||
| year=2003 | |last2=Muttunga | ||
| title=HIV Prevalence and Associated Factors | |first2=J. | ||
| url=http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR152/13Chapter13.pdf | |last3=Munene | ||
| work=Kenya: Demographic and Health Survey 2003 | |first3=F. | ||
| editor= | |year=2003 | ||
| edition= | |title=HIV Prevalence and Associated Factors | ||
| volume= | |url=http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR152/13Chapter13.pdf | ||
| chapter=13 | |work=Kenya: Demographic and Health Survey 2003 | ||
| pages=250-251 | |editor= | ||
| location=Nairobi, Kenya | |edition= | ||
| publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics | |volume= | ||
| isbn= | |chapter=13 | ||
| quote=...the vast majority of Ghanaian men (95 percent) are circumcised... There is little difference in the HIV prevalence by circumcision status... | |pages=250-251 | ||
| accessdate=2011-06-02 | |location=Nairobi, Kenya | ||
| note= | |publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics | ||
|isbn= | |||
|quote=...the vast majority of Ghanaian men (95 percent) are circumcised... There is little difference in the HIV prevalence by circumcision status... | |||
|accessdate=2011-06-02 | |||
|note= | |||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
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not circumcised (13 percent compared with 10 percent). In Malawi, the majority of men are not | not circumcised (13 percent compared with 10 percent). In Malawi, the majority of men are not | ||
circumcised (80 percent).<ref>{{REFbook | circumcised (80 percent).<ref>{{REFbook | ||
| last=Chipeta | |last=Chipeta | ||
| | |first=John | ||
| year=2005 | |last2=Schouten | ||
| title=HIV Prevalence and Associated Factors | |first2=Erik | ||
| url=http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR175/12Chapter12.pdf | |last3=Aberle-Grasse | ||
| work=Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 2004 | |first3=John | ||
| editor= | |year=2005 | ||
| edition= | |title=HIV Prevalence and Associated Factors | ||
| volume= | |url=http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR175/12Chapter12.pdf | ||
| chapter=12 | |work=Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 2004 | ||
| pages=234 | |editor= | ||
| location=Calverton, Maryland | |edition= | ||
| publisher=National Statistical Office | |volume= | ||
| isbn= | |chapter=12 | ||
| quote= | |pages=234 | ||
| accessdate=2011-06-02 | |location=Calverton, Maryland | ||
| note= | |publisher=National Statistical Office | ||
|isbn= | |||
|quote= | |||
|accessdate=2011-06-02 | |||
|note= | |||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
:: ''...where one would expect HIV to be the most rampant.'' | :: ''...where one would expect HIV to be the most rampant.'' | ||