Development of retractable foreskin: Difference between revisions

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== Infants and pre-school ==

Kayaba ''et al''. (1996) reported that before six months of age, no boy had a retractable prepuce; 16.5 percent of boys aged 3-4 had a fully retractable prepuce.<ref name="kayaba1996">{{REFjournal

Kayaba et al. (1996) reported that before six months of age, no boy had a retractable prepuce; 16.5 percent of boys aged 3-4 had a fully retractable prepuce.<ref name="kayaba1996">{{REFjournal

|last=Kayaba

|init=H

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|date=2004

|accessdate=2019-11-08

}}</ref> Ko ''et al''. (2007) examined 59 newborn Taiwanese boys. Not one had a retractable foreskin.<ref name="ko2007">{{REFjournal

}}</ref> Ko et al. (2007) examined 59 newborn Taiwanese boys. Not one had a retractable foreskin.<ref name="ko2007">{{REFjournal

|last=Ko

|first=Ming-Chung

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== School-age and adolescence ==

[[File:Kayaba.jpg|left|frame|Percentage of boys with tight ring totally non-retractile foreskin according to Kayaba ''et al''.]]<br clear="all">

[[File:Kayaba.jpg|left|frame|Percentage of boys with tight ring totally non-retractile foreskin according to Kayaba et al.]]<br clear="all">

[[Jakob Øster]], a Danish physician who conducted school examinations, reported his findings on the examination of school-boys in Denmark, where circumcision is rare.<ref name="Øster1968">{{OesterJ 1968}}</ref> Øster (1968) found that the incidence of fusion of the foreskin with the glans penis steadily declines with increasing age and foreskin retractability increases with age.<ref name="Øster1968"/> Kayaba ''et al''. (1996) also investigated the development of foreskin retraction in boys from age 0 to age 15.5 Kayaba ''et al''. also reported increasing retractability with increasing age. Kayaba ''et al''. reported that about only 42 percent of boys aged 8-10 have fully retractile foreskin, but the percentage increases to 62.9 percent in boys aged 11-15.<ref name="kayaba1996" /> Imamura (1997) reported that 77 percent of boys aged 11-15 had retractile foreskin.<ref name="imamura1997" /> Thorvaldsen & Meyhoff (2005) conducted a survey of 4000 young men in Denmark. They reported that the mean age of first foreskin retraction is 10.4 years in Denmark.<ref name="Thorvaldsen">{{REFjournal

[[Jakob Øster]], a Danish physician who conducted school examinations, reported his findings on the examination of school-boys in Denmark, where circumcision is rare.<ref name="Øster1968">{{OesterJ 1968}}</ref> Øster (1968) found that the incidence of fusion of the foreskin with the glans penis steadily declines with increasing age and foreskin retractability increases with age.<ref name="Øster1968"/> Kayaba et al. (1996) also investigated the development of foreskin retraction in boys from age 0 to age 15.5 Kayaba et al. also reported increasing retractability with increasing age. Kayaba et al. reported that about only 42 percent of boys aged 8-10 have fully retractile foreskin, but the percentage increases to 62.9 percent in boys aged 11-15.<ref name="kayaba1996" /> Imamura (1997) reported that 77 percent of boys aged 11-15 had retractile foreskin.<ref name="imamura1997" /> Thorvaldsen & Meyhoff (2005) conducted a survey of 4000 young men in Denmark. They reported that the mean age of first foreskin retraction is 10.4 years in Denmark.<ref name="Thorvaldsen">{{REFjournal

|last=Thorvaldsen

|init=MA

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[[File:Oester.jpg|left|frame|Percentage of boys with fused foreskin by age according to Øster]]<br clear="all">

Ko ''et al''. (2007) examined 1145 Taiwanese boys aged 7 to 13. Ko ''et al''. reported:

Ko et al. (2007) examined 1145 Taiwanese boys aged 7 to 13. Ko et al. reported:

Our findings indicate that the degree of preputial retractability increases with age, while the prevalence of unretractable prepuce decreases with age. By the age of 13 years, very few boys (some 0.3%) still had an unretractable prepuce (i.e. type 1 prepuce).<ref name="ko2007" /></blockquote>

The findings reported by Ko ''et al."' are consistent with the findings reported by Øster (1968), by Kayaba ''et al''. (1996), and by Thorvaldsen & Meyhoff (2005)

The findings reported by Ko et al. are consistent with the findings reported by Øster (1968), by Kayaba et al. (1996), and by Thorvaldsen & Meyhoff (2005)

== Discussion ==

@@ Line 132: / Line 132: @@
 == Infants and pre-school ==
-Kayaba ''et al''. (1996) reported that before six months of age, no boy had a retractable prepuce; 16.5 percent of boys aged 3-4 had a fully retractable prepuce.<ref name="kayaba1996">{{REFjournal
+Kayaba et al. (1996) reported that before six months of age, no boy had a retractable prepuce; 16.5 percent of boys aged 3-4 had a fully retractable prepuce.<ref name="kayaba1996">{{REFjournal
   |last=Kayaba
   |init=H
@@ Line 184: / Line 184: @@
   |date=2004
   |accessdate=2019-11-08
-}}</ref> Ko ''et al''. (2007) examined 59 newborn Taiwanese boys. Not one had a retractable foreskin.<ref name="ko2007">{{REFjournal
+}}</ref> Ko et al. (2007) examined 59 newborn Taiwanese boys. Not one had a retractable foreskin.<ref name="ko2007">{{REFjournal
   |last=Ko
   |first=Ming-Chung
@@ Line 259: / Line 259: @@
 == School-age and adolescence ==
-[[File:Kayaba.jpg|left|frame|Percentage of boys with tight ring totally non-retractile foreskin according to Kayaba ''et al''.]]<br clear="all">
+[[File:Kayaba.jpg|left|frame|Percentage of boys with tight ring totally non-retractile foreskin according to Kayaba et al.]]<br clear="all">
-[[Jakob Øster]], a Danish physician who conducted school examinations, reported his findings on the examination of school-boys in Denmark, where circumcision is rare.<ref name="Øster1968">{{OesterJ 1968}}</ref> Øster (1968) found that the incidence of fusion of the foreskin with the glans penis steadily declines with increasing age and foreskin retractability increases with age.<ref name="Øster1968"/> Kayaba ''et al''. (1996) also investigated the development of foreskin retraction in boys from age 0 to age 15.5 Kayaba ''et al''. also reported increasing retractability with increasing age. Kayaba ''et al''. reported that about only 42 percent of boys aged 8-10 have fully retractile foreskin, but the percentage increases to 62.9 percent in boys aged 11-15.<ref name="kayaba1996" /> Imamura (1997) reported that 77 percent of boys aged 11-15 had retractile foreskin.<ref name="imamura1997" /> Thorvaldsen & Meyhoff (2005) conducted a survey of 4000 young men in Denmark. They reported that the mean age of first foreskin retraction is 10.4 years in Denmark.<ref name="Thorvaldsen">{{REFjournal
+[[Jakob Øster]], a Danish physician who conducted school examinations, reported his findings on the examination of school-boys in Denmark, where circumcision is rare.<ref name="Øster1968">{{OesterJ 1968}}</ref> Øster (1968) found that the incidence of fusion of the foreskin with the glans penis steadily declines with increasing age and foreskin retractability increases with age.<ref name="Øster1968"/> Kayaba et al. (1996) also investigated the development of foreskin retraction in boys from age 0 to age 15.5 Kayaba et al. also reported increasing retractability with increasing age. Kayaba et al. reported that about only 42 percent of boys aged 8-10 have fully retractile foreskin, but the percentage increases to 62.9 percent in boys aged 11-15.<ref name="kayaba1996" /> Imamura (1997) reported that 77 percent of boys aged 11-15 had retractile foreskin.<ref name="imamura1997" /> Thorvaldsen & Meyhoff (2005) conducted a survey of 4000 young men in Denmark. They reported that the mean age of first foreskin retraction is 10.4 years in Denmark.<ref name="Thorvaldsen">{{REFjournal
   |last=Thorvaldsen
   |init=MA
@@ Line 284: / Line 284: @@
 [[File:Oester.jpg|left|frame|Percentage of boys with fused foreskin by age according to Øster]]<br clear="all">
-Ko ''et al''. (2007) examined 1145 Taiwanese boys aged 7 to 13. Ko ''et al''. reported:
+Ko et al. (2007) examined 1145 Taiwanese boys aged 7 to 13. Ko et al. reported:
 <blockquote>
 Our findings indicate that the degree of preputial retractability increases with age, while the prevalence of unretractable prepuce decreases with age. By the age of 13 years, very few boys (some 0.3%) still had an unretractable prepuce (i.e. type 1 prepuce).<ref name="ko2007" /></blockquote>
-The findings reported by Ko ''et al."' are consistent with the findings reported by Øster (1968), by Kayaba ''et al''. (1996), and by Thorvaldsen & Meyhoff (2005)
+The findings reported by Ko et al. are consistent with the findings reported by Øster (1968), by Kayaba et al. (1996), and by Thorvaldsen & Meyhoff (2005)
 == Discussion ==