Development of retractable foreskin: Difference between revisions
m replace <coauthors> parameter |
WikiModEn2 (talk | contribs) Insert reference; wikify synechia |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
[[Image:Side by side retraction.png|right|thumb|A human penis before and after retraction of the foreskin.]] | [[Image:Side by side retraction.png|right|thumb|A human penis before and after retraction of the foreskin.]] | ||
In the majority of adult men, the [[foreskin]] normally retracts to reveal the head of the penis. In newborns, it is common for the foreskin to be fused to the head of the penis, thus rendering it non-retractable. The foreskin usually separates from the glans and becomes retractable with age. There is much uncertainty among health care workers about when the foreskin of a boy should become retractable.<ref>{{REFjournal | In the majority of adult men, the [[foreskin]] normally retracts to reveal the head of the penis. In newborns, it is common for the foreskin to be fused to the head of the penis by the [[synechia]], thus rendering it non-retractable. The foreskin usually separates from the glans and becomes retractable with age. There is much uncertainty among health care workers about when the foreskin of a boy should become retractable.<ref>{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Simpson | |last=Simpson | ||
|first=E.T. | |first=E.T. | ||
| Line 44: | Line 44: | ||
}}</ref> His data have been incorporated into many textbooks and is still being repeated in the medical literature today. [[Douglas Gairdner|Gairdner]] said that 80 percent of boys should have a retractable foreskin by the age of two years, and 90 percent of boys should have a retractable prepuce by the age of three years.<ref name="Gairdner"/> | }}</ref> His data have been incorporated into many textbooks and is still being repeated in the medical literature today. [[Douglas Gairdner|Gairdner]] said that 80 percent of boys should have a retractable foreskin by the age of two years, and 90 percent of boys should have a retractable prepuce by the age of three years.<ref name="Gairdner"/> | ||
Unfortunately, [[Douglas Gairdner|Gairdner]]’s data are inaccurate,<ref name=" | Unfortunately, [[Douglas Gairdner|Gairdner]]’s data are inaccurate,<ref name="Wright1994">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Wright | |last=Wright | ||
|first=J.E. | |first=J.E. | ||
| Line 54: | Line 54: | ||
|url= | |url= | ||
|quote= | |quote= | ||
|pubmedID= | |pubmedID=8295581 | ||
|pubmedCID= | |pubmedCID= | ||
|DOI= | |DOI= | ||
|date=1994 | |date=1994-02-07 | ||
|accessdate= | |accessdate=2019-10-17 | ||
}}</ref><ref name=" | }}</ref> </ref name="denniston-hill2010"><ref name="Hill2003">{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Hill | |last=Hill | ||
|first=G. | |first=G. | ||
| Line 75: | Line 75: | ||
|date=2003 | |date=2003 | ||
|accessdate= | |accessdate= | ||
}}</ref> so most healthcare providers have been taught inaccurate data.<ref name=" | }}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Denniston | |||
|first=George C. | |||
|author-link= | |||
|last2=Hill | |||
|first2=George | |||
|author2-link= | |||
|etal=no | |||
|title=Gairdner was wrong | |||
|trans-title= | |||
|language= | |||
|journal=Can Fam Physician | |||
|date=2010-10-01 | |||
|volume=56 | |||
|issue=10 | |||
|pages=986-7 | |||
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2954072/ | |||
|quote= | |||
|pubmedID=20944034 | |||
|pubmedCID=2954072 | |||
|DOI= | |||
|accessdate=2019-10-17 | |||
}}</ref> so most healthcare providers have been taught inaccurate data.<ref name="Hill2003"/> Retractability usually occurs much later than previously believed.<ref name="Wright"/> This page provides accurate data, derived from newer and better studies, for healthcare providers. | |||
== Current view == | == Current view == | ||
| Line 91: | Line 113: | ||
== Infants and pre-school == | == Infants and pre-school == | ||
Kayaba et al. (1996) reported that before six months of age, no boy had a retractable prepuce; 16.5 percent of boys aged 3-4 had a fully retractable prepuce.<ref>{{REFjournal | Kayaba ''et al''. (1996) reported that before six months of age, no boy had a retractable prepuce; 16.5 percent of boys aged 3-4 had a fully retractable prepuce.<ref>{{REFjournal | ||
|last=Kayaba | |last=Kayaba | ||
|first=H. | |first=H. | ||
| Line 405: | Line 427: | ||
* [[Forced retraction]] | * [[Forced retraction]] | ||
* [[Phimosis]] | * [[Phimosis]] | ||
* [[Synechia]] | |||
{{REF}} | {{REF}} | ||